Percutaneous autologous concentrated bone marrow grafting in the treatment for nonunion

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic treatment effects of percutaneous autologous concentrated bone marrow grafting in nonunion cases and to evaluate the effectiveness of this grafting procedure. We enrolled 17 cases those had atrophic changes due to continuous nonunion for over 9 months after injury and had undergone low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for more than 3 months. The site of nonunion was the femur in 10 cases, the tibia in 5 cases, the humerus in 1 case, and the ulna in 1 case. They underwent percutaneous autologous concentrated bone marrow grafting and continued low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation treatment after grafting. Patients were evaluated using the visual analogue scale for pain at immediately before the procedure, 3, 6, and 12 months after grafting. Plain radiographs of the affected site were taken and evaluated about the healing of the nonunion site at each clinical evaluation. As quantitative assessment, CT scans were undertaken before the procedure and 6 months after grafting. The visual analogue scale pain score was reduced consistently after grafting in all patients. About the healing at the nonunion site, 11 and 13 cases of bone union were observed at 6 and 12 months after grafting. The mean volume of callus formation based on CT images was 4,147 (262–27,392) mm³ total between grafting and 6 months. Percutaneous autologous concentrated bone marrow grafting is an effective procedure for the treatment of patients with nonunion.     

Percutaneous reaming of simple bone cysts in children followed by injection of demineralized bone matrix and autologous bone marrow

The authors report the successful treatment of 19 patients (mean age 10 years) with active unicameral bone cysts using a combination of percutaneous reaming and injection of a mixture of demineralized bone matrix and autologous bone marrow. Follow-up ranged from 12 to 42 months (mean 28 months). All patients were asymptomatic at the latest follow-up. Two required a second intervention to accomplish complete cyst healing. Radiographic outcome was improved in all patients according to the Neer classification at the latest follow-up. There were no significant complications related to the procedure, nor did any fracture occur after initiation of the above regimen.     

生物活性玻璃复合自体骨髓移植治疗青少年纯性骨囊肿

[目的] 探讨牛物活性玻璃复合自体骨髓移植治疗青少年单纯性骨囊肿的疗效.[方法] 2005年4月～2007年10月手术治疗青少年单纯性骨囊肿16例,其中男10例,女6例;平均年龄18.5岁(12～30岁).肱骨近端8例,股骨近端5例,胫骨上端2例,桡骨远端1例.囊壁彻底搔刮处理后,将适最的生物活性玻璃(bioactive glass,BG)复合取得的自体骨髓紧密填塞入骨缺损空腔,5例合并移位的病理性骨折予钢板或髓内钉固定.[结果] 治疗后6个月内X线片显示所有囊腔骨化,平均愈合时间18周,随访6～32个月,平均18个月,未见明显并发症发生,无病例复发.[结论] 生物活性玻璃复合自体骨髓移植治疗青少年单纯性骨囊肿创伤小、安全、操作简单,疗效满意.     

Unicameral bone cysts: a comparison of injection of steroid and grafting with autologous bone marrow

Open surgery is rarely justified for the initial treatment of a unicameral bone cyst, but there is some debate concerning the relative effectiveness of closed methods. This study compared the results of steroid injection with those of autologous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of unicameral bone cysts. Between 1990 and 2001, 30 patients were treated by steroid injection and 28 by grafting with autologous bone marrow. The overall success rates were 86.7% and 92.0%, respectively (p>0.05). The success rate after the initial procedure was 23.3% in the steroid group and 52.0% in those receiving autologous bone marrow (p<0.05), and the respective cumulative success rates after second injections were 63.3% and 80.0% (p>0.05). The mean number of procedures required was 2.19 (1 to 5) and 1.57 (1 to 3) (p<0.05), the mean interval to healing was 12.5 months (4 to 32) and 14.3 months (7 to 36) (p>0.05), and the rate of recurrence after the initial procedure was 41.7% and 13.3% in the steroid and in the autologous bone marrow groups, respectively (p<0.05). Although the overall rates of success of both methods were similar, the steroid group had higher recurrence after a single procedure and required more injections to achieve healing.     

Percutaneous autologous bone marrow transplantation for nonunion of the femur.

Percutaneous bone marrow injections were performed on 7 nonunions of the femur. There were 6 hypervascular nonunions and one avascular nonunion. Two nonunions presented with active infections. One other patient had a history of infection which had subsided. One nonunion received the injection twice. After the site of nonunion was curetted and the bone surface was scored, 150 ml of bone marrow aspirated from the iliac bone was injected. Complete union occurred in 4 patients within 9 months; all of them were uninfected hypervascular nonunions following intramedullary nail fixation. One nonunion with a bone defect united partially leaving a 1 x 1 cm defect. The two infected femoral nonunions failed to unite. The results show that percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection for femoral nonunions can be considered for uninfected hypervascular nonunions following intramedullary nail fixation. In these cases stimulation of healing processes of fracture leading to consolidation can be expected from bone marrow injection. However, femoral nonunion with an active infection and loss of fixation is considered to be a contraindication for this technique.     

Treatment of osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting

Core decompression with bone graft is used frequently in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Many different techniques have been described. In the current series, grafting was done with autologous bone marrow obtained from the iliac crest of patients operated on for osteonecrosis of the hip. The results of a prospective study of 189 hips in 116 patients treated with core decompression and autologous bone marrow grafting are reported. Patients were followed up from 5 to 10 years. The outcome was determined by the changes in the Harris hip score, by progression in radiographic stages, and by the need for hip replacement. The bone marrow was harvested with the patient under general anesthesia. The usual sites were the anterior iliac crests. The aspirated marrow was reduced in volume by concentration and injected into the femoral head after core decompression with a small trocar. When patients were operated on before collapse (Stage I and Stage II), hip replacement was done in nine of the 145 hips. Total hip replacement was necessary in 25 hips among the 44 hips operated on after collapse (Stage III and Stage IV). To measure the number of progenitor cells transplanted, the fibroblast colony forming unit was used as an indicator of the stroma cell activity. Patients who had the greater number of progenitor cells transplanted in their hips had better outcomes.     

Percutaneous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of tibial non-union

This is a prospective study to evaluate the efficacy of percutanous bone marrow grafting in patients with established tibial non-union and minimal deformity, whilst on the waiting list for open surgical procedures. Twenty consecutive patients with established tibial non-union and minimal deformity were treated by percutanous bone marrow injection under local anaesthesia. Bone marrow was obtained from the iliac crest, 3-5 ml of marrow was aspirated and injected immediately into and about the non-union site. Subsequent aspirations were performed 1 cm posterior to the previous site until a maximum of 15 ml of marrow was injected. Our results revealed clinical and radiological bone union following percutanous injection in 15 out of 20 patients (75%), with an average time to union following the first injection of 14 weeks. Four patients (20%) showed no evidence of union and were considered a failure. There were no cases of infection following the injection, and no complications at the donor site. We conclude that percutanous bone marrow grafting is a safe, simple, and reliable method of treating tibial non-union with minimal deformity. It is a limited invasive technique with minimal complications. It can be performed under local anaesthesia, is cost effective and potentially can avoid major surgical reconstruction.     

Cell therapy of hip osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting

Background:

One of the reasons for bone remodeling leading to an insufficient creeping substitution after osteonecrosis in the femoral head may be the small number of progenitor cells in the proximal femur and the trochanteric region. Because of this lack of progenitor cells, treatment modalities should stimulate and guide bone remodeling to sufficient creeping substitution to preserve the integrity of the femoral head. Core decompression with bone graft is used frequently in the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. In the current series, grafting was done with autologous bone marrow obtained from the iliac crest of patients operated on for early stages of osteonecrosis of the hip before collapse with the hypothesis that before stage of subchondral collapse, increasing the number of progenitor cells in the proximal femur will stimulate bone remodeling and creeping substitution and thereby improve functional outcome.

Materials and Methods:

Between 1990 and 2000, 342 patients (534 hips) with avascular osteonecrosis at early stages (Stages I and II) were treated with core decompression and autologous bone marrow grafting obtained from the iliac crest of patients operated on for osteonecrosis of the hip. The percentage of hips affected by osteonecrosis in this series of 534 hips was 19% in patients taking corticosteroids, 28% in patients with excessive alcohol intake, and 31% in patients with sickle cell disease. The mean age of the patients at the time of decompression and autologous bone marrow grafting was 39 years (range: 16–61 years). The aspirated marrow was reduced in volume by concentration and injected into the femoral head after core decompression with a small trocar. To measure the number of progenitor cells transplanted, the fibroblast colony forming unit was used as an indicator of the stroma cell activity.

Results:

Patients were followed up from 8 to 18 years. The outcome was determined by the changes in the Harris hip score, progression in radiographic stages, change in volume determined by digitizing area of the necrosis on the different cuts obtained on MRI, and by the need for hip replacement. Total hip replacement was necessary in 94 hips (evolution to collapse) among the 534 hips operated before collapse (Stages I and II). Sixty-nine hips with stage I osteonecrosis of the femoral head at the time of surgery demonstrated total resolution of osteonecrosis based on preoperative and postoperative MRI studies; these hips did not show any changes on plain radiographs. Before treatment, these 69 osteonecrosis had only a marginal band like pattern as abnormal signal and a volume less than 20 cubic centimeters. The intralesional area had kept a normal signal as regards the signal of the femoral head outside the osteonecrosis area. For the 371 other hips without collapse at the most recent follow up (average 12 years), the mean preoperative volume of the osteonecrosis was 26 cm³ (minimum 12, maximum 30 cm³). The mean volume of the abnormal signal measured on MRI at the most recent follow up (mean 12 years) was 12 cm³. The abnormal signal persisting as a sequelae was seen on T1 images as an intralesional area of low intensity signal with a disappearance of the marginal band like pattern.

Conclusion:

According to our experience, best indication for the procedure is symptomatic hips with osteonecrosis without collapse. In some patients who had Steinberg stage III osteonecrosis (subchondral lucency, no collapse) successful outcomes (no further surgery) has been obtained between 5 to 10 years. Therefore in selected patients, even more advanced disease can be considered for core decompression. Patients who had the greater number of progenitor cells transplanted in their hips had better outcomes.     

Percutaneous grafting with bone marrow autologous concentrate for open tibia fractures: analysis of forty three cases and literature review

Purpose

Tibial fractures are the most common lower limb fractures. Some criteria such as open fractures and increasing open stage are known to be associated with high delayed union and pseudarthrosis rate. In cases of delayed or nonunion, classical treatment is autologous cancelous bone graft which is associated with high morbidity rate. The ideal treatment would be a percutaneous harvesting and grafting technique. As bone marrow autologous concentrate (BMAC) presents both advantages, we evaluated this technique from 2002 to 2007.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of 43 cases of open tibial fractures with initial surgical treatment. The criteria of inclusion were open fracture and nonunion, delayed union or suspicion of delayed union.

Results

In 23 cases (53.5 %) BMAC was successful. The success group had received significantly more CFU-F than the failure group (469 vs 153.10³, p?=?0.013). A threshold of 360.10³ CFU-F grafted could be established over which there was 100 % success. BMAC done before 110 days after fracture had 47 % success and BMAC done since 110 days after fracture had 73 % success. BMAC success rate decreased with increasing initial fracture skin open stage. There was no BMAC success in cases of a fracture with a remaining gap of more than 4 mm. We had no complications with the technique at the iliac harvesting zone and tibia injection point.

Conclusion

BMAC is a technique that should be considered as one of the different alternatives for management of long-bone delayed and nonunion because of its effectiveness, low complication rate, preservation of bone stock and low cost.     

经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床观察

目的：观察经皮自体骨髓移植治疗骨折不愈合的临床效果。方法：2001年6月至2007年12月,29例骨折不愈合采用经皮自体骨髓注射的方法治疗。男20例,女9例;年龄20～71岁,平均40岁。均为外伤性骨折,胫骨13例,股骨10例,肱骨3例,尺骨2例,桡骨1例,其中开放性11例。骨髓移植时所有患者经过手术内、外固定,髓内钉15例,钢板12例,外支架2例。病程6～12个月,平均8.5个月。骨不连类型：萎缩型26例,肥大型3例。所有病例予3次经皮自体骨髓注射,间隔1个月,骨髓注射量6～15ml。结果：29例全部获得随访,时间5～22个月,平均14个月。其中4例随访至第3次注射后3个月仍然未见明显骨痂形成,判定为治疗失败,改行自体植骨术（其中3例重新内固定）,随访结束。其余25例在3～8个月（平均4.5个月）内获得骨性愈合,到拆除固定时随访结束。结论：经皮自体骨髓移植是治疗骨折不愈合的有效手段,操作简单,经济安全。但是,稳定的内、外固定是自体骨髓移植的前提,骨缺损过多,骨折间隙〉5mm,骨不连且对线对位不良需要矫正者,不适宜采用该方法。     

经皮自体骨髓移植在骨缺损瘢痕组织内成骨作用的实验研究

目的 观察经皮自体骨髓移植在骨缺损瘢痕组织内的成骨作用。方法 选健康家兔１８只，建立双侧桡骨中段骨及骨膜缺损１ｃｍ模型，两骨断端髓腔用骨蜡封闭。６周后，实验侧（右）桡骨骨缺损区经皮注射自体红骨髓２ｍｌ，对照侧（左）桡骨骨缺损区注射自身外周血２ｍｌ。于注射前及注射后不同时间内分别行Ｘ线、组织学检查及骨缺损区瘢痕组织内钙磷含量的测定。结果 注射一１周，实验侧Ｘ线显示以骨缺损为中心形成一个密度增高的弧形     

Percutaneous autogenous bone marrow grafting in 20 cases of ununited fracture

We grafted autogenous bone marrow percutaneously to stimulate healing in 20 ununited long bone fractures. 15-20 mL of bone marrow was injected twice, with an interval of 3 weeks. All cases were immobilized in a plaster cast. 17 cases united in 5 (3-7) months.     

Treatment of simple bone cysts with aspiration and a single bone marrow injection

The authors report the results of percutaneous aspiration and injection of marrow into active, simple bone cyst in 17 cases. Slow regression of the cyst and progressive healing were obtained in 13 cases (76%), no response was observed in 2 cases (12%), and recurrence was observed in 2 others (12%) after a follow-up of 33.9 months. Cyst evolution was monitored by a cyst index, cyst diameter, and computer-assisted densitometric image analysis of serial radiographs.     

Minimally invasive treatment of simple bone cysts with percutaneous autogenous bone marrow injection

Percutaneous autogeneic bone marrow injection is an effective method for managing simple bone cysts, and it might be considered before the application of more extensive procedures.     

Autologous bone marrow injection in the management of simple bone cysts in children

The majority of simple bone cysts (SBC's) is not symptomatic and remains undiagnosed or is discovered fortuitously. A number of simple bone cysts are only diagnosed after a pathological fracture which occurs as a presenting symptom. Fractures are managed either conservatively or surgically, based on criteria such as the age of the child and the type and localisation of the fracture. The risk for fracture can be evaluated radiographically. In the absence of a fracture risk, plain radiographic follow-up is sufficient. In case of a high fracture risk, percutaneous aspiration and injection of bone marrow may be performed. The result of this treatment in 21 simple bone cysts with a high risk for fracture is reported. Slow regression of the cyst and progressive healing were obtained in 15 cases (71.4%) whereas no response was noted in 3 cases (14.3%) and recurrence in another 3 (14.3%), after a mean follow-up of 37.1 months. Guidelines are proposed for the follow-up and management of SBC.     

AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨骨囊肿

目的 探讨AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨单纯性骨囊肿的疗效及特点.方法 肱骨、股骨单纯性骨囊肿患儿18例,男11例,女7例;年龄6～12岁,平均8.1岁;肱骨近端12例,股骨近端5例,股骨中段1例;按Neer等标准,活动期12例,静止期6例.使用AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射进行治疗.测量治疗后3、6、12、18个月的X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积并进行统计学分析,评估骨囊肿的愈合情况.结果 18例患儿均获得随访,随访时间11～23个月,平均16个月.骨囊肿愈合时间3～6个月,平均4.8个月.囊肿愈合6例(33.3%),缺损愈合12例(66.7%),愈合率100%.3、6、12、18个月X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积逐渐减小,各时间点比较差异有统计学意义.术后除1例患儿因钉尾刺激引起轻度皮肤激惹症状外,余均未发现其他并发症及病理性骨折.结论 AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童骨囊肿不仅囊肿愈合快,愈合率高,而且病灶骨能即刻获得力学稳定,同时可有效预防病理性骨折的发生.     

AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨骨囊肿

目的 探讨AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨单纯性骨囊肿的疗效及特点.方法 肱骨、股骨单纯性骨囊肿患儿18例,男11例,女7例;年龄6～12岁,平均8.1岁;肱骨近端12例,股骨近端5例,股骨中段1例;按Neer等标准,活动期12例,静止期6例.使用AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射进行治疗.测量治疗后3、6、12、18个月的X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积并进行统计学分析,评估骨囊肿的愈合情况.结果 18例患儿均获得随访,随访时间11～23个月,平均16个月.骨囊肿愈合时间3～6个月,平均4.8个月.囊肿愈合6例(33.3%),缺损愈合12例(66.7%),愈合率100%.3、6、12、18个月X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积逐渐减小,各时间点比较差异有统计学意义.术后除1例患儿因钉尾刺激引起轻度皮肤激惹症状外,余均未发现其他并发症及病理性骨折.结论 AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童骨囊肿不仅囊肿愈合快,愈合率高,而且病灶骨能即刻获得力学稳定,同时可有效预防病理性骨折的发生.     

AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨骨囊肿

目的 探讨AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童长骨单纯性骨囊肿的疗效及特点.方法 肱骨、股骨单纯性骨囊肿患儿18例,男11例,女7例;年龄6～12岁,平均8.1岁;肱骨近端12例,股骨近端5例,股骨中段1例;按Neer等标准,活动期12例,静止期6例.使用AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射进行治疗.测量治疗后3、6、12、18个月的X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积并进行统计学分析,评估骨囊肿的愈合情况.结果 18例患儿均获得随访,随访时间11～23个月,平均16个月.骨囊肿愈合时间3～6个月,平均4.8个月.囊肿愈合6例(33.3%),缺损愈合12例(66.7%),愈合率100%.3、6、12、18个月X线片示囊肿残留静止透光区面积逐渐减小,各时间点比较差异有统计学意义.术后除1例患儿因钉尾刺激引起轻度皮肤激惹症状外,余均未发现其他并发症及病理性骨折.结论 AO钛制弹性髓内钉结合自体骨髓囊腔注射治疗儿童骨囊肿不仅囊肿愈合快,愈合率高,而且病灶骨能即刻获得力学稳定,同时可有效预防病理性骨折的发生.