Lipid and inflammatory markers for the prediction of coronary artery disease: a multi-marker approach

BACKGROUND: Many studies have investigated the clinical accuracy of single lipid and inflammatory markers. In contrast, few have evaluated their potential for the detection of CAD using a multi-marker approach. METHODS: The concentrations of lipid, lipoproteins, apolipoproteins, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and fibrinogen were measured by standard laboratory methods. Apolipoprotein (a) [apo(a)] phenotyping was performed by sodium dodecylsulphate-gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting. The lipid tetrad index (LTI) and the lipid pentad index (LPI) were calculated. Clinical accuracy of the examined parameters, indexes and a logistic regression model was assessed using receiving operative characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis indicated that non-HDL-c, hs-CRP, HDL-c and Lp(a) were significant independent predictors for CAD. The AUC for this model (0.802) was higher than AUCs for any single marker or index tested. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the performance of a logistic regression model for CAD prediction warrants its use in clinical practice.     

冠状动脉CT血管成像预测冠状动脉斑块患者发生主要不良心脏事件的价值

目的 探讨冠状动脉CT血管成像（CCTA）预测冠状动脉斑块患者发生主要不良心脏事件（MACE）的价值。方法 对256例冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块患者行CCTA检查,于CCTA图像上定量评定冠状动脉管腔狭窄程度,并依据斑块成分进行分型。随访MACE发生情况,建立预测MACE的3个模型（模型1,冠状动脉狭窄程度分级;模型2,冠状动脉狭窄程度分级联合管壁斑块分型;模型3：冠状动脉狭窄程度分级联合管壁斑块分型和临床危险因素指标）,评估3个模型对MACE的预测效能。结果 256例病例中47例失访,最终随访209例患者。随访结束时,46例发生MACE。冠状动脉狭窄程度分级和斑块分型评估MACE发病风险的风险比分别为4.47、3.43,高于临床危险因素指标。模型2、模型3预测MACE的ROC曲线下面积明显大于模型1（P<0.05）,模型2和模型3预测MACE的ROC曲线下面积差异无统计学意义（P=0.076）。结论 CCTA可定量评估冠状动脉管腔狭窄程度并进行斑块分型,联合应用有助于提高MACE的预测效能。     

Growth-differentiation factor-15 predicts adverse cardiac events in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A meta-analysis

BackgroundWe aimed to analyse the association between high-level growth-differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) and mortality, recurrent MI and heart failure compared to low-level GDF-15 in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).MethodsPubMed and EMBASE were searched from their commencement to December 2017 for qualified studies that evaluated the associations between GDF-15 and ACS. Risk ratios were synthesized with random effect meta-analysis. Publication bias and sensitivity analyses were also conducted.ResultsA total of thirteen studies and 43,547 participants were analyzed systematically in our meta-analysis. Our study showed a significant association between GDF-15 values and mortality (p = 0.000, RR = 6.75, 95% CI = 5.81–7.84) and recurrent MI (p = 0.000, RR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.72–2.21) in the overall analyses. Subgroup analyses revealed similar results. However, there was evidence of heterogeneity in the study of heart failure, whose overall RR was 6.66, with an I² of 87.3%.ConclusionThere was a significant association between high-level GDF-15 and mortality, recurrent MI in patients with ACS. We need more data to research the risk stratification of heart failure in ACS patients in the future.     

急性冠脉综合征中糖原磷酸化酶BB的观察

目的 观察和比较急性冠脉综合征患者发病过程中糖原磷酸化酶BB、肌酸磷酸激酶及其亚型的变化情况方法 对正常对照组、稳定型心绞痛、不稳定型心绞痛及急性心肌梗死患者进行采血,酶联免疫法检测GPBB,生化检测CK、CK-MB。急性心肌梗死组分不同时间段进行比较。结果 稳定型心绞痛组与正常对照组比较,P>0.05。不稳定型心绞痛组与正常对照组比较,GPBB P<0.05,CK、CK-MB P>0.05。急性心肌梗死各组中GPBB与正常对照组相比,均P<0.05.且在12-24 h出现峰值。CK 3 h以内组与正常对照组相比,P>0.05;其余均P<0.05,且呈持续上升趋势。CK-MB 3 h以内组与正常对照组相比,P>0.05;其余均P<0.05,且在24-36 h出现峰值。结论 与CK、CK-MB相比,GPBB对于急性心肌梗死的早期诊断具有明显的特异性和敏感性     

Multiple biomarker use for detection of adverse events in patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute coronary syndrome

BACKGROUND: We investigated multiple biomarkers of various pathophysiologic pathways to determine their relationships with adverse outcomes in patients presenting with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: We obtained plasma specimens from 457 patients on admission and measured 7 biomarkers: myeloperoxidase (MPO), soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L), placental growth factor (PlGF), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). We used the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Endpoints were cardiac events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, cardiac death) and all-cause mortality. We estimated cumulative event rates over a 4-month period with the Kaplan-Meier method and relative risk (RR) with the Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: Patients with increased PlGF, NT-proBNP, hsCRP, or cTnI or decreased eGFR had 11% to 20% higher all-cause mortality rates than patients with concentrations within reference intervals: 20.4% (eGFR), 16.0% (PlGF), 15.8% (hsCRP), 12.7% (NT-proBNP), and 11.3% (cTnI; all P < or = 0.03). No differences in mortality rates were observed between those with increased vs normal concentrations of MPO, CD40L, or MMP-9. Decreased eGFR (RR 3.4, P = 0.004) and increased NT-proBNP (RR 7.9, P = 0.04) were independently predictive of mortality, and PlGF (RR 2.0, P = 0.08) approached significance. Patients with increased NT-proBNP (12.3%) or cTnI (33.8%) had higher cardiac event rates (each P <0.02), with increased MPO (11.1%) showing a trend (P = 0.09). Patients in whom both cTnI and MPO were increased had a cardiac event rate of 43%. CONCLUSION: Multiple biomarkers that are likely indicative of different underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are independently predictive of increased risk for adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.     

A review of the information needs of patients with acute coronary syndromes

The individual nature of information required by hospitalized patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) has been of concern to nurses for over 20 years. An information need is not necessarily a gap in knowledge that can be satisfied by education. It represents what the patient wants to know from the professional in order to cope effectively with the current situation. Through analysis of available literature, it seems that patients appear to prioritize information that is pertinent to survival, such as symptom management, rather than broader lifestyle issues such as exercise and diet. Although information needs are individual and subjective to each patient, trends emerge within patient groups. Information needs of patients with CHD in coronary care unit and ward setting occur across eight or more common areas. Through patient-centred communication, patients' f preferences for information in these topics can be derived and used as the basis for information delivery. Individual idiosyncratic needs can also be noted and addressed.     

Decision support for the initial triage of patients with acute coronary syndromes

Early revascularization of acute coronary syndromes improves the prognosis. It is of vital importance that the decision to treat the patient is taken as early as possible. The aim of this study was (i) to develop an automated tool for the analysis of electrocardiograms (ECGs) with regard to changes that indicate possible transmural ischaemia and (ii) to assess the influence of the tool on the ECG classifications of three interns with less than 12 months of experience in ECG reading. An artificial neural network was trained to automatically interpret ECGs using 3000 ECGs recorded at an emergency department. Thereafter, the performance of the network was evaluated using 1000 test ECGs. In the second step, three interns classified these test ECGs twice on different occasions, with and without the advice of the neural network. The gold standard was the classification made by two experienced cardiologists. On average, the three interns showed a sensitivity of 68% at a specificity of 92% without the advice of the neural network and a sensitivity of 93% at a specificity of 87% with the advice. The neural network itself showed a sensitivity of 95% at a specificity of 88%. The increase in sensitivity of 23-26% was significant (P<0.001) for all three interns. In conclusion, an artificial neural network can be trained to the improve performance in the interpretation of ST-segment changes in accordance with that of the experienced cardiologists.     

Pantoprazole for the prevention of gastrointestinal bleeding in high-risk patients with acute coronary syndromes

Purpose

The aim of this study is to evaluate the preventive effect of proton pump inhibitors on gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) who are at high risk for GI bleeding.

Materials and Methods

We enrolled 665 patients with ACS who had one or more of the following risk factors for GI bleeding: 75 years of age or older, history of peptic ulcer disease, history of GI bleeding, cardiogenic shock, and chronic renal dysfunction (serum creatinine, >2 mg/dL). Patients were randomly assigned to receive 40 mg of pantoprazole or placebo twice daily for 7 days, in addition to standard treatment of ACS. The primary end point was the occurrence of GI bleeding during hospitalization.

Results

During a median time of hospitalization of 12 days, 12 (3.6%) of 332 patients in the placebo group had an occurrence of GI bleeding, as compared with 4 (1.2%) of the 333 patients in the pantoprazole group (P = .046, Fisher exact test). The log-rank test showed a significant difference between the 2 groups in the time to the occurrence of GI bleeding (P = .015). Major GI bleeding occurred in 5 (1.5%) patients in the placebo group but only in 1 (0.3%) in the pantoprazole group (P = .12). Pneumonia developed in 22 (6.6%) patients in the placebo group and 24 (7.2%) in the pantoprazole group (χ² = 0.077, P = .88). The 30-day mortality was 10.2% (34/332) in the placebo group and 10.5% (35/333) in the pantoprazole group.

Conclusions

In patients with ACS who are at high risk for GI hemorrhage, prophylactic treatment with pantoprazole could reduce the risk of GI bleeding with no significant effects on the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia and 30-day mortality.     

Risk factors for major adverse cardiovascular events after the first acute coronary syndrome

AimsTo evaluate risk factors for major adverse cardiac event (MACE) after the first acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to examine the prevalence of risk factors in post-ACS patients.MethodsWe used Finnish population-based myocardial infarction register, FINAMI, data from years 1993–2011 to identify survivors of first ACS (n = 12686), who were then followed up for recurrent events and all-cause mortality for three years. Finnish FINRISK risk factor surveys were used to determine the prevalence of risk factors (smoking, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes and blood pressure) in post-ACS patients (n = 199).ResultsOf the first ACS survivors, 48.4% had MACE within three years of their primary event, 17.0% were fatal. Diabetes (p = 4.4 × 10⁻⁷), heart failure (HF) during the first ACS attack hospitalization (p = 6.8 × 10⁻¹⁵), higher Charlson index (p = 1.56 × 10⁻¹⁹) and older age (p = .026) were associated with elevated risk for MACE in the three-year follow-up, and revascularization (p = .0036) was associated with reduced risk. Risk factor analyses showed that 23% of ACS survivors continued smoking and cholesterol levels were still high (>5mmol/l) in 24% although 86% of the patients were taking lipid lowering medication.ConclusionDiabetes, higher Charlson index and HF are the most important risk factors of MACE after the first ACS. Cardiovascular risk factor levels were still high among survivors of first ACS.     

中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值和血小板平均体积对急性冠脉综合征患者PCI术后近期及远期不良事件的预测价值

目的 探讨中性粒细胞与淋巴细胞比值（NLR）和血小板平均体积（MPV）对急性冠脉综合征（ACS）患者接受介入治疗（PCI）后短期及远期主要不良心血管事件（MACE）的预测价值。方法 选择GRAND研究和GRANDEXTENDED研究中接受PCI治疗的ACS患者2 225例，分别按照NLR和MPV的第75百分位数分为高NLR组（n=557）、低NLR组（n=1 668）和高MPV组（n=577）、低MPV组（n=1 635）。比较不同NLR或MPV水平患者无复流/慢血流、住院期间MACE和术后1年MACE的发生情况。采用多因素logistic回归分析评估不良事件发生的独立影响因素。采用ROC曲线分析NLR和（或）MPV对不良事件的预测价值。结果 高NLR组术中无复流/慢血流、住院期间MACE和术后1年MACE的发生率均高于低NLR组（11.7%vs 5.1%,13.5%vs 8.5%和35.0%vs 10.8%;P<0.05）；高MPV组术中无复流/慢血流、住院期间MACE事件和术后1年MACE的发生率均高于低MPV组（12.1%vs 4.8%,17.3%vs 7.0%和29.6%...     

Critical care aspects in the management of patients with acute coronary syndromes

The spectrum of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) includes several clinical complexes that frequently cause critical instability in affected patients. This article focuses on several critical care aspects of these unstable ACS patients. The management of cardiogenic shock can be particularly challenging because the mechanical defects are varied in cause, severity, and specific treatment. Complications of fibrinolytic therapy are potentially deadly and arrhythmias are relatively common in the ACS patients. Discussions on the management of these problems should help the emergency physician more effectively to treat critically ill patients with ACS.     

2-D echocardiography prediction of adverse events in ED patients with chest pain

The objective of this study was to establish the efficacy of two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography (echo) in predicting adverse cardiac events in patients presenting to the ED with possible acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Patients 25 years of age or older having symptoms consistent with ACS and a non-diagnostic electrocardiogram (ECG) were evaluated with 0-, 3-, 6-, and 9-hour creatine kinase -MB (CK-MB) assays and continuous 12-lead ECG ST-segment monitoring. Patients with normal serial CK-MB assays and no ECG changes after 9 hours had a resting 2-D transthoracic echo performed. A positive 2-D echo was defined as segmental or global wall motion abnormalities. Patients were followed up after 6 months to identify adverse events resulting from ACS. Of the 1112 patients receiving an echo, 18 had positive studies. None had adverse events on follow-up. Of the 1094 patients with a negative 2-D echo, 15 had adverse events (2 acute myocardial infarctions, 2 coronary artery bypass graftings, and 11 percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties). Resting 2-D echo did not predict cardiac adverse events in patients with possible ACS and non-diagnostic serial 12-lead ECG and normal serial CK-MB at the end of a 9-hour evaluation.     

不同负荷剂量氯吡格雷对急性冠脉综合征患者PCI的疗效观察

目的 比较不同负荷剂量氯吡格雷对急性冠脉综合征(ACS)患者经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗的临床疗效.方法 入选144例我院自2006-06～2007-01诊断为ACS行PCI治疗的患者,随机分两组,分别于术前6 h给予300 mg和600 mg负荷剂量氯吡格雷,观察服药前、服药后2、4和6 h血小板聚集率,主要终点事件为住院期间出血、靶血管重建、休克以及死亡等不良事件,次要终点为术后1个月主要心脏不良事件发生情况.结果 600 mg氯吡格雷负荷剂量组和300 mg氯吡格雷负荷剂量组均在4～6 h达到血小板抑制程度的稳定状态,服用600 mg氯吡格雷负荷剂量组血小板聚集率降低更为显著.住院期间两组不良事件发生情况差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).1个月随访主要心脏不良事件差异无统计学意义.结论 600 mg氯吡格雷虽能产生更强的血小板抑制,但对减少临床不良事件发生并无显著优势.     

Anti-Xa monitoring of enoxaparin for acute coronary syndromes in patients with renal disease

BACKGROUND: There are limited data on dosing of enoxaparin in patients with renal disease due to the routine exclusion of this population in clinical trials. To account for the potentially delayed drug elimination in these patients, we developed guidelines for adjusting enoxaparin dosing based on anti-Xa monitoring. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate anti-Xa level monitoring, resulting from the standards of practice as set out by our hospital's guidelines for enoxaparin dosing in renally impaired patients. METHODS: A total of 72 separate acute coronary syndrome patient admissions were retrospectively reviewed. All patients had anti-Xa levels taken and creatinine clearance values <30 mL/min during enoxaparin therapy. RESULTS: The average trough anti-Xa level at the once- and twice-daily doses was 0.40 and 0.72 IU/mL, respectively. With twice-daily dosing, only 6% of the trough concentrations were in the target range of 0.2-0.3 IU/mL compared with 36% with once-daily dosing. Of the 22 patients who had a change of dosing frequency from twice to once daily, 5% of trough anti-Xa levels were 相似文献   

Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in patients with acute coronary syndromes

Fondaparinux (Arixtra, GlaxoSmithKline) is a synthetic, selective, activated Factor X inhibitor. On the grounds of its favorable benefit:risk ratio, fondaparinux is approved for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Two large trials involving approximately 32,000 patients recently evaluated fondaparinux in the treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Fondaparinux was compared with enoxaparin or usual care, depending on the setting. A single, once-daily 2.5-mg subcutaneous dose of fondaparinux was used in both studies. After a brief introduction to the drug, this article presents the results obtained in these trials with fondaparinux and compares them with those obtained with other anticoagulants. Overall, it appears that fondaparinux at the single, once-daily dose of 2.5 mg represents a valuable new alternative for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes.     

Efficacy and safety of fondaparinux in patients with acute coronary syndromes

Fondaparinux (Arixtra^®, GlaxoSmithKline) is a synthetic, selective, activated Factor X inhibitor. On the grounds of its favorable benefit:risk ratio, fondaparinux is approved for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. Two large trials involving approximately 32,000 patients recently evaluated fondaparinux in the treatment of non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes and ST elevation acute myocardial infarction. Fondaparinux was compared with enoxaparin or usual care, depending on the setting. A single, once-daily 2.5-mg subcutaneous dose of fondaparinux was used in both studies. After a brief introduction to the drug, this article presents the results obtained in these trials with fondaparinux and compares them with those obtained with other anticoagulants. Overall, it appears that fondaparinux at the single, once-daily dose of 2.5 mg represents a valuable new alternative for the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndromes.     

Myeloperoxidase level in patients with stable coronary artery disease and acute coronary syndromes

Background No studies have measured plasma myeloperoxidase (MPO) across the entire spectrum of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of the study was to compare MPO level across the entire spectrum of CAD, to assess the accuracy of MPO in predicting acute coronary syndromes and to define independent correlates of MPO level. Design This case–control study included 874 patients with angiographically proven CAD. Cases included 680 patients with CAD (382 patients with stable CAD, 107 patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and 191 patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction). Controls included 194 subjects with normal coronary angiograms. MPO was measured using an enzyme immunoassay before angiography and heparin administration. Results MPO level [median (25th–75th percentiles)] was 74·5 (52·5–135·3) µg L⁻¹ in cases vs. 61·2 (44·6–80·9), µg L⁻¹ in controls (P < 0·001). MPO level was 61·2 (47·5–85·8), µg L⁻¹ in patients with stable CAD, 99·2 (62·2–154·9), µg L⁻¹ in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and 129·5 (72·2–216·0) µg L⁻¹ in patients with acute myocardial infarction (P < 0·001). Elevated MPO level was associated with acute coronary syndromes with an area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0·731 (95% confidence interval 0·692–0·770; P < 0·001). Independent correlates of MPO level were acute coronary syndrome (P < 0·001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (P = 0·007), creatinine (P = 0·026), left ventricular ejection fraction (P = 0·027, negative association) and smoking (P = 0·028). Conclusions MPO level is elevated in patients with CAD and higher levels of MPO were found with progression of CAD from stable CAD to non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes and to acute myocardial infarction.