CT下颈内静脉与颈总动脉间解剖关系的研究

目的研究颈部CT增强扫描下不同平面颈内静脉与颈总动脉之间的解剖关系。方法选取中山大学孙逸仙纪念医院2010年1月至2012年7月以来的颈部CT增强扫描资料,观察高位平面(甲状软骨上缘)、中位平面(环状软骨水平)的颈内静脉与颈总动脉之间的关系。结果在高位平面,颈内静脉主要位于后位及后外位(78.6%～83.9%),与颈总动脉的关系主要是部分重叠(70.5%～71.4%),而在中位平面,颈内静脉主要位于外位及前外位(72.3%)(÷2=116.491～143.686,P=0.000),与颈总动脉的关系主要是并行(56.2%～63.4%)(÷2=32.813～54.674,P=0.000)。结论颈内静脉穿刺选择在中位平面相对于高位平面能更好地提高穿刺成功率和减少穿刺并发症。     

超声引导颈内静脉穿刺置管术在I-gel喉罩通气时的应用

目的探讨喉罩通气时行颈内静脉穿刺置管时超声引导法与传统体表标志定位方法的差异。方法将40例全身麻醉置入I-gel喉罩通气拟行平卧位腹部手术的成年患者随机分为超声引导组(U组,20例)与传统体表标志定位方法组(C组,20例),U组在超声实时引导下行颈内静脉置管术,C组使用传统的体表标志定位法行颈内静脉置管术。两组穿刺点均选择甲状软骨水平入路。记录U组患者喉罩置入前后甲状软骨水平颈内静脉与颈总动脉各自中心点的体表投射点与正中线间距离等变化。记录两组首次穿刺成功率、试穿次数、总成功率、穿刺时间及并发症情况。结果 U组患者喉罩置入前后颈内静脉与颈总动脉各自中心点与正中线距离均明显增加(P0.01),颈内静脉内径、两者间水平距离、两者水平重叠率差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。两组首次穿刺成功率、试穿次数、总成功率、穿刺时间及并发症差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 I-gel喉罩置入会导致颈部血管外移,右颈内静脉内径及其与颈总动脉的水平距离及重叠率显著变化,不利于颈内静脉穿刺置管;喉罩通气中颈内静脉穿刺置管时超声引导法相对于传统体表标志定位方法可明显提高穿刺成功率。     

超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺置管术临床应用

<正>资料我们在临床上遇到5例经传统的依靠解剖标志插管失败,改行在超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺置管。5例患者,其中有2例为探测不到颈内静脉,3例为导丝送入受阻。其中3例患者常规插管前体检均发现颈部有异常体征:1例有甲状腺肿大,1例颈部饱满,颈外静脉扩张,1例肥胖、颈部短粗。     

颈内静脉置管罕见并发症的原因分析及预防

经颈内静脉置管是中心静脉置管中最常用的途径之一，是各种危重病人及围手术期病人救治的常用技术。因颈部解剖复杂，颈内静脉邻近颈总动脉，进行颈内静脉置管，操作的难度大且有较多并发症发生。我院1996年-2005年10月共施行中段颈内静脉穿刺置管1670例，发生与导管有关的并发症21例（1．26％），其中严重且罕见并发症4例，现报告如下。     

脊柱后凸患者颈内静脉穿刺置管体位及进针角度的探讨

探讨脊柱后凸患者颈内静脉穿刺置管的合适体位及进针角度。安置患者半仰卧位,后颈部及后胸背部放置软枕,调低病床20cm左右,调整穿刺进针角度与床平面呈60~70°、与颈椎模拟轴线呈20°左右。28例脊柱后凸患者行优化颈内静脉穿刺置管技术,一次穿刺置管成功25例,1例因穿刺入颈内动脉后改成颈外静脉穿刺置管,2例体位摆放后自觉有胸闷、气促等不适,放弃置管。     

两种超声平面引导颈内静脉穿刺置管在肥胖患者 腹腔镜手术麻醉中的应用比较

目的比较斜轴平面法和短轴平面法超声引导右颈内静脉穿刺置管在肥胖患者腹腔镜手术麻醉中的安全性和有效性。方法选择拟行超声引导右颈内静脉穿刺置管的择期腹腔镜手术肥胖患者120例,美国麻醉师协会分级(ASA)Ⅱ或Ⅲ级,年龄18～75岁,体质指数(BMI)30 kg/m2,按随机数字表法分为斜轴平面法组(O组)和短轴平面法组(S组),每组60例。在超声引导下分别应用斜轴平面法和短轴平面法施行颈内静脉穿刺置管术,记录两组刺入目标血管的时间、总穿刺置管时间、穿刺点数目、改变进针方向次数、首次穿刺成功率、总成功率和穿刺置管并发症(误穿动脉、血胸和气胸等)。结果两组总成功率均为100.0%,首次穿刺成功率比较差异无统计学意义(96.7%vs 93.3%,P0.05)。与S组比较,O组刺入目标血管时间、总穿刺置管时间均明显缩短[(24.5±6.3)和(28.2±5.2)s,(234.8±24.0)和(265.2±21.0)s,P 0.05]。两组穿刺点数量比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。O组患者改变进针方向次数明显少于S组(P 0.05)。误穿动脉O组0例,S组3例。两组均未发生血胸、气胸。结论肥胖患者腹腔镜手术右颈内静脉穿刺置管采用超声引导安全可靠,首次穿刺成功率高。与短轴平面法比较,斜轴平面法可缩短穿刺置管时间,减少改变进针方向的次数,降低误穿颈总动脉的风险。     

颈内静脉插管在血液透析中的应用

动静脉造瘘是维持性血液透析病人的传统通路 ,对无法建立合适的动静脉内瘘 ,包括血管移植建动静脉内瘘者 ,采用三腔导管插入中心静脉已成为长期血管通路的极好途径。中心静脉置管 ,常用途径有经股静脉、锁骨下静脉及颈内静脉三种 ,现将经颈内静脉穿刺置管在血液透析中的应用及护理体会介绍如下。1　资料和方法1 1　临床资料2 6例病人 ,男性 1 7例 ,女性 9例 ,年龄 4 5～ 71岁 ,其中原发病为慢性肾小球肾炎 1 6例 ,糖尿病肾病 5例 ,多囊肾、多囊肝 5例。行颈内静脉插管原因 :( 1 )存在心功能不全 1 2例 ;( 2 )周围血管条件差 ,2次建立内瘘不…     

改良法经皮穿刺颈内静脉置管的应用

中心静脉通路已被广泛用于输液、给药、术中监护、中心静脉压测定和静脉营养等临床实践 ,同时穿刺的方法技术和材料不断更新。中心静脉置管(ＣＶＣ)可通过很多途径 ,颈内静脉是目前采用最多的ＣＶＣ途径。穿刺点的选择是穿刺能否成功的关键。根据国人颈内静脉解剖结构 ,我们对低位颈内静脉穿刺点和方法进行了改良。 2 0 0 1年 9月～ 2 0 0 2年 11月河南省人民医院干部病房开展改良法经皮穿刺颈内静脉置管术 75例 ,收到了满意效果 ,现报道如下。1　资料与方法1 1　临床资料　本组 75例均为住院病人 ,入选条件 :( 1)肿瘤病人需化疗或输注高营…     

实时超声引导成人颈内静脉穿刺置管的应用价值

目的探讨实时超声引导在成人颈内静脉穿刺置管中的辅助作用,以评价其临床价值。方法 180例需行颈内静脉穿刺置管的患者分为A、B两组(A组:按解剖部位行常规颈内静脉穿刺置管者100例;B组:实时超声引导下行颈内静脉穿刺置管者80例)。操作前简单评估穿刺难度及可能出现的并发症,分别记录准备时间、操作时间、穿刺次数、成功率及并发症等。结果 A、B组穿刺前评估颈内静脉穿刺置管困难者分别为15例和32例。A组89例置管成功(89%),B组80例均置管成功(100%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。B组穿刺困难者穿刺时间[(10.7±4.6)s]较A组明显缩短[(450.7±233.8)s],差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组穿刺困难者一次穿刺成功4例,穿刺总成功率为60%,B组穿刺困难者一次穿刺成功27例,穿刺总成功率为100%。A、B组发生误伤动脉、臂丛、血肿及气胸的几率分别为10.0%、2.0%、4.0%、1.0%和2.0%、1.0%、1.0%、0。结论实时超声引导可提高成人颈内静脉穿刺的成功率和安全性,尤其是穿刺置管困难的患者。     

新法颈内静脉穿刺在急诊中的应用研究

颈内静脉穿刺技术在临床中应用广泛 ,尤其在急诊抢救工作中有重要作用。传统的穿刺入路常以胸锁乳突肌作为体表定位的方法 ,分为前中后 3路 ,而穿刺方向却各有不同[1] 。在临床工作中作者采用改良中路法行颈内静脉穿刺并与传统方法进行对比研究 ,发现前者效果很好 ,定位明确简便易行 ,值得广泛推广。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料。选择来急诊室就诊的需要行颈内静脉穿刺的急诊危重病人 113例 ,年龄 18～ 73岁 ;随机分为Ａ、Ｂ2组 ,Ａ组 5 3例 ,男 2 2例 ,女 31例 ,采用传统中路法 ;Ｂ组6 0例 ,男 2 7例 ,女 33例 ,采用改良中路法行颈内静脉穿刺…     

A new method of internal jugular vein catheterization using the cricoid cartilage and the external jugular vein as a landmark

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to find a new external landmark for internal jugular vein (IJV) catheterization. METHODS: The locations of the right IJVs of 100 patients were examined by ultrasonography using the external jugular vein and the cricoid cartilage as landmarks, and in a clinical study, we catheterized the right IJVs of 100 patients using these landmarks. RESULTS: By ultrasonography, the average distance from point A (a point 1.5 cm medial from the external jugular vein at the cricoid cartilage level) to the midpoint of the right IJV was 0.35 +/- 0.61 cm, and by clinical study, catheterization of the right IJV was successful in 99% (99/100) of patients. Patients required an average of 1.75 +/- 0.75 attempts, and no carotid puncture occurred. CONCLUSIONS: This new method of IJV catheterization was found to have a high success rate and few complications.     

Differences in anatomical relationship between vertebral artery and internal jugular vein in children and adults measured by ultrasonography

Cannulation of the internal jugular vein (IJV) under ultrasound guidance can reduce complications, such as common carotid artery (CCA) puncture, accidental vertebral artery (VA) puncture. However, these complications still occur, especially in pediatric patients probably due to anatomical predisposition of VA. This study compared differences in anatomical location of VA and IJV between pediatric and adult patients. Children with body weight <20 kg (n = 16) and adults who required central venous or pulmonary arterial pressure monitoring (n = 21) were enrolled. After induction of general anesthesia and tracheal intubation, patients were positioned for IJV cannulation. Images of the right CCA, IJV and VA were recorded by ultrasonography. The size of each vessel, anatomical relationship of other vessels, distance between vessels and between each vessel and skin were measured. The size of VA relative to IJV was significantly larger in children than in adults (14 vs 7 %, P < 0.001). The absolute and relative distance between IJV and VA were significantly shorter in children than those in adults (P < 0.01). The anatomical relationships between IJV and CCA and that between IJV and VA were not different between children and adults. In children, VA was relatively larger and located closer to IJV than adults. The results call for careful attention to the position of VA during ultrasound-guided IJV cannulation especially in children.     

Anatomical relationship between the common carotid artery and the internal jugular vein during head rotation

This study investigated the anatomical relationship between the common carotid artery and internal jugular vein during head rotation for the effective performance of percutaneous transjugular procedures. The subjects included 30 volunteers who had never undergone internal jugular vein cannulation. In the supine position, two-dimensional ultrasonographic images of the right internal jugular vein and common carotid artery were obtained, 2 and 4 cm above the clavicle, along the lateral border of the sternal head of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. Ultrasonographic images were examined for head rotation at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° from the midline to the left. The percentage of overlap of the common carotid artery by the internal jugular vein and the flattening of the internal jugular vein at each head rotation position were measured and evaluated. The overlap of the common carotid artery by the internal jugular vein significantly increased at ≥45° of head rotation 2 cm above the clavicle (P < 0.01) and at ≥30° of head rotation 4 cm above the clavicle (P < 0.01), compared with that observed in the neutral position. The flattening of the internal jugular vein significantly decreased at ≥45° of head rotation 2 cm above the clavicle (P < 0.01) and at ≥30° of head rotation 4 cm above the clavicle (P < 0.01). Head rotation should be kept to <45° at 2 cm above the clavicle and <30° at 4 cm above the clavicle to decrease the risk of accidental puncture of the common carotid artery during internal jugular vein puncture. Moreover, flattening of the internal jugular vein gradually decreases during head rotation to the side.     

32例超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺置管术体会

目的评估超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺的临床价值。方法通过二维超声显像,明确右侧颈内静脉的解剖位置,在超声引导下对32例尿毒症患者进行颈内静脉穿刺置管。结果28例1次成功,1例进针3次穿刺成功,2例穿刺失败,1例因颈内静脉血栓不能穿刺,穿刺成功率93.5%,无1例出现误穿颈动脉和气胸等穿刺并发症。结论超声引导下颈内静脉穿刺置管术是一种快速简便、安全有效的方法。     

Difficult central line placement due to variant internal jugular vein anatomy

The internal jugular vein (IJV) is an optimal location for obtaining central venous access due to its superficial location. However, there are many potential pitfalls of using the landmark technique, including aberrant anatomy of the IJV, proximity to the carotid artery and cupola of the lung, body habitus, and prior neck surgery. Our case study demonstrates how the use of ultrasound greatly simplified cannulation of an aberrant IJV in a dialysis patient.     

应用骨性标志指导右颈内静脉穿刺的临床研究

目的探讨应用骨性标志指导右颈内静脉穿刺置管术的可行性与安全性。方法选择行中心静脉穿刺置管术的择期全麻成人患者114例,以右颈内静脉作为穿刺部位。采取骨性标志定位,即以右锁骨上切迹与乳突尖前方凹陷顶点做一连线,与甲状软骨水平线的交点作为穿刺点。记录穿刺的成功率、穿刺时间、并发症及麻醉医师的工作年限。结果 114例患者进针深度为（1.8±0.6）cm,穿刺时间为（3.2±1.4）min;一次穿刺置管成功率为96.5%;均无气胸、血胸、液气胸、空气栓塞、心律失常等并发症发生;仅2例误穿动脉,形成血肿,改用其他方法穿刺成功;穿刺成功率与麻醉医师的年资无显著相关性（r=0.05,P〉0.05）。结论应用骨性标志指导颈内静脉穿刺,定位准确,穿刺成功率高,并发症少,大大提高了穿刺置管的成功率和效率,值得广大医生学习掌握。     

The medial-transverse approach for internal jugular vein cannulation: an example of lateral thinking

Background

Cannulation of the internal jugular vein (IJV) is traditionally performed using the central-longitudinal approach. Pneumothorax, carotid artery puncture, and failure to cannulate are uncommon, but by no means rare, complications. Ultrasound (US) guidance for IJV cannulation has reduced but not eliminated such complications.

Technique

We herein introduce a new approach, coined the “medial-transverse approach” due to the perpendicular angle at which the introducer needle is advanced toward the IJV from the median to lateral direction.

Discussion

The direction of the introducer needle is not toward the lung, thus virtually eliminating the possibility of pneumothorax. The image of the entire needle is seen when the US probe is typically orientated for a short-axis view of the IJV and carotid artery, thus improving the chance of uncomplicated IJV puncture. We have used this technique with apparent success in thousands of cases over the past 20 years in two different institutions.

Conclusion

A modified IJV cannulation technique that seems to have unique advantages over traditional approaches has been described. This technique is compatible with the blind and US-guided approaches.     

Effects of clinical maneuvers on sonographically determined internal jugular vein size during venous cannulation

We sought to define variations in internal jugular vein (IJV) anatomy and the effect of recommended cannulation maneuvers on a population of ICU patients. Maneuvers that decreased IJV lumen cross-sectional area were carotid artery palpation (1.48 to 0.82 cm2, p less than .05) and advancement of the needle (1.57 to 0.75 cm2, p less than .001). The head-down (modified Trendelenburg) position increased IJV lumen cross-sectional area (1.18 to 1.62 cm2, p less than .05). There was wide variability in IJV anatomic features, although most patients had patent veins.