胃肠道原发性淋巴瘤的钡剂造影与CT诊断

目的 探讨胃肠道原发性淋巴瘤的影像学检查方法、诊断、鉴别诊断及与病理的关系。资料与方法 搜集经手术病理或内镜活检证实，并有较完整的消化道造影、部分CT检查资料以及部分手术后标本涂钡摄片的胃肠道恶性淋巴瘤29例，包括胃20例，十二指肠1例，小肠5例，结肠3例。结果上胃肠道气钡双重造影检查，20例胃原发性淋巴瘤中单个较大的不规则形充盈缺损9例，7例形成“牛眼”征；多个大小不等卵石样充盈缺损6例；单个巨大溃疡3例，1例表现为典型的“半月综合征”；多个大小不等浅淡龛影2例；7例胃腔变形，胃壁柔软，蠕动减弱，与以上各类型并存。1例十二指肠原发性淋巴瘤表现为多个大小不等的充盈缺损伴条形龛影。5例小肠原发性淋巴瘤，肠腔狭窄、狭窄段以上肠管扩张2例，3例仅表现为小肠套叠。3例结肠原发性淋巴瘤，肠腔对称性环形狭窄1例，肠腔非对称性充盈缺损伴龛影形成2例。4例胃原发性淋巴瘤CT平扫及增强扫描，1例弥漫性胃壁增厚，增强后胃壁强化明显；3例腔内不规则形肿块，增强后明显均匀强化。4例中3例胃周脂肪间隙欠清晰。2例结肠原发性淋巴瘤CT表现为一侧肠壁见软组织肿块影，增强后明显均匀强化。29例病理组织学结果，非霍奇金淋巴瘤28例，其中B细胞性25例，T细胞性3例；霍奇金淋巴瘤l例。结论 气钡双重造影是诊断胃肠道原发性淋巴瘤主要和首选的检查方法。CT扫描是对气钡双重造影有效的补充，它可以观察胃肠道壁受累的程度和范围、淋巴结转移情况以及肿瘤的TNM分期等。     

胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的分布与CT诊断

目的探讨胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤的CT表现及分型。方法搜集经内镜活检和手术病理证实的胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤23例,其中来源于胃11例,小肠6例,小肠及盲肠、结肠同时受累3例,结肠3例。所有病例均行CT平扫,部分行强化CT扫描、胃肠钡餐造影及内镜检查。结果 11例胃非霍奇金淋巴瘤中原发性9例,继发性2例。胃非霍奇金淋巴瘤CT表现分两类:1弥漫性胃壁增厚型7例;2局限性胃腔内肿块型4例。肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤共12例,原发性10例,继发性2例。肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤CT表现分3类:1弥漫性肠壁增厚型8例;2肿块型3例;3肠系膜受累伴腔外肿块型1例。结论 CT检查胃肠道非霍奇金淋巴瘤可提供病变部位、范围和类型,有无周围侵犯及淋巴结转移等信息,并可对病变进行准确分期,在指导临床治疗和预后判断中有不可替代的作用。     

中晚期胃癌的X线、CT和B超表现(附186例分析)

目的：探讨胃癌的X线、CT和B超特征性表现及意义。方法：186例胃癌均行气钡双重造影，其中63例行CT扫描，37例行B超检查，所有病例均经手术病理证实，分析全部病例的影像学表现。结果：1.X线气钡双重造影检出胃癌；蕈伞型65例，溃疡型82例，浸润型39例。2.CT检出胃癌：胃壁增厚37例，胃内肿块26例，胃周脂肪线消失32例，胃周及远处淋巴结肿大27例。3.B超检出胃癌：胃壁增厚17例，胃内肿块11例，25例显示第3、4、5层回声线消失、不清或中断，13例显示胃周脏器侵润及远处脏器转移，12例显示淋巴结转移。结论：X线气钡双重造影是诊断胃癌的首选检查方法，CT和B超对胃癌治疗方案的制定及预后估计有重要指导意义。     

胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的气钡双重造影与CT诊断对照研究

目的通过对胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的气钡双重造影与CT诊断对照研究分析，探讨胃肠道平滑肌瘤与平滑肌肉瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断中的一些问题。资料与方法收集经手术病理证实的胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤20例，包括平滑肌瘤14例，平滑肌肉瘤6例。20例均行胃肠道气钡双重造影检查，10例行螺旋CT平扫及双期增强扫描。结果6例食管平滑肌瘤包括腔内型和腔外型各3例，气钡双重造影表现为腔内充盈缺损和黏膜皱襞受压推移，4例边缘呈“屋檐征”。11例胃部平滑肌类肿瘤包括腔内型7例，腔外型和腔内外型各2例，气钡双重造影表现为腔内充盈缺损，CT表现为腔内或腔内外软组织块影。3例小肠平滑肌肉瘤包括腔内型1例及腔内外型2例，CT表现为小肠区多个不规则肿块，密度不均匀。结论气钡双重造影是胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤基本的首选检查方法，CT作为重要的补充检查特别是对于腔外型和腔内外型病变，二者结合使用弥补了单一方法的不足，提高了对胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的诊断价值，并对平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤鉴别诊断有较大帮助。     

消化道平滑肌类肿瘤的X线钡餐造影与CT诊断

目的：探讨胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的X线钡餐造影表现与CT特征以及平滑肌瘤与平滑肌肉瘤鉴别诊断中的一些问题。资料与方法。搜集经手术病理证实的胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤15例，包括平滑肿瘤11例，平滑肌肉瘤4例，13例行胃肠道气钡双重造影检查，6例行螺旋CT平扫及双期增强扫描。结果：4例食管平滑肌瘤包括腔内型和腔外型各2例，X线钡餐造影表现为腔内充盈缺损和粘膜皱襞受压推移，3例边缘呈“屋檐征”，9例胃部平滑肌类肿瘤包括腔内型5型，腔外型和腔内外型各2例，X线钡餐造影表现为腔内充盈缺损，4例胃平滑肿瘤（4／7）有“桥”形皱襞形成，CT表现为腔内或腔内外软组织肿块影，1例胃平滑肌瘤密度均匀，2例平滑肌肉瘤密度不均匀，2例小肠平滑肌肉瘤均为腔内外型，CT扫描表现为小肠区多个不规则肿块，密度不均匀。结论：X线钡餐造影是胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤基本的首选检查方法，CT作为重要的补充检查特别是对于腔外型和腔内外型病变，二者结合使用弥补了单一方法的不足，提高了对胃肠道平滑肌类肿瘤的诊断价值，并对平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤鉴别诊断有较大帮助。     

胃肠道脂肪瘤的影像学诊断

目的 探讨胃肠道脂肪瘤的影像学特征及诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实8例(男性3例,女性5例)胃肠道脂肪瘤的影像学表现,其中X线胃肠道造影4例、CT检查8例、MRI检查3例,分别观察肿块的位置、大小、形态、密度、信号、管腔状态、周围粘膜等各种影像学表现,并结合手术、病理对照.结果 ①发病部位:8例胃肠道脂肪瘤位于胃、十二指肠、回肠、结肠分别为1、1、1、5例;7例为胃肠道腔内肿块,起源于粘膜下层;1例升结肠脂肪瘤表现为肠腔内、外肿块,起源于浆膜下层;②影像学特征:表现为胃肠道内大小不等类圆形、卵圆形肿块,柔软,边缘清楚,4例X线消化道气钡双重造影及结肠气钡双重造影显示为类圆形的充盈缺损,4例周围均可见桥形粘膜;CT显示为密度均匀的脂肪密度肿块,CT值在-70～-120HU之间,增强扫描肿块无明显强化,1例发生在降结肠继发坏死,表现为瘤体内合并液性低密度;MRI肿块在T1WI、T2 WI呈高信号,T2抑脂像为低信号.结论 胃肠道脂肪瘤的影像学表现典型,肿块柔软、桥形粘膜、脂肪密度、高信号等为其特征表现,术前CT、MRI准确诊断率高.     

胃肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织淋巴瘤六例报告及文献复习

目的 报告6例胃肠道黏膜相关淋巴组织（mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue,MALT)淋巴瘤并结合文献探讨其影像学表现。方法 搜集经病理证实的胃肠道MALT淋巴瘤6例，其中来源于胃4例，十二指肠及回肠各1例，所有病例均经胃肠钡餐造影（GI）、CT或MRI检查。并复习了近几年国内外文献报道的胃肠道MALT淋巴瘤的临床及影像学表现。结果 根据该组病例临床及影像学所见，胃肠道MALT淋巴瘤临床及影像学特征为：（1）年龄在50岁以上，多为I－Ⅱ期低度恶性肿瘤，病程长，进展缓慢，症状轻，疗效好；（2）绝大多数幽门螺杆菌阳性，特别是胃MALT淋巴瘤；（3）GI示胃小区不规则增宽，多发性黏膜下小结节和多发边缘模糊的浅表溃疡，胃肠道黏膜皱襞粗大、紊乱迂曲，晚期呈多发息肉样结节、肿块及较大溃疡。CT及MRI表现为胃肠道壁环形光滑或小结节样增厚，肠MALT淋巴瘤可致肠腔狭窄。多发细小黏膜下病灶及多种征象共存是该病最重要的影像学特点。结论 典型影像学表现结合临床表现，可作出胃肠道MALT淋巴瘤的诊断。     

胃平滑肌肿瘤的X线气钡双对比造影与CT诊断

目的：探讨X线气钡双对比造影和CT检查对胃平滑肌肿瘤定位、定性的诊断价值。方法：对30例胃平滑肌肿瘤患者进行气钡双对比造影检查及CT强化检查并对其影像表现进行分析。结果：X线气钡双对比造影检查对腔内型肿瘤敏感，CT检查对非腔内型肿瘤诊断有优势，两种方法联合应用对各种胃平滑肌肿瘤定位诊断正确率达100％，定性准确率达84％。结论：X线气钡双对比造影和CT强化检查联合应用是诊断胃平滑肌肿瘤的有效影像检查方法。     

原发性回盲部恶性淋巴瘤的影像学检查

目的 评价气钡灌肠造影和CT扫描对回盲部恶性淋巴瘤检查的效果。方法 收集并分析了4例经术后病理证实回盲部恶性淋巴瘤的影像资料，其中，3例行气钡灌肠造影，1例行CT扫描。结果 气钡灌肠造影显示2例回盲部黏膜被推压、拉长变细或展平，1例黏膜紊乱、粗糙僵直、交织成风格状。2例肿块单发（圆形和葫芦形）、1例多发（圆形），直径0．4cm～10．0cm，边缘光滑。2例诊断回盲部占位，1例疑诊本病。1例h（增强）扫描见回盲部肠腔“夹心饼”样狭窄，肿块分叶界清，密度呈均匀中度增加，诊断回盲部恶性肿瘤。结论 气钡灌肠造影可清楚显示回盲部黏膜改变，明确黏膜下肿物大小、数目、形态及病段肠功能变化。CT扫描可显示更有价值的征象，两种技术联合应用，可获得更多的影像信息。     

影像学检查对胃肠道间质瘤诊断价值的临床分析

目的探讨胃肠道间质瘤的影像学诊断价值。方法对11例经手术病理确诊的胃肠道间质瘤进行回顾性分析。10例行胃肠道气钡双重造影,4例行CT检查,2例行肠系膜上动脉造影,7例行电子纤维内镜检查。结果肿瘤位于胃部7例,小肠2例,食管上段及食管下段至贲门各1例。病灶检出率:胃肠道气钡双重造影100%,CT检查75%,肠系膜上动脉造影100%,内窥镜检查100%。结论气钡双重造影和内窥镜检查是胃肠道间质瘤筛选的重要方法,CT检查和动脉血管造影对胃肠道间质瘤向腔外生长型定位及判断良恶性有一定价值。     

Determination of renal arterial stenosis severity: comparison of pressure gradient and vessel diameter

PURPOSE: To evaluate radiologic findings of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) of the colon at double-contrast barium enema examination. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Double-contrast barium enema findings in six patients with pathologically proved PTCL of the colon were retrospectively evaluated and compared with colonoscopic and histopathologic findings. RESULTS: There was a diffuse involvement of almost all segments of the colon in four patients and a focal segmental involvement in two. Frequent findings at double-contrast barium enema examination included geographic ulcerations (n = 6), aphthous ulcerations (n = 4), pseudopolyps (n = 4), circumferential luminal narrowing (n = 4), and ileocecal deformity (n = 4). CONCLUSION: PTCL of the colon manifested as either a diffuse or a focal segmental lesion and showed extensive mucosal ulceration at double-contrast barium enema examination. These findings are similar to those of inflammatory bowel disease and are different from those of colorectal lymphoma with the B-cell phenotype.     

Single-contrast vs double-contrast barium enema in the detection of colonic polyps

Radiographic and colonoscopic correlation in 139 patients with 234 colonic polyps compared the sensitivity of single- and double-contrast barium enema. Single-contrast barium enema detected 68 (80%) of polyps, with 72% of polyps under 1 cm and 94% of those 1 cm or over detected. Double-contrast barium enema detected 135 (91%) of 149 polyps, with 88% of polyps under 1 cm and 96% of larger polyps detected. Thus, the double-contrast barium enema was more effective than the single-contrast examination only for detection of polyps under 1 cm. The single-contrast barium enema was more likely performed on patients in poor physical condition and in those over 70 years old. The results suggest that for elderly patients, who may have difficulty in cooperating for a double-contrast enema, a properly performed single-contrast examination is an acceptable option.     

Feasibility of instructing radiology technologists in the performance of gastrointestinal fluoroscopy

OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine if dedicated gastrointestinal technologists could be trained to properly perform esophagography and double-contrast barium enema examinations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Ninety-four patients undergoing double-contrast barium enema examinations and 123 patients undergoing esophagographic examinations were included in the study. The study was conducted over a 4-month period, with examinations performed by eight gastrointestinal technologists, 10 radiology residents, and four staff radiologists. Four random lists were generated for each set of examinations. Each staff gastrointestinal radiologist, who was unaware of who had performed the examination, independently scored the representative radiographs. RESULTS: For the double-contrast barium enema examinations, no statistically significant differences were found between the technologists and residents for amount of barium used, degree of distention, cecal opacification, and quality of spot radiographs. The technologist-performed examinations had a statistically significant lower mean fluoroscopy time (3.2 min, compared with 4.0 min for staff radiologists and 5.7 min for residents). For the esophagrams, no statistically significant differences between technologists and residents were found for single-contrast esophagrams; radiographs of the gastric cardia; assessment of motility, reflux, and transit of a solid bolus; and fluoroscopy time. Double-contrast esophagrams obtained by technologists received a better mean score than did those of the residents. CONCLUSION: Radiology technologists can be trained to perform high-quality esophagography and double-contrast barium enema examinations without an unacceptably high radiation dose.     

早期结肠癌低张气钡双对比造影检查与纤维结肠镜对比分析

目的:对于早期结肠癌的检查,通过低张气钡双对比造影(DCBE)图像与纤维结肠镜检查图像对比观察,分析气钡双对比结肠造影在检出早期结肠癌中的价值。方法:20例经病理证实早期结肠癌病例,采用低张气钡双对比造影方法,实时点片。常规纤维结肠镜检查。结果:Ⅰ型11例,Ⅱa型6例,混合型1例,LST型2例,对比观察造影像及内镜像表现。结论:正确运用气钡双对比造影检查,对早期结肠癌的显示有较大价值。     

艾滋病合并肠管淋巴瘤X线、CT表现与病理

目的：探讨艾滋病合并肠管淋巴瘤的影像学特征表现与病理。方法：回顾性分析3例经活检及尸体解剖病理确诊的艾滋病合并肠管淋巴瘤患者的CT与病理资料。3例均经CT检查,其中2例经上消化道造影,1例钡剂灌肠造影。1例剖腹探查,切除部分增厚肠管组织病理证实,1例尸体解剖病理组织分析证实。结果：2例肠管淋巴瘤发生在空肠,1例发生在降结肠,影像与大体病理均表现为肠管壁不均匀增厚,管腔狭窄,充盈缺损,病理分型均为B细胞淋巴瘤。结论：艾滋病合并肠管B细胞淋巴瘤CT表现与病理符合度高。     

大肠癌的螺旋CT三维重建研究及外科应用评价

目的 :探讨螺旋CT三维重建技术在大肠癌外科术前诊断中的价值。材料和方法 :选 2 0例有低张气钡灌肠造影及病理证实的大肠癌 ,行低张充气螺旋CT扫描 ,表面覆盖显示 (SSD)、容积漫游技术 (VRT)、多平面重组 (MPR)等三维重建 ;另 10例行常规及低张注生理盐水CT检查。本法与造影、常规CT、低张注水CT及手术、病理对照观察。结果 :常规CT检出率为 4/ 10 ;低张注水CT检出率为 7/ 10 ;低张气钡灌肠造影检出率为 2 0 / 2 0 ;螺旋CT三维重建检出率为 2 0 / 2 0。前三者在检出率或观察内容上均有各自限度 ,后者可弥补。结论 :SSD、VRT可显示 6mm隆起病变和 3mm管腔狭窄 ,VRT可显示 1mm细沟凹陷 ;MPR对轻微的肠壁增厚、僵硬很敏感 ,能准确判断病灶外侵程度 ;SSD酷似内窥镜 ,VRT可比低张气钡灌肠造影 ,SCT三维重建可一法多用。     

Cost-effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening

PURPOSE: To determine the most cost-effective colorectal cancer screening strategy costing less than $100,000 per life-year saved and to determine how available strategies compare with each other. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standardized methods were used to calculate incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) from published estimates of cost and effectiveness of colorectal cancer screening strategies, and the direction and magnitude of any effect on the ratio from parameter estimate adjustments based on literature values were estimated. RESULTS: Strategies in which double-contrast barium enema examination was performed emerged as optimal from all studies included. In average-risk individuals, screening with double-contrast barium enema examination every 3 years, or every 5 years with annual fecal occult blood testing, had an ICER of less than $55,600 per life-year saved. However, double-contrast barium enema examination screening every 3 years plus annual fecal occult blood testing had an ICER of more than $100,000 per life-year saved. Colonoscopic screening had an ICER of more than $100,000 per life-year saved, was dominated by other screening strategies, and offered less benefit than did double-contrast barium enema examination screening. CONCLUSION: Double-contrast barium enema examination can be a cost-effective component of colorectal cancer screening, but further modeling efforts are necessary.     

Acceptance by patients of multidetector CT colonography compared with barium enema examinations, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare patient acceptance of multidetector CT colonography, total colonoscopy, flexible sigmoidoscopy, and double-contrast barium enema to ascertain any overall preference. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. One hundred sixty-eight patients underwent CT colonography followed by either flexible sigmoidoscopy (n = 59) or colonoscopy (n = 109). A 25-point questionnaire with principal components relating to satisfaction, worry, and physical discomfort was administered after CT colonography and after endoscopy, and a follow-up questionnaire was administered 1 week after the procedures. Questionnaires were also completed by 140 patients undergoing double-contrast barium enema examinations. Responses were compared using Wilcoxon's matched pairs test and the Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS: Overall satisfaction was greater with colonoscopy (p = 0.01), but CT colonography caused less discomfort (p = 0.002), was better tolerated (p = 0.005), and was the preferred follow-up investigation of those expressing a preference (p = 0.003). Compared with flexible sigmoidoscopy, CT colonography caused less pain (p = 0.004), was more acceptable (p = 0.04), and was preferred as the follow-up investigation (p < 0.001). Tolerance of colonoscopy was significantly less in women (p = 0.03), but such was not the case for CT colonography (p = 0.58). Patients undergoing CT colonography were less worried (p < 0.001), were more satisfied (p = 0.001), and suffered less discomfort (p < 0.001) than those having barium enema. CONCLUSION: Patients' experiences with barium enema examinations were significantly worse than with any other test. Although patients were most satisfied with colonoscopy, they reported more pain during both colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy than during CT colonography, and they also found CT more acceptable. In patients expressing a preference, CT colonography was the preferred follow-up investigation.     

Colorectal cancer: screening double-contrast barium enema examination in average-risk adults older than 50 years

PURPOSE: To retrospectively determine the diagnostic yield of double-contrast barium enema examinations performed for colorectal cancer screening of neoplasms 1 cm or larger or advanced neoplastic lesions of any size in average-risk adults older than 50 years. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Institutional Review Board at the affiliated Veterans Affairs Medical Center approved this HIPAA-compliant study protocol and did not require informed consent from patients. Computerized databases revealed 276 double-contrast barium enema examinations performed for colorectal cancer screening in average-risk adults older than 50 years. Radiographic and pathologic reports were reviewed to determine the number of patients who had polypoid lesions 1 cm or larger, polyps smaller than 1 cm, or advanced neoplastic lesions of any size. Forty-five (16.3%) of the 276 patients underwent follow-up sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy. Medical, endoscopic, and pathologic records were reviewed and compared with radiographic findings. RESULTS: The results of double-contrast barium enema examination revealed 74 (26.8%) of 276 patients with 104 polypoid lesions in the colon, including 32 patients (11.6%) with 41 polypoid lesions 1 cm or larger, 15 patients (5.4%) with 19 polyps 6-9 mm, and 27 patients (9.8%) with 44 polyps 5 mm or smaller. Endoscopy was performed in 24 (75%) of 32 patients, the results of which confirmed 23 (72%) of 32 radiographically diagnosed lesions 1 cm or larger in 16 (67%) of 24 patients. In two of these individuals, the polyps were hyperplastic. The remaining 14 patients had a total of 21 neoplastic lesions 1 cm or larger, including 11 tubular adenomas, seven tubulovillous adenomas, one villous adenoma with marked dysplasia, and two cancers. The diagnostic yield of screening double-contrast barium enema examination was 5.1% (14 of 276 patients) for neoplastic lesions 1 cm or larger and 6.2% (17 of 276 patients) for advanced neoplastic lesions of any size. CONCLUSION: Double-contrast barium enema examinations performed in average-risk adults older than 50 years have a diagnostic yield of 5.1% for neoplastic lesions 1 cm or larger and 6.2% for advanced neoplastic lesions, regardless of size.     

Colonic cleansing for radiographic detection of neoplasia: efficacy of the magnesium citrate-castor oil-cleansing enema regimen

To optimize detection of colonic polyps, we instituted a cleansing regimen of dietary restriction, hydration, magnesium citrate, castor oil, and a cleansing enema. We then conducted a review of serially performed barium enemas to determine the percentage of patients with clean colons in a mixed population of 500 inpatients and outpatients in whom this regimen had been used. The same regimen also was used before single- and double-contrast barium enemas were performed in 139 patients with 234 polyps, and radiologic-endoscopic correlation was used to determine the percentage of polypoid neoplasms detected. The review indicated that a clean colon had been achieved in 97% of the 500 cases. In an additional 1.4% of patients, fecal residue was limited to small amounts in the cecum or ascending colon. In only two cases (0.4%) did fecal material prevent an examination that was suitable for detection of large polypoid or circumferential lesions. The single- and double-contrast barium enemas detected 80% and 91%, respectively, of polypoid lesions of all sizes. Single-contrast examinations detected 94% of polyps 10 mm or larger and 72% of polyps 5-9 mm. Double-contrast studies detected 96% of polyps 10 mm or larger and 88% of those 5-9 mm. The results of this study indicate that with this regimen, fecal residue does not significantly interfere with the detection of colonic polyps via barium enema examination.