环氧合酶-2和5-脂氧化酶双重抑制剂的研究进展

传统的非甾体抗炎药和选择性环氧合酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂在治疗炎症过程中引发胃肠道及肾脏不良反应,制约了其临床应用。COX-2和5-脂氧化酶(5-LOX)双重抑制剂同时抑制前列腺素(PGs)和炎症介质白三烯类(LTs)的生物合成,比单一的抑制剂抗炎效果好、安全性高,是一类有发展前景的新型非甾体抗炎药。笔者简要介绍COX-2/5-LOX双重抑制剂的研究进展,并讨论其作用机制及构效关系     

非甾体抗炎药环氧化酶/5-脂氧化酶双重抑制剂的研究进展

非甾体抗炎药具有解热、镇痛、抗炎和抗风湿等作用。现有的非甾体抗炎药大多存在胃肠道不良反应或心脏病发作和心肌梗死等方面的副作用,而环氧化酶/5-脂氧化酶双重抑制剂不仅具有较强的解热、镇痛、抗炎和抗风湿等作用,而且未发现有心脏病发作、心肌梗死和胃肠道损伤的危险,因此环氧化酶/5-脂氧化酶双重抑制剂已成为研究新一代非甾体抗炎药的途径。     

环氧合酶／5-脂氧合酶双重抑制剂的研究进展

非甾体类抗炎药(NSAID)广泛用于各种炎症的治疗。长期使用经典的NSAID会产生严重的副作用,尤其是胃肠道副作用。为避免经典的NSAID的副作用,开发出了选择性COX-2抑制剂,但长期使用选择性COX-2抑制剂对心血管系统有副作用。COX/5-LOX双重抑制剂通过同时阻断炎症介质前列腺素和白三烯的形成,产生协同的抗炎作用,有望提高疗效,同时避免COX抑制剂引发的副作用。本文对COX/5-LOX双重抑制剂的抗炎镇痛作用机制,以及研究现状进行综述。     

环氧合酶—2特异性抑制剂非甾体抗炎药的研究进展

传统的非甾体抗炎药（NSAID）都有损害胃肠道、肾脏和影响血小板功能等副作用。近年的研究已经阐明,其抗炎、镇痛和解热等药效来自对环氧合酶－2（COS－2）的抑制作用,而其不良反应则由药物对环氧合酶－1（COX－1）的抑制作用所致。特异性COX－2抑制剂已成为当前NSAID的新药开发方向。本文对COX－2特异性抑制剂的开发经过、作用机制及已上市新药塞来克西、罗非克西等作了概括的介绍。     

特异性环氧化酶-2抑制剂对胃肠道、肾脏及心血管系统的安全性

目的：探讨特异性环氧化酶-2抑制剂的安全性。方法：查阅国外近几年的部分相关文献。结果：特异性环氧化酶-2抑制剂与传统非甾体抗炎药相比有较高的胃肠道安全性，目前研究显示两者对肾脏和心血管的作用相似。结论：发生肾脏或心血管不良事件危险性较高的患者使用特异性环氧化酶-2抑制剂治疗时应注意安全。     

三环类环氧合酶-2选择性抑制剂的构效关系

按照中心环的结构分类综述三环类环氧合酶-2(COX-2)选择性抑制剂的构效关系。三环类COX-2选择性抑制剂是目前非甾体抗炎药中研究最多、也是最富有成果的一类化合物。     

FDA专家委员会认定环氧合酶-2抑制剂可继续用于临床

2005年2月，美国FDA专家顾问委员会经过为期3天的会议研讨，通过投票方式允许非甾体抗炎药环氧合酶(COX)-2抑制剂继续用于临床治疗，并同意已撤市的罗非考昔再度上市，从而为自2004年9月30日默克公司的罗非考昔(rofecoxib，万络，Vioxx)主动召回以来的COX-2抑制剂市场命运的争论与猜测暂时划上了一个令人意外的句号。     

环氧合酶及其抑制剂与炎症性疾病关系的研究进展

环氧合酶是一种与炎症反应密切相关的诱导型合酶,可在多种刺激因子作用下激活表达,促进炎症反应的发生。文中重点从环氧合酶与各类炎症性疾病的关系以及非甾体抗炎药的研究进展方面进行综述。     

选择性环氧化酶-2抑制剂与抗炎植物药研究概况

目的 介绍选择性环氧化酶（COX）-2抑制剂与抗炎植物药研究概况。方法 综合分析国内外相关文献资料。结果 与结论COX是前列腺素合成过程中一个重要的限速酶，选择性COX-2抑制剂的开发已成为不良反应小的非甾体抗炎药的重要发展方向，从抗炎植物药中筛选疗效好、不起反应小的抗炎新药也具有良好的前景。     

环氧合酶-2及其选择性抑制剂的研究现状与展望

介绍了环氧合酶－2的特点、作用、基因特征及其表达调控，以及环氧合酶－2选择性抑制剂目前的研究现状，展望了该类药物的发展方向。     

2-Anthracenonyl Acetic Acids as 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors

The synthesis of 2-substituted anthracenonyl acetic acid (2-AA) derivatives is described. The key step is the Marschalk reaction of 1-hydroxy-8-methoxy-anthracenedione with glycolic acid. After protection of the resulting 2-anthracenonyl acetic acid derivative, the 2-monoalkylated derivatives are selectively obtained by direct alkylation. The methodology proves quite general and allows for the introduction of various substituents onto the 2-position of the carboxylic side chain. Reduction of the anthracenediones proceeds with concomitant protecting group removal and provides final 2-AA products in good yields. The results of initial biological studies demonstrate enhanced 5-lipoxygenase inhibition compared to anthralin.     

Propyphenazone-Based Analogues as Prodrugs and Selective Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors

相似文献   

Dual acting anti-inflammatory drugs: a reappraisal

Rheumatic diseases are the most prevalent causes of disability in western countries, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are still the most commonly used remedies. However, NSAIDs cause several serious adverse effects, the most important being from gastric injury to gastric ulceration and renal damage. Attempts to develop non-steroidal anti-inflammatory remedies devoid of these shortcomings-especially gastrointestinal toxicity-have followed several strategies. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have, therefore, been associated with gastroprotective agents that counteract the damaging effects of prostaglandin synthesis suppression; however, a combination therapy introduces other problems of pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and patient's compliance. More recently, incorporation of a nitric oxide (NO)-generating moiety into the molecule of several NSAIDs was shown to greatly attenuate their ulcerogenic activity; however, several findings suggest a possible involvement of NO in the pathogenesis of arthritis and subsequent tissue destruction. A most promising approach seemed to be the preparation of novel NSAIDs, targeted at the inducible isoform of prostaglandin synthase (COX-2); they appear to be devoid of gastrointestinal toxicity, in that they spare mucosal prostaglandin synthesis. However, a number of recent studies have raised serious questions about the two central tenets that support this approach, namely that the prostaglandins that mediate inflammation and pain are produced solely via COX-2 and that the prostaglandins that are important in gastrointestinal and renal function are produced solely via COX-1. So, a growing body of evidence shows that COX-2 (not only COX-1) also plays a physiological role in several body functions and that, conversely, COX-1 (not only COX-2) may also be induced at sites of inflammation. More recent and puzzling data shows that COX-2 is induced during the resolution of an inflammatory response, and at this point it produces anti-inflammatory (PGD2 and PGF2alpha), but not proinflammatory (PGE2) prostaglandins; inhibition of COX-2 at this point thus results in persistence of the inflammation. Moreover, COX-2 selective NSAIDs have lost the cardiovascular protective effects of non-selective NSAIDs, effects which are mediated through COX-1 inhibition (in addition, COX-2 has a role in sustaining vascular prostacyclin production). The generation of other very important products of the arachidonic acid cascade (besides cyclooxygenase-produced metabolites) is inhibited neither by non-selective nor by COX-2 selective NSAIDs. The products generated by the 5-lipoxygenase pathway (leukotrienes) are particularly important in inflammation; indeed, leukotrienes increase microvascular permeability and are potent chemotactic agents. Moreover, inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase indirectly reduces the expression of TNF-alpha (a cytokine that plays a key role in inflammation). These data and considerations explain the efforts to obtain drugs able to inhibit both 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenases, the so-called dual acting anti-inflammatory drugs. Such compounds retain the activity of classical NSAIDs, while avoiding their main drawbacks, in that curtailed production of gastroprotective prostaglandins is associated with a concurrent curtailed production of the gastro-damaging and bronchoconstrictive leukotrienes. Moreover, thanks to their mechanism of action, dual acting anti-inflammatory drugs could not merely alleviate symptoms of rheumatic diseases, but might also satisfy, at least in part, the criteria of a more definitive treatment. Indeed, leukotrienes are pro-inflammatory, increase microvascular permeability, are potent chemotactic agents and attract eosinophils, neutrophils and monocytes into the synovium.     

环氧化酶-2抑制剂防治肝癌的研究进展

目的:介绍环氧化酶-2(COX-2)抑制剂预防和治疗肝癌的研究进展及其作用机制.方法:查阅近年来国内外相关文献.结果:COX-2抑制剂在体内和体外试验中均能显著抑制多种肝癌细胞的增殖,诱导其凋亡,并对肿瘤血管生成有抑制作用.结论:COX-2可能成为肿瘤治疗中的一个新靶点,COX-2抑制剂在肝癌的防治中有较好的应用前景,但其有效性和安全性还需进一步研究.     

Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Agents,Part 19: E-2-Pyrrolizin-5-yl Acrylic Acids as Potent Dual or Selective Inhibitors of Bovine Cyclooxygenase and 5-Lipoxygenase

The pyrrolizinyl substituted acrylic acid derivatives represent another class of dual and selective inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase. By modifying their substitution pattern at the phenyl moiety of C-6 the balance between the activity against cyclooxygenase and against 5-lipoxygenase can be shifted. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. Compound 6k is the most potent and well-balanced dual inhibitor of both enzymes, while the highest selectivity of lipoxygenase inhibition was found for 6j . The activity and selectivity of compounds with an additional sulfur moiety depend on the oxidation status of this atom, giving an indication of the discussed coupling between peroxidase and cyclooxygenase. The inhibition of cyclooxygenase was determined in a bovine thrombocyte intact cell assay and that of 5-lipoxygenase using intact bovine PMNLs.     

Pharmacokinetic Screening of o-Naphthoquinone 5-Lipoxygenase Inhibitors

The o-naphthoquinone derivative, CGS 8515 (I), is a potent inhibitor (IC₅₀, 0.1 µM) of 5-lipoxygenase, but its therapeutic potential is compromised by a short plasma half-life (22 min) and extremely poor oral bioavailability (<2%). Poor biopharmaceutical properties of CGS 8515 were attributed to poor aqueous solubility and rapid in vivo hydrolysis of its methyl ester function to an inactive metabolite (IC₅₀, 100 µM). An active amide analogue (II) was synthesized to prevent rapid hydrolysis. While analogue II appeared to be stable in vivo, its plasma half-life was also short (10 min), possibly because of rapid tissue distribution rather than metabolic elimination. Therefore, three potent analogues with increased aqueous solubilities were synthesized and compared with respect to their pharmacokinetic properties. The analogue with the highest aqueous solubility (V) demonstrated a plasma concentration vs time profile with the largest area under the curve (AUC) and the smallest distribution () phase of all the analogues studied. The percentage AUC of the terminal phase () for three analogs paralleled their aqueous solubilities. The oral bioavailability of V was improved to 27%, compared to 2% for the parent compound, CGS 8515.     

5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent developments and patents

Importance to the field: Leukotrienes (LTs) are pivotal lipid mediators of inflammation and allergy and results from recent studies also suggest roles of LTs in cardiovascular diseases, cancer and osteoporosis. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first step in the biosynthesis of LTs from arachidonic acid, and based on the multiple potent pathophysiological actions of LTs, the pharmacological intervention with 5-LO is a challenge in the development of therapeutics.

Areas covered in this review: We first summarize the biochemical regulation of 5-LO and the general pharmacological concepts in 5-LO inhibition by currently available compounds, and subsequently we report recent developments deduced from recent scientific publications and patents.

What the reader will gain: A comprehensive overview about the different molecular pharmacological strategies to inhibit 5-LO and the most successful previous 5-LO inhibitors. The review also gives insights into novel concepts, for example, dual prostaglandin/LT synthesis inhibition and reveals novel compounds patented or developed within the past 5 years.

Take home message: Despite the increasing therapeutic indications of anti-LT therapy, the progress in the development of novel 5-LO inhibitors is moderate. However, novel molecular concepts in the intervention with LT biosynthesis seem promising.     

异羟肟酸类和羟基脲5-脂氧化酶抑制剂研究的进展

５ 脂氧化酶抑制剂是目前药物化学研究的热点之一,本文对异羟肟酸类、羟基脲类５ ＬＯ抑制剂及其类似物的发现与发展过程、构效关系研究结果进行了综述     

Bcl-2家族蛋白小分子抑制剂的研究进展

Bcl-2家族蛋白是细胞凋亡途径中一种重要的蛋白,在肿瘤的发生及转移中起着重要的作用.由于Bcl-2家族蛋白在多种癌细胞中高度表达,因此,对其干预成为一种新型肿瘤治疗策略,Bcl-2家族蛋白也成为抗肿瘤的热门靶点之一.本文总结了近年来Bcl-2家族蛋白小分子抑制剂的研究进展.