Pilon骨折的手术治疗体会

目的探讨Pilon骨折手术治疗采用内固定方法的选择。方法回顾性分析本院自2006年1月至2009年6月间采用胫骨远端外侧异型钢板或AO三叶草钢板手术内固定治疗Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折46例,其中Ⅱ型34例、Ⅲ型12例。结果经6个月～3年的术后随访,临床疗效优良率达89．1％,其中胫骨远端外侧异型钢板手术固定者达90．6％,AO三叶革钢板固定达85．7％。结论针对Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型Pilon骨折的骨折块状况,应结合软组织的损伤程度,合理选用内固定方法,可达到骨折的稳妥固定,具有早期关节活动,利于骨折愈合的优点。     

AO苜蓿叶形支撑钢板治疗Pilon骨折的临床评价

目的　探讨应用AO苜蓿叶形支撑钢板治疗Pilon骨折的临床效果及影响临床效果的因素。方法　分析我科自 1997年 4月至 1999年 3月用该方法治疗的 2 5例病人 2 7侧肢体的治疗效果 ;按Ruedi-Allgower分型 ,比较不同骨折类型的治疗效果 ;把骨折复位后的X片作复位质量统计后 ,比较不同复位质量的病例的临床疗效 ;评价手术治疗病例的并发症情况。结果　治疗后 ,参照Teeny和Wiss提出的评分系统 ,临床疗效优良率为 78%。其中 ,Ⅰ型病例达 10 0 %。Ⅱ型达 82 % ,Ⅲ型为 6 9% ,放射学评价达解剖复位的 18个病例中 ,疗效良好以上 16例 ,复位一般的 7例中 ,疗效良好以上 5例 ,复位差的 2例中 ,疗效全部为差 ;本组手术并发症发生率为 2 2 % ,其中软组织并发症发生率为 11%。结论　AO苜蓿叶形支撑钢板治疗Pilon骨折有较好的临床效果 ;临床治疗效果与骨折类型、复位质量有关 ;Ⅲ型骨折的治疗方法有待进一步发展     

三种方式治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床评价

目的：探讨三种方式治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床效果,旨在提出最佳治疗方案。方法：自1991年10月至1998年8月共收治高能量Pilon骨折51例,均属Ruedi和Algower Ⅲ型。按治疗方式可分为3组：即采用AO苜蓿叶形钢板内固定22例,有限内固定结合“T”形超关节外固定回治疗15例;短期外固定架固定后改用钢板内固定14例（分两步）。结果：经6月－8月的随访发现三种治疗方案在临床疗效和并发症发生率上有明显差别,以短期超关节外固定架固定后二期用钢板内固定组疗效最佳。按Teeny和Wiss评分系统,其临床疗效优良率为78．6％,并发症发生率为28．5％。结论;短期超关节外固定架固定后二期用钢板内固定能较好地恢复踝关节功能,显减少伤口并发症及骨不连、延迟愈合等,治疗高能量Pilon骨折可取得满意效果,应视为治疗高能量Pilon骨折的首选方法。     

AO技术治疗Pilon骨折(附46例报告)

目的：评价AO技术治疗Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法：自1995年7月～2002年6月应用AO技术对46例Pilon骨折行切开复位，支撑钢板及螺钉内固定治疗。术后随访0．5-7年，按Mazur标准进行功能评价。结果：46例患者总优良率84％，其中C1型20例，O2型15例，Q型4例。7例发生切口感染，8例出现创伤性踝关节炎。结论：临床治疗效果与骨折类型及治疗方法有关，运用AO技术治疗Pilon骨折可以取得满意的疗效。     

Pilon骨折59例疗效分析

目的 探讨Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择。方法 对59例Pilon骨折按保守治疗、有限内固定结合外支架、苜蓿叶形钢板内固定三组进行比较分析：结果 参照Helfet标准，有限内固定结合外支架与苜蓿叶形钢板内固定组疗效优于保守治疗组。结论 治疗方案的选择在Pilon骨折的治疗、预后中起重要的作用。     

胫骨远端解剖型钢板治疗Pilon骨折70例临床报道

目的探讨胫骨远端解剖型钢板治疗Pilon骨折（Ⅱ型、Ⅲ型）的临床疗效。方法回顾分析70例应用胫骨远端解剖型钢板治疗的Pilon骨折患者。术后踝关节功能根据Bourne标准评定。结果70例患者均获随访，随访时间10～24个月，平均18个月。本组优44例，良18例，可5例，差3例，优良率88．57％。其中Ⅱ型优良率明显高于Ⅲ型（P〈0．05）；Ⅱ型和Ⅲ型患者中青壮年优良率均高于中老年（P〈0．05）。结论胫骨远端解剖型钢板是治疗Pilon骨折较理想的内固定方法。     

胫骨Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的 探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的治疗方法、手术时机、手术方法。方法 随访1997年～2002年治疗的胫骨Pilon骨折16例，平均随访28．2个月。骨折类型：Ⅰ型3例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型8例。手术方法：合并腓骨骨折12例，占80％，均用钢板固定。胫骨骨折：螺钉固定5例，三叶草钢板固定5例，胫骨远端钢板固定2例，一期行踝关节融合3例。结果 按Mazur踝关节症状与功能评分系统评分：优5例，良5例，可3例，差3例。总体优良率为64％，并发症为31％。结论 对大部分Pilon骨折主张施行有限手术、有限内固定。而对严重胫骨关节面粉碎骨折的Ⅲ型骨折宜一期融合。     

Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择及疗效分析

目的探讨几种Pilon骨折治疗方法、手术时机及临床效果。方法本组自1994年1月至2007年6月期间共治疗Pilon骨折患者43例，其中Ruedi—AllgowerⅠ型5例，Ⅱ型14例，Ⅲ型24例；AO分型：B．／C，型5例，B，／C：型17例，C，型21例。其中7例患者采用保守治疗方法：U型石膏外固定5例，跟骨牵引2例；20例患者采用闭合复位或有限切开复位加外固定架治疗；其余16例患者采用切开复位、钢板螺钉内固定的治疗方法。结果全部患者均获得1年以上随访，骨折全部愈合，平均愈合时间为22周。Mazur评分结果，优19例，良16例，可5例，差3例。结论Pilon骨折的治疗应根据骨折类型、软组织损伤程度选择治疗方法及手术时机，才能提高疗效，减少并发症。     

AO锁定加压钢板在治疗复杂Pilon骨折中的应用

目的：探讨AO锁定加压钢板在治疗胫骨Pilon骨折方面的应用及效果。方法：对2005年5月-2006年5月应用AO锁定加压钢板完成此类手术31例进行随访,平均年龄37．4岁,伤后至手术时间3-14天,治疗采用切开复位内固定,胫骨应用AO锁定加压钢板固定,腓骨应用1／3管型钢板固定,术后早期功能锻炼。结果：采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效,31例患者中优19例、良8例、可4例,优良率达87．1％。结论：对涉及胫骨关节面的Pilon骨折,应用AO锁定加压钢板切开复位内固定是合适的。     

三种方式治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床评价

目的探讨三种方式治疗高能量Pilon骨折的临床效果,旨在提出最佳治疗方案.方法自1991年10月至1998年8月共收治高能量Pilon骨折51例,均属Ruedi和AlgowerⅢ型.按治疗方式可分为3组即采用AO苜蓿叶形钢板内固定22例,有限内固定结合"T"形超关节外固定回治疗15例;短期外固定架固定后改用钢板内固定14例(分两步)结果经6月～8年的随访发现三种治疗方法在临床疗效和并发症发生率上有明显差别,以短期超关节外固定架固定后二期用钢板内固定组疗效最佳.按Teeny和Wiss评分系统,其临床疗效优良率为78.6%,并发症发生率为28.5%.结论短期超关节外固定架固定后二期用钢板内固定能较好地恢复踝关节功能,显著减少伤口并发症及骨不连、延迟愈合等,治疗高能量Pilon骨折可取得满意效果,应视为治疗高能量pilon骨折的首选方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.