移动DR和CR床旁胸部摄影临床应用对比研究

目的:探讨移动DR床旁胸部摄影临床应用的价值.材料和方法:随机抽取CR和DR床旁胸部摄影各200例患者的胸片进行比较.结果:(1) 照片质量:DR胸片的甲级片率77.5%、乙级片率20.5%、丙级片率2%、无废片.CR胸片的甲级片率53%、乙级片率31.5%、丙级片率12.5%、废片率3%.(2) 胸内各结构的显示:DR明显优于CR.结论:移动DR床旁胸部摄影操作方便,成像快捷,更有利于放射诊断.     

不同灌洗液对经尿道前列腺等离子体双极电切术病人血糖、电解质的影响

目的 :观察经尿道前列腺等离子体双极电切 (PKRP)术中 5 %葡萄糖与 0 .9%生理盐水作为灌洗液对病人血糖、电解质的影响。方法 :5 8例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级 ,术前无糖尿病 ,肝、肾功能无异常患者。 5 %葡萄糖组 (组Ⅰ ) 2 9例 ;0 .9%生理盐水组 (组Ⅱ ) 2 9例。手术均采用英国佳乐等离子体双极电切系统。结果 :组Ⅰ手术 30、6 0min及术后 6 0min血糖均较术前明显增高 (P <0 .0 1) ,且手术 6 0min较 30min亦明显升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。手术 6 0min及术后 6 0min血钠明显低于基础值 (P <0 .0 1)。血氯无显著性差异。术后 6 0min血钾明显低于基础值 (P <0 .0 5 )。组Ⅱ术中及术后血糖 ,血钾、钠、氯变化无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :经尿道前列腺等离子体双极电切术 ,灌洗液选用 0 .9%生理盐水是安全可行的 ,较 5 %葡萄糖注射液更有利于机体内环境的稳定和组织代谢。     

心脏直视术后胸部X线评估

目的　探讨心内直视术后胸部X线表现及其评估方法。方法　将 2 36例心内直视手术病人按首次摄术后胸片时间分三组 :0～ 3d、4～ 7d和 8d以上组。与术前胸片对比 ,按 7个方面依次观察胸片。结果　发现包括急性肺水肿、低心排出量综合征和灌注肺等严重并发症在内的 8种并发症。纵隔增宽、胸腔积液和间质性肺水肿 ,8d以上组发生率较另二组明显降低 (Ρ <0 .0 0 1,Ρ<0 .0 0 1和Ρ <0 .0 5 )。结论　严格按照检查时间表摄片 ,全面观察胸片 ,密切结合临床表现有助于客观评估术后胸部X线表现。     

肾移植受者伴肝炎病毒感染的术前筛选:肝组织学检查的意义

目的　评价肝组织学检查对慢性肝炎病毒感染的肾移植受者的临床意义。方法　对 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 8月所有慢性乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染的肾移植候选病人(n=74 )均行肝穿刺活检 (实验组 ) ,以半定量积分法评价肝组织炎症(G)和纤维化 (S)程度。肝脏组织病理诊断为G0 2 S0 2 的病人 (n =31)接受肾移植。以 1995年 1月～ 1998年 12月慢性HBV和HCV感染的肾移植受者(n=6 0 )作为历史对照 ,该期间以血清酶学检查正常作为可接受肾移植的条件 ,比较两组病人肾移植术后围手术期肝功能异常的发生率。结果　实验组接受肾移植的病人术后肝功能异常的发生率 (3 2 % )明显低于历史对照组 (2 3 8% ) (P <0 0 1) ,接受肝活检的病人穿刺后出血率为 12 2 %。结论　根据肝组织病理学检查结果对伴肝炎病毒感染的肾移植受者进行术前筛选 ,可明显降低术后肝功能异常的发生率     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术治疗合并重度肺动脉高压的二尖瓣狭窄远期疗效评价

目的　评价经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术 (PBMV)治疗合并重度肺动脉高压的二尖瓣狭窄 (MS)的远期疗效。方法　对 30例合并重度肺动脉高压的二尖瓣狭窄患者进行严格的PBMV术后随访 ,包括超声心动图、胸片 ,临床心功能评价。平均随访时间 (6 .4± 1.4 )年。结果　二尖瓣口面积 (MVA)由术前的 (1.19± 0 .32 )cm2 增至术后的 (1.99± 0 .4 5 )cm2 (P <0 .0 1) ;随访 5年以上 ,MVA逐渐减小至(1.4 4± 0 .4 2 )cm2 ,较术后明显减小 ,P <0 .0 1;16例发生再狭窄 ,再狭窄率 5 3.3%。平均肺动脉压(PAMP)由术前的 (6 5 .3± 14 .1)mmHg降至术后的 (40 .0 3± 12 .6 9)mmHg ,P <0 .0 1;PBMV术心功能改善 1个级别以上者占 93.3% ,术后 5年以上随访心功能仍维持在Ⅰ～Ⅱ级而未再次行介入或换瓣手术者占 73.3%。结论　PBMV术对合并重度肺动脉高压的MS患者也有较为满意的远期疗效 ,作为一种良好姑息疗法可明显缓解此类重症患者的临床症状。     

肝移植术后并发症的影像学评价

目的:采用多种影像学措施评价肝脏移植术后并发症。材料和方法:16例背驮式原位肝移植术患者,术后7天内每日行胸片及胸腹部超声检查。术后2周～12个月,当患者出现发烧、皮肤巩膜黄染及异常B型超声发现时,行上腹部CT检查5例8次、同时行胸部CT检查2例、上腹部MRI及MRCP检查6例、ERCP检查4例、PTC检查2例、“T”管造影2例和下腔静脉造影1例。结果:术后1周内诊断胸腔积液14例(14/16);术后1～2周诊断肺部感染7例(7/16);肺不张4例(4/16)。术后4个月和8个月诊断右肺和移植肝多发转移瘤各1例(2/6);术后3周～10个月诊断胆总管吻合口狭窄、胆管炎、胆泥形成等5例(5/16)。术后2周诊断下腔静脉狭窄1例(2/16)。结论:运用多种影像学检查方法有助于及时诊断肝移植术后并发症。     

血管内支架置入治疗高危颈动脉狭窄

目的　评价伴对侧颈内动脉闭塞的高危颈内动脉狭窄病人血管内支架治疗的疗效和安全性。方法　 8例不适合颈动脉内膜剥脱的高危颈内动脉狭窄病人接受了血管内支架置入治疗。术前颈内动脉平均狭窄程度为 (85 2± 9 4) % (70 %～ 98% )。术前和术后 2 4h采用NIHSS评分 ,术前和术后 3个月采用改良Rakin评分标准对这些病人进行神经功能评分。术后随访 6～ 1 4个月。结果　术中造影证实 8枚支架均放置成功 ,残余狭窄程度 (5 3± 2 2 ) % (5 %～ 9% ) ,管腔狭窄程度较术前明显改善 (t=4 79,P <0 0 0 1 )。术中没有发生与手术相关的并发症 ,术后 2 4h病人的NIHSS神经功能评分保持在术前水平 [(2 5± 2 4)分 ] ;术后 3个月 ,改良Rakin神经功能评分为 (1 1 3± 0 99)分 ,同术前 (1 2 5± 1 2 8)分比较差异无显著性意义 (T =1 89,P >0 0 5)。术后随访 6～ 1 4个月 ,除 1例偶发一过性脑缺血发作 (TIA)外 ,其他病人未再出现TIA和新的中风。结论　血管内支架置入术是治疗高危颈内动脉狭窄安全、有效的治疗手段     

急性肠梗阻354例回顾分析

目的 :提高对急性肠梗阻 (AO)的诊断治疗水平。方法 :回顾分析我院连续 10年AO住院患者 35 4例。其中少儿组、成年组、老年组分别为 33、198、12 3例。结果 :粘连性AO占 5 2 .5 % (186 /35 4) ,其中少儿组占 42 .4% ,成年组占 6 4.6 % ,老年组占35 .8% ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;肿瘤所致AO占 2 5 .4% (90 /35 4) ,其中少儿组 9% ,成年组占 2 1.7% ,老年组占 35 .8% ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1) ;腹外疝所致AO占 13.8% (4 9/35 4) ,其中少儿组占 2 7.2 % ,成年组占 7.5 % ,老年组占 2 0 .3% ,差异有非常显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。术后并发症发生率 2 1.1% (4 9/2 32 )、病死率 11.3% (2 6 /2 32 )。结论 :AO的主要病因为粘连 ,肿瘤 ,腹外疝。肿瘤的早期诊治和积极手术治疗在AO的诊治中具有重要意义     

经肝动脉化疗栓塞加血管生长抑制剂对兔肝移植瘤生长及转移的影响

目的　观察经肝动脉化疗栓塞术 (TACE)后血管生长抑制剂TNP 470治疗对兔VX2肝移植瘤生长及转移的抑制作用。材料与方法　将VX2肿瘤接种于日本大白兔的肝脏内 ,植入 2周后将 45只携有肿瘤的实验兔随机分为对照组、单纯TACE治疗组及TACE术后TNP 470治疗组 ,分别给予不同的处理。TACE术后TNP 470治疗组于TACE术后 3天给予TNP 470静脉灌注 ,隔日 1次 ,剂量为 30mg/kg体重 ,共治疗 9次。植入肿瘤后 5周处死动物 ,测量肝移植瘤的大小、坏死面积 ,观察肝内及双肺转移的发生率。结果　 5周末对照组肝移植瘤体积 2 6 .5± 6 .5cm3 ,平均坏死率 35 .5± 9.2 %。单纯TACE治疗后肝移植瘤体积约 19.9± 7.3cm3 ,平均坏死率 5 2 .4± 17.8%。TACE术后TNP 470治疗组移植瘤平均体积 14.7± 4.6cm3 ,平均坏死率 6 9.5± 12 .6 % ,各组之间对比有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。肝内及双肺转移率分别为 :对照组 :15 /15 (10 0 % )、11/15 (73.3% )。单纯TACE治疗组 :15 /15 (10 0 % )、10 /15(6 6 .7% )。两组之间无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。TACE术后TNP 470治疗组肝内及双肺转移率分别为 7/15(4 6 .7% )、5 /15 (33.3% ) ,与前两组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　单纯TACE治疗虽然能抑制肝移植瘤的生长 ,但对其转移无     

冠心病病人围术期应用高胸段硬膜外交感神经阻滞

缺血性心脏病病人 (冠心病 ) ,最令人担心的并发症之一 ,是手术期间发生心肌缺血和心肌梗塞 ,比正常心脏供血病人的术后死亡率高 2～ 3倍[1] 。为提高冠心病病人围术期的安全性 ,作者 1998年 1月～ 2 0 0 0年 12月对 5 0例冠心病病人围术期采用高胸段硬膜外交感神经阻滞 (ＨＴＥＳＢ)进行了治疗。现报告如下。1　资料和方法1 1　资料　 5 0例患者 ,男 36例 ,女 14例 ;年龄 46～ 6 6岁 ,其中 5 0岁以上者 42例 (84% )。全组病人术前检查ＥＣＧ均有缺血性ＳＴ、Ｔ波改变 ,同时伴其它异常ＥＣＧ者 16例 (32 % ) ,分别为右束支传导阻滞 4例 ,室…     

Preoperative chest radiography: value as a baseline examination for comparison

An important use of the preoperative chest radiograph is as a baseline for comparison when complications occur after surgery. Many authors have commented on the value of preoperative chest radiography as a screening examination, but no statistics have been presented regarding its impact on postoperative management. In 369 consecutive general surgical patients, the need for a baseline chest radiograph was evaluated. In 65 patients undergoing chest radiography postoperatively, a preoperative baseline was essential in making an accurate interpretation in 33 (51%). The value of preoperative chest radiography proved to be twofold. Some minimal abnormalities on postoperative radiographs were demonstrated to be clearly new, necessitating treatment or further evaluation. Second, significant abnormalities detected on postoperative radiographs that may have otherwise been subjected to expensive evaluation were often shown to have been present preoperatively. In approximately 9% of patients the preoperative chest radiograph had a significant impact on postoperative management.     

Postoperative chest radiographic changes after on- and off-pump coronary surgery

AIM: A variety of chest radiograph abnormalities are recognized after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). This study analyzes the appearance of preoperative and postoperative chest radiographs in two groups of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization with or without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). METHODS: Chest radiographs (preoperative and at 1 day, 6 days and 6 to 8 weeks post operatively) were analyzed according to a detailed protocol in cases of conventional CABG on CPB (n=60) or off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) (n=60) surgery. On each film 17 different major potential postoperative abnormalities were analyzed. RESULTS: Clinical findings were similar in the two groups. Patients undergoing OPCAB surgery had decreased blood loss, decreased red cell and platelet transfusion, significantly lower intubation time and required less postoperative inotropic support compared with patients undergoing CPB. The CPB group had a significantly higher incidence of left band atelectasis than the OPCAB group (37.6% vs 17.5%, p=0.01) at 6 days postoperatively. There was no other statistically significant difference in any of the 16 remaining major chest radiograph findings between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Although OPCAB surgery is associated with improved clinical outcome compared with conventional CABG surgery, the analysis of postoperative chest radiographs demonstrated only a minor benefit as shown by a reduced degree of left band atelectasis in the OPCAB group.     

Importance of radiology clerkships in teaching medical students life-threatening abnormalities on conventional chest radiographs

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of medical students who had already completed medicine and surgery clerkships to identify life-threatening abnormalities on conventional chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2000 to August 2001, 72 consecutive 3rd- and 4th-year medical students enrolled in the radiology clerkship at Rhode Island Hospital completed examinations before and after the radiology clerkship. During the examination, they were asked to identify acute abnormalities on five conventional chest radiographs. Only students who had already completed both medicine and surgery clerkships were included in this prospective study. RESULTS: Before the radiology clerkship, the frequency of correct diagnoses of pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, congestive heart failure, misplaced endotracheal tube, and misplaced feeding tube were 40%, 61%, 57%, 6%, and 6%, respectively. After the radiology clerkship, these findings were correctly identified more than 94% of the time (P < .001). CONCLUSION: Learning to identify life-threatening abnormalities on conventional chest radiographs through medicine and surgery clerkships is insufficient. The radiology clerkship provides a unique educational experience that significantly improves these abilities.     

Efficacy of chest radiography in pediatric intensive care

We prospectively evaluated the efficacy and clinical usefulness of bedside chest radiography in a pediatric intensive-care unit. Seven hundred ninety-five radiographs were evaluated in 126 patients over a 10-week period. Eighty-one percent of all radiographs showed one or more cardiopulmonary abnormalities, and 25% of routine radiographs had findings that altered management of patients. Nineteen percent of radiographs, including 17% of routine radiographs, showed a malpositioned tube or catheter. Thirty-five percent of endotracheal tubes shown on postintubation radiographs and 41% of central venous catheters shown on post-catheter placement radiographs were malpositioned. Forty-five percent of radiographs with a previous reading showed a significant interval change. Radiographs in patients 1 year old or younger showed more cardiopulmonary abnormalities (p less than .04), tube or catheter malpositions (p less than .03), and significant interval changes (p less than .03), and they elicited more changes in clinical management (p less than .01) than did radiographs in patients over 1 year old. The frequency of management changes dictated by radiographs increased with increasing amounts of respiratory support (p less than .01). Our data indicate that bedside radiography in the pediatric intensive-care setting has a high efficacy and clinical utility.     

Bedside chest radiography: diagnostic efficacy

In order to evaluate the efficacy of bedside chest radiography, a prospective study was completed of 140 patients admitted to the surgical and medical intensive care units over a two-month period. A total of 1132 consecutive bedside radiographs was analyzed for malposition of tubes and lines and interval changes in the cardiopulmonary findings. The median number of bedside radiographs per patient was 0.7 per day. Endotracheal or tracheostomy tubes were present in 54% of all examinations; among these 12% were malpositioned. Central venous catheters were present in 47%; among these 9% were malpositioned. Interval changes regarding cardiopulmonary findings (pneumothorax, collapse, diffuse or focal infiltrate, effusion, and congestive heart failure) were present in 44% of the radiographs after the admission one. Overall there were new findings or changes affecting the patient's management present in 65% of the radiographs. The use of bedside radiography appeared to be appropriate.     

Chest radiography in intensive care: an irreplaceable survey?

Purpose

This study evaluated the impact and value of bedside chest X-ray in intensive care units.

Materials and methods

This observational study considered the bedside chest X-rays performed on 258 consecutive patients (160 men, 98 women; mean age, 58 years) admitted to intensive care units. Stratification of patients according to the reason for hospitalisation and analysis of the reasons for chest X-ray examinations were performed to assess the diagnostic efficacy (DE).

Results

DE for chest X-rays was 84.5%, with 15.5% of tests remaining unchanged over time. Patient stratification by disease indicated that the DE was 85.27% in transplant, 90.79% in postoperative care after general surgery, 83.89% in respiratory failure, 82.42% in polytrauma, 90.54% in postoperative care after neurosurgery, 86.6% in postoperative care after vascular surgery, 83.3% in neurological conditions and 93.4% in other diseases.

Conclusions

Chest X-rays performed at the bedside are the most widely used imaging method in the follow-up of critically ill patients. DE is approximately 84.5%. Radiologists should maintain familiarity with the interpretation of this examination.     

Chest radiographs after permanent pacing. Are they really necessary?

The chest radiographs of 600 consecutive patients undergoing insertion of a permanent cardiac pacemaker were reviewed to determine the incidence and nature of abnormalities present. Abnormalities were detected on the chest radiographs of 131 patients (21.8%). Unsatisfactory electrode tip position and other features related to the electrode wire were commonest (14.4%). Complications related to the lungs and pleura were present in 5.5%, and those related to the generator and pouch least frequent (1.9%). Complications occurred more frequently following installation of a replacement system (48.3%) compared to new systems (17.2%). Important complications not initially detected included pneumothorax (8/15) and poor electrode loop (26/27). Chest radiographs following permanent cardiac pacing frequently demonstrate significant abnormalities whose detection is improved by awareness of their incidence and nature.     

Pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis: correlation of ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy, chest radiography, and CT with pulmonary function tests

PURPOSE: To determine the findings on ventilation-perfusion (V-P) scintigrams, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and chest radiographs and correlate them with pulmonary function test results in patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: V-P scintigraphy, chest radiography, conventional and thin-section CT, and pulmonary function tests were performed in 39 patients. The images were graded on a scale of 0 (normal) to 3 (severely abnormal). RESULTS: Imaging abnormalities were found on 92% of ventilation scintigrams, 92% of perfusion scintigrams, 79% of chest radiographs, 100% of CT scans, and 100% of thin-section CT scans. On ventilation scintigrams, 28 (72%) patients demonstrated a speckling pattern. On CT scans, all patients had pulmonary cysts. Univariate analysis showed that extent of disease on chest radiographs and CT scans, cyst size, V-P abnormalities, and degree of speckling were inversely correlated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)), diffusing capacity of lung for carbon monoxide, and the ratio of FEV(1) to forced vital capacity (FVC) (P <.01) but not with FVC and total lung capacity. Larger cyst size correlated with extent of disease at CT, but not significantly (P =.056). CONCLUSION: Scintigraphic and radiologic abnormalities are seen in a majority of patients with lymphangioleiomyomatosis. On ventilation scintigrams, a frequently seen speckling pattern may be related to accumulation of radionuclide in pulmonary cysts-a hallmark of the disease at CT. Findings with each imaging modality correlate with certain pulmonary functions.     

Detectability of catheters on bedside chest radiographs: comparison between liquid crystal display and high-resolution cathode-ray tube monitors

PURPOSE: To compare observer performance with a flat-panel liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor and with a high-resolution gray-scale cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor in the detection of simulated support catheters on bedside chest radiographs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The ethics committee did not require approval or patient informed consent when this study began. Because of a change in regulations, before images were acquired the nature of the study and procedures were explained to patients or their relatives, and consent was then obtained. A total of 131 catheter fragments (12-14 per radiograph) were superimposed over 10 anteroposterior bedside chest radiographs obtained with storage phosphor technology. Images were displayed on an LCD monitor (1536 x 2048 matrix) and a CRT monitor (2048 x 2560 matrix). Five radiologists independently located the catheter fragments and rated their confidence in detection with bright and subdued ambient light. A two-way analysis of variance and the Friedman test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: There was no significant difference for either display type with respect to correctly detected catheter fragments (mean sensitivity, 56.6% and 56.0% for the CRT and the LCD monitors, respectively, with bright light and 61.2% for both monitors with subdued light). With both display types, detection rate with bright light decreased significantly (P < .05). False-positive rates and confidence ratings were not significantly affected by monitor type or ambient light. CONCLUSION: In a study with simulation of clinical conditions, performance of the LCD monitor and high-resolution CRT monitor for detection of support catheters on bedside chest radiographs was equivalent. With both displays, detection performance was equally reduced with bright ambient light.     

Development of a perigraft seroma around modified Blalock-Taussig shunts: imaging evaluation

OBJECTIVE: The modified Blalock-Taussig shunt is a synthetic shunt between the subclavian and pulmonary artery, frequently used in the treatment of children with pulmonary hypoperfusion caused by congenital heart disease. The development of a perigraft seroma is a known complication of this procedure. We sought to describe the imaging features of a perigraft seroma and to define an optimal diagnostic strategy in patients with a suspected perigraft seroma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1993 and December 1998, 96 children underwent 105 modified Blalock-Taussig shunt procedures. In eight children, 11 cases of perigraft seromas were identified. The mean age of these children at the time of operation was 3 years (range, 6 days to 5 years 8 months). Pre- and postoperative chest radiographs were routinely performed in the children in whom seromas had been found. Additional postoperative radiologic investigations consisted of thoracic sonography (in 11 cases), CT (in eight cases), and MR imaging (in two cases). In all cases of perigraft seroma, the modified Blalock-Taussig shunts were constructed through a posterolateral thoracotomy at the fourth intercostal space. RESULTS: On average, the chest radiographs showed the first signs of the seroma on day 10 after the surgery (range, day 1-day 30). Using thoracic sonography, it was possible to visualize the perigraft seroma and the modified Blalock-Taussig shunt in eight (73%) of 11 cases. CT and MR imaging performed equally well in revealing perigraft seromas. CONCLUSION: As was found in these critically ill children, sonography has an advantage over CT and MR imaging because of its portability and, therefore, capability for bedside use. We recommend the use of sonography as the initial imaging modality in suspected cases of perigraft seroma development.