大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体基因转染对颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜形成的影响

目的　探讨腺病毒载体介导的大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ2型受体(AT2R)基因转染对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜形成的影响。方法　应用带有绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的重组腺病毒载体将大鼠AT2R基因转移至颈动脉球囊损伤模型中,2 1d后取材,应用免疫组织化学方法检测AT2R在动脉壁中的表达,图像分析观察其对新生内膜形成的影响。结果　在体大鼠颈动脉腺病毒载体的转染率达4 0 % ,AT2R基因在血管壁的新生内膜、中膜、外膜稳定表达,转染AT2R基因的球囊损伤后颈动脉与绿色荧光蛋白基因对照组相比,血管新生内膜 中膜面积比降低了4 8%。结论　AT2R基因转染可抑制颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜的形成,对血管成形术后再狭窄可能有一定的预防作用。     

反义血管紧张素Ⅱ受体Ⅰ_B基因转移对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响

目的　探讨腺病毒载体介导的大鼠反义血管紧张素Ⅱ受体ⅠB(AT1B)RNA转移对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响。方法　利用重组腺病毒载体将大鼠反义AT1B RNA转移至大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型中 ,2 1天后观察其对新生内膜形成的影响。结果　用腺病毒载体转导大鼠反义AT1BRNA至大鼠球囊损伤的颈动脉 ,与对照组相比 ,2 1天后损伤血管新生内膜 /中层面积比降低了 4 7%(P <0 0 0 1)。结论　反义AT1BRNA对血管成形术后再狭窄可能有一定的预防作用。     

反义血管紧张素Ⅱ受体ⅠB基因转移对大鼠颈动脉损伤后新？…

目的 探讨腺病毒载体介导的大鼠反义血管紧张素Ⅱ受体ＩＢ（ＡＴ１Ｂ）ＲＮＡ转换对在鼠颈动脉损伤后新生内膜的影响。方法 利用重组腺病毒载针大鼠反义ＡＴ１ＢＲＮＡ转移至大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型中，２１天后观察其对新生内膜形成的影响。结果 用腺病毒载体转导大鼠反义ＡＴ１ＢＲＮＡ至大鼠球囊损伤的颈动脉。与对照组相比，２１天后损伤血管新生内膜／中层面积比降低了４７％。结论 反义ＡＴ１ＢＲＮＡ对血管成形术后再逖人     

腺病毒介导BTEB2基因转染对动脉损伤后新生内膜增生的影响

目的 :构建反义转录元件结合蛋白 2 (BTEB2 )重组腺病毒载体并研究BTEB2反义RNA对动脉损伤后新生内膜增生的影响。方法 :通过聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)法从培养的大鼠血管平滑肌细胞中制备BTEB2cDNA ,将其反向克隆至腺病毒载体 ,构建反义BTEB2重组腺病毒 ;用重组腺病毒局部转染球囊损伤的大鼠颈动脉 ,观察反义BTEB2基因转染对BTEB2蛋白表达及损伤动脉新生内膜形成的影响。结果 :构建的BTEB2反义重组腺病毒经鉴定正确 ,其滴度为 5× 10 9/ml;反义BTEB2重组腺病毒转染可明显抑制BTEB2蛋白表达及新生内膜增生。结论 :成功构建了反义BTEB2重组腺病毒载体 ;BTEB2反义RNA可明显抑制大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后的新生内膜增生。     

外源性基因在血管球囊损伤后新生内膜中的表达

目的：应用重组腺病毒载体介导的β-半乳糖苷酶基因（LacZ）标记基因,探讨外源性基因在股动脉血管球囊损伤后,新生内膜中的表达。方法：用犬的股动脉内皮损伤模型,4周后经犬颈外动脉插管至股动脉内皮损伤处,并导入重组腺病毒载体介导的LacZ标记基因。转基因7天后,处死动物。β-半乳糖苷酶表达由x-Gal染色评价。经显微镜观察：在血管球囊损伤后,新生内膜中所见的蓝染细胞即为β-半乳糖苷酶表达阳性。结果：β-半乳糖苷酶表达出现在新生内膜、部分中膜和部分修复的内皮细胞。血管损伤后,新生内膜中平滑肌细胞转染率为100％。对照血管和远处脏器未显示β-半乳糖苷酶的表达。结论：在重组腺病毒载体的介导下,外源性基因可以在新生内膜中高效率地表达,新生内膜中的平滑肌细胞为基因治疗的靶细胞。     

腺病毒介导的人p27kip1基因转染对球囊损伤后兔颈动脉新生内膜增生的抑制作用

目的 研究腺病毒介导的p27kip1基因及其蛋白产物高表达对球囊损伤后兔颈动脉新生内膜增生的抑制作用。方法 建立兔颈动脉球囊损伤模型,将LacZ重组腺病毒（AdLacZ）和人p27kipl重组腺病毒（Adhp27kipl）在体内分别转染损伤动脉节段,以Western　blot、x-gal染色、HE染色、兔疫组化及计算机图像处理方法观察转染动脉节段中外源性p27kipl蛋白表达及其对新生内膜增生的影响。结果 与AdLacZ转染组及未转染组比较,Adhp27kip1转染的动脉节段内p27kip1蛋白呈高表达,表达高峰在7～14 d,持续4周以上;转染4周后未转染组、AdLacZ转染组及Adhp27kip1转染组的新生内膜面积分别为1.106mm2、0.988mm2及0.278mm2;管腔狭窄率分别为87.07％、65.40％及32.14％。结论 外源性p27kip1基因及其蛋白产物在损伤动脉节段内高表达可显著抑制新生内膜增生及管腔狭窄。     

Fas配体基因对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后血管重塑的影响

研究Fas配体基因对大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤后血管重塑的影响，制作大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型，将12只颈动脉球囊损伤的SD大鼠随机分为两组：对照组(n=6)颈动脉内转染Ad-βgal；Fas配体组(n=6)颈动脉内转染Ad-Fas配体。球囊损伤14天后，采用原位灌流固定取材，染色，进行组织学观察和形态学分析。结果发现，Fas配体明显增加损伤血管的腔面积和外弹力膜面积，减少损伤血管的内膜面积，而且内膜面积／外弹力膜面积之比也明显减少。结果提示，Fas配体具有有益的血管重塑作用。     

重组腺病毒介导的人一氧化氮合酶基因转染对大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜的影响

目的 :研究重组腺病毒介导的人内皮型一氧化氮合酶基因 (eNOS)表达生成的一氧化氮合酶 (NOS)对球囊损伤后大鼠颈总动脉新生内膜的抑制作用。方法 :在 2 93细胞内扩增、纯化Ad LacZ和Ad eNOS ,鉴定其是否携带有LacZ和eNOS基因。建立大鼠颈总动脉球囊损伤模型后 ,将磷酸缓冲液 (PBS)、Ad LacZ和Ad eNOS在体内分别转染到损伤血管段 ,以X gal染色、苏木精 伊红染色 ,免疫组化及计算机图像分析处理等方法观察转染动脉节段外源性eNOS蛋白表达及其对新生内膜的影响。结果 :重组腺病毒携带有eNOS基因 ,并且在损伤血管段得到有效表达。转染后PBS组、Ad LacZ组和Ad eNOS组的新生内膜面积分别为 (0 .187± 0 .0 18)、(0 .134± 0 .0 6 1)和 (0 .0 6 3± 0 .0 2 6 )mm 2 ,新生内膜与中膜面积比值 (I/M)分别为 1.5 76± 0 .2 73、1.342± 0 .35 7和 0 .5 6 0± 0 .16 1。与PBS组、Ad LacZ组相比Ad eNOS组无论新内膜面积 ,还是管腔狭窄程度都明显减小。结论 :腺病毒介导的eNOS基因转染能有效抑制球囊损伤后血管内膜的增生 ,可防治血管成形术后再狭窄     

腺病毒介导高血压相关基因转移对兔颈动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜形成的抑制作用

目的 探讨腺病毒载体介导的新基因高血压相关基因(Hypertension-related gene,HRG-1)转移对兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后新生内膜形成的影响。方法 兔颈总动脉球囊损伤后,经血管腔内转染含有HRG-1的腺病毒载体(AdHRG-1)或含有绿色荧光蛋白报告基因的空载腺病毒载体(AdGFP),以生理盐水处理为对照。于术后3、7和28 d取材,分别进行外源基因表达检测、PCNA染色和定量组织形态学分析。结果 应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应和免疫组织化学方法分别证实了基因转移后3 d HRG-1在兔颈动脉壁内的表达;PCNA免疫组织化学染色显示,转染AdHRG-1后7 d兔颈动脉内膜和中膜PCNA阳性细胞指数较转染AdGFP组明显降低[(21.4±2.5)％对(45.6±3.8)％,(6.4±1.1)％对(17.8±1.9)％,P<0.05]。基因转移后28 d血管壁定量组织形态学分析显示,转染AdHRG-1组血管新生内膜面积及内膜面积与中膜面积比均显著低于转染AdGFP组[(0.13±0.03)mm2对(0.45±0.14)mm2,0.19±0.02对0.70±0.15,P<0.01],血管腔面积则显著增加[(0.88±0.07)mm2对(0.57±0.27)mm2,P<0.01],而转染AdGFP组与生理盐水处理组间无显著性差异。结论 以腺病毒为载体经血管腔内转染HRG-1可有效抑制球囊损伤后血管平滑肌细胞增殖和新生内膜形成。     

卡维地洛对大鼠血管损伤后内膜增生和IGF-1表达的影响

目的探讨卡维地洛（CAR）对球囊损伤后血管内膜增生的影响及机制。方法90只Wistar大鼠随机分为假手术组、损伤组、CAR组,每组30只,后两组建立颈动脉球囊损伤模型。三组均于术后1、3、7、14、28d处死大鼠,每个时间点各6只。光镜下观察颈动脉内膜增生情况,RT—PCR法观察IGF．1mRNA在球囊损伤后不同时间点的表达情况。结果与损伤组比较,CAR组术后14、28d新生内膜面积显著减少,内膜面积与中膜面积比值（IA／MA）显著降低（P〈0．01）,管腔面积明显扩大（P〈0．01）;损伤组术后3、7、14、28dIGF-1 mRNA表达均显著高于假手术组,14d达高峰（P〈0．01）。CAR组各时间点IGF-1 mRNA表达均明显低于损伤组,术后14d最为显著（P〈0．01）。结论CAR能显著减轻大鼠血管损伤后内膜增生,其机制可能与其抑制IGF-1 mRNA表达有关。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.