视神经管的显微外科解剖学研究

目的:研究视神经管的显微外科解剖,为视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据.方法:手术显微镜下解剖15例共30侧10%甲醛固定的成人尸头视神经管标本,观测下列参数.(1)视神经管的长度和视神经管各壁及硬膜鞘的厚度;(2)视神经管中轴与颅正中矢状面、颅冠状面的夹角;(3)视神经管及视神经在眶口、管中部、颅口的垂直径、横径,并计算其横截面积;(4)视神经管内侧壁的毗邻结构及视神经与颈内动脉、眼动脉的关系.结果:视神经管的内侧壁最长,平均长度(11.61±1.58)mm;视神经管横截面积在眶口处最大,为(22.05±3.47)mm2;视神经横截面积在颅口处最大,为(10.62±2.34)mm2.结论:(1)视神经管眶口处对视神经的膜性束缚力最大;(2)当打开视神经管骨壁后,鞘膜切开应选择内侧壁内缘稍上方.     

经鼻内镜下视神经管减压术的应用解剖

目的 通过对视神经管及其毗邻结构的研究,为临床视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据.方法 结构完整的成人头颈部标本12例,经红色乳胶灌注、10％的福尔马林固定,观察和测量如下指标:①观察视神经管的形态;②视神经管隆突的类型;③视神经管颅口、眶口及管中部的横径、纵径及横截面;④测量视神经管上、下、内、外侧壁的厚度;⑤视神经管内侧壁毗邻关系;⑥视神经管内眼动脉与视神经的位置关系.结果 视神经管由两口(颅口、眶口)和四壁(上壁、下壁、内侧壁、外侧壁)组成,其横截面积在眶口最大,管中部最窄;视神经管的内侧壁最薄,内侧壁的毗邻结构主要有3种类型:①前为同侧后筛窦、后为同侧蝶窦;②全为同侧蝶窦;③全为同侧后筛窦,眼动脉在视神经管的颅口、眶口分别以视神经的内下方和外上方多见.结论 本研究结果为经鼻内镜视神经管减压术提供了解剖学参数;当打开视神经管骨壁,鞘膜的切开选择内侧壁稍上方.     

视神经管的应用解剖学研究

目的通过视神经管(OC)的解剖学观察,为视神经管减压术切开部位提供参考。方法成年头颈部标本20例,观察OC的形态及测量相关数据,OC与筛窦和蝶窦的关系,眼动脉的走行等,寻找并确定手术标志。结果 OC的走行是从内上至前外下方向呈倒"八"字形,左、右侧OC与正中矢状面的夹角分别为(36.54°±1.98°)、(36.52°±1.73°)。OC与筛蝶窦的关系分为蝶旁型、筛旁型和筛蝶型。OC分内侧壁、外侧壁、上壁和下壁,有颅口、眶口。内侧壁最长、最薄;颅口呈横椭圆形,眶口呈竖椭圆形,OC中部横截面近圆形,是视神经管最狭窄的部位。沿OC的眶口向后,可见一条反光带即OC,32侧可见视神经管隆突,8侧未见明显的视神经管隆突。眼动脉在OC内与视神经的关系为:在颅口位于视神经内下方占80%,在管中部均位于视神经正下方,在眶口位于视神经外下方占85%。结论 OC内侧壁最薄,眼动脉穿行在OC内,位于视神经的内下方、正下方、外下方。视神经管减压术切开部位宜选择在内壁与上壁交界处,尤其在接近颅口处,以避免术中损伤眼动脉及颈内动脉。     

内镜下经鼻蝶入路视神经管减压术应用解剖

目的　为内镜下行经鼻蝶入路视神经管减压术提供解剖学依据。 方法 选用12例成人尸颅标本,模拟内镜下经鼻蝶入路,观察视神经管及其周围结构。磨除视神经管,暴露并打开管内视神经鞘膜,观察鞘膜内视神经及眼动脉。 结果 视神经隆突是蝶窦内相对恒定的解剖标志,通过它可以确定视神经管眶口;眼动脉多走行于视神经的腹内侧,切开视神经鞘膜时应在外上壁进行。 结论 视神经隆突是重要的解剖标志;应在外上壁切开视神经鞘膜。     

视神经减压术的显微外科解剖基础

目的为视神经减压术建立显微外科解剖基础.方法在26侧经防腐同定的尸头标本上,进行视神经管和眼动脉及其周边结构的观察和测量.结果视柱前端视神经管外膜与眶上裂硬膜融合变厚,形成凸向眶内的襞,厚度为(1.71±0.37)mm(1.14～2.38 mm).眼动脉有88.5%(23侧)于视神经管颅口底部内侧进入鞘膜,在襞前端内侧穿出入眶.视神经管外下壁与蝶窦外侧壁结合形成视神经-颈内动脉陷窝,长为(7.40±1.44)mm(5.60～10.10 mm).结论(1)视神经减压应在视神经鞘膜内上方切开;(2)眼动脉减压应在视神经鞘膜切开骨性视神经管全长的基础上再向眶内延长1.14～2.38 mm;(3)视神经-颈内动脉陷窝可作为视神经减压的解剖标志.     

经颅视神经管减压术的应用解剖

目的:观察及测量视神经管区的有关解剖结构,为经颅视神经管减压术提供解剖学数据.方法:利用显微解剖方法对成人尸体头颅、带硬膜的成人颅底标本各10具、成人颅骨标本10具进行观察及测量.结果:(1)视神经管上壁、下壁、内侧壁、外侧壁的长度分别为(9.89±1.46)mm、(6.45±1.59)mm、(12.03±1.74)mm、(7.85±1.63)mm;颅口及眶口四壁的厚度不同,视神经管中轴与颅正中矢状面的夹角为(38.06±5.36°),与颅冠状面的夹角为(21.13±4.86°).视神经管上壁后部,由硬脑膜反折形成镰状韧带,其宽度(前后径)为(1.98±0.33)mm.(2)视神经管颅口至眉间的距离为(64.18±4.83)mm;视神经管颅口至翼点距离为(52.32±2.83)mm.(3)ACP为视神经管外侧壁,其根宽(11.96±0.58)mm,ACP全长(9.69±0.46)mm.结论:本文所测视神经管及其毗邻结构的相关参数为经颅视神经管减压术提供了解剖学依据.     

视神经管内结构的显微解剖学研究

目的 为视神经减压术和进一步探索视神经间接损伤的病理机制提供形态学依据。方法在手术显微镜下对18例(36侧)成人颅底湿标本视神经管进行了解剖观测，测量了管内段视神经的口径、视神经硬膜鞘各壁的厚度、眼动脉与视神经的位置关系以及眼动脉与视神经管下壁的关系。结果 ①从视神经管颅口到眶口硬膜鞘的各壁逐渐增厚；②在视神经管颅口处，61．2％眼动脉位于视神经的内下方，到了眶口处，81．9％眼动脉绕到视神经的外下方；③眼动脉在视神经管内行走于视神经硬膜鞘下壁内。所得数据用SPSSl0．0软件进行统计学处理。结论视神经间接损伤后，硬膜鞘在眶口处对视神经的束缚作用最强。由于管内段视神经被牢固地定于视神经管内，在外力作用下，管内段视神经能承受位移的潜力有限。     

眼动脉显微外科解剖学观察

目的 :为视神经减压术提供眼动脉颅内段和眶内段的解剖学资料。方法 :利用显微解剖学技术及组织切片方法对 70个经甲醛固定的头颅标本眼动脉颅内段和视神经管内段的行程、毗邻、分支及眼动脉起始等进行了观察。结果 :眼动脉颅内段和视神经管内段可分为短脚、长脚和远侧部三段。有 5 5 .97%的眼动脉在视神经的腹侧形成压迹。眼动脉在视神经管内穿行于视神经的硬膜鞘壁内 ,其分支多行于视神经的腹侧。结论 :视神经管下壁切除时应注意保护眼动脉。视神经减压术管内鞘切开部位宜选择在鞘的外、上壁交界外。     

视神经的断层解剖学研究及其临床意义

目的：为视神经的影像检查提供断层解剖学资料。方法：应用50侧成人头颅湿标本制成0.5mm的火棉胶连续切片，用计算机图像分析系统对36侧冠状位标本上的视神经进行测量。结果：视神经分颅内段、管内段、眶内段和球内段四部分。管内段从视神经管颅口到眶口逐渐变细，眶内段中点最细。结论：视神经的测量可在冠状面上进行，眶内段中点可作为测量标准。     

内镜视神经管减压的解剖与影像学研究

目的　为经鼻内镜视神经减压术临床应用提供影像解剖学依据。 方法　对20侧尸头视神经管及其毗邻结构进行解剖和测量,并用多层螺旋CT扫描和影像工作站测量,将两者结果进行对比分析。 结果　视神经管的类型：管型5％（1侧）,半管型10％（2侧）,压迹型55％（11侧）,无压迹型30％（6侧）。视神经管的毗邻关系：筛窦型15％（3侧）,蝶窦型35％（7侧）,蝶筛窦型45％（9侧）,蝶鞍型5％（1侧）,60％（12侧）与后筛窦相关。眼动脉在颅口80％（16侧）走行于视神经内下方,在眶口85％（17侧）走行于外下方。70％（14侧）颈内动脉管在蝶窦外壁隆起,而95％（19侧）与视神经管存在隐窝。视神经管内壁长度（10.23±1.31）mm。解剖测量视神经管眶口、颅口、视神经与颈内动脉隐窝到鼻小柱-鼻翼交界点的距离及夹角的结果与影像测量结果的差异没有显著性（P>0.05）。 结论　本研究结果为经鼻内镜神经管减压术提供了解剖学参数。采用CT影像工作站能对视神经管重要解剖标志进行准确的测量。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.