Coronary vessel stent implantation in patients with symptomatic dissections following balloon dilatation

Dissections after coronary balloon angioplasty are risk factors for acute or subacute vessel closure. Intracoronary stenting was developed to avoid this complication by wrapping the intimal and medial flaps against the vessel wall, which reduces the risk of acute thrombosis. A total of 17 stents were implanted into the coronary arteries of 10 patients with angiographically documented dissections after balloon angioplasty, who presented angina and ischemic ECG changes. Mean minimal stenosis diameter was 1.11 +/- 0.35 mm (65.1%) before, and 1.48 +/- 0.56 mm (53.9%, n.s.) and 2.45 +/- 0.62 mm (23.5%, p less than 0.005), respectively, after balloon angioplasty with and without taking the dissection membrane into account. All patients reported an immediate recovery of their anginal complaints after stent delivery, and ischemic ECG changes disappeared. The mean residual stenosis after coronary stenting was measured as 3.33 +/- 0.23 mm (0%, p less than 0.001). The immediate control angiograms and these after 24 h depicted smooth vessel walls without any irregulations at the site of implantation, and the mean residual stenosis diameter remained unchanged after 24 h (3.3 +/- 0.23 mm; 1.2%, p less than 0.001). No patient suffered acute myocardial infarction, one patient underwent coronary bypass surgery because of persisting episodes of angina pectoris. Thus, intracoronary stenting seems to be a secure and effective method to handle dissections after balloon angioplasty, and perhaps reduces the rate of acute complications and the need for emergency bypass surgery after coronary balloon angioplasty.     

A modified balloon crush approach improves side branch access and side branch stent apposition during crush stenting of coronary bifurcation lesions.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the advent of drug eluting stents and newer interventional techniques designed to treat the main vessel and side branch in bifurcation stenoses, optimal treatment of the side branch remains problematic. We aimed to assess the feasibility of a modified balloon crush technique for percutaneous treatment of coronary bifurcation stenoses. BACKGROUND: Use of the crush technique in bifurcation stenoses remains limited by access to the side branch after main vessel stent deployment, as well as limitations of side branch stent deployment. The modified balloon crush technique aims to improve side branch access and stent apposition. METHODS: The modified balloon crush is similar to the previously described balloon crush technique. Following side branch stent deployment, a balloon positioned in the main vessel is deployed to crush the proximal side branch stent. A guide wire is then placed into the side branch with a subsequent high-pressure balloon inflation at the side branch ostium. This opens the stent struts at the ostium of the side branch, facilitating future passage of the guide wire following main vessel stent deployment, prior to kissing balloon inflation. RESULTS: We performed this modification of the crush technique safely in 10 patients. We were successful in obtaining side branch access in nine of ten patients following initial main vessel stent deployment. In the only failure, there was a 90 degrees angle between the main vessel and side branch. CONCLUSIONS: The modified balloon crush technique can be safely performed, while optimizing side branch access and side branch stent apposition.     

Stent deformation following simulated side-branch dilatation: A comparison of five stent designs

We aimed to determine the effects of simulated stent side-branch dilatation and subsequent redilatation of the central lumen. Following coronary stent implantation it may be necessary to dilate through the side of a stent to maintain branch patency. Branch dilatation through the side of 3.5-mm-diameter stents (AVE GFX, beStent, Crown, MultiLink, and NIR) was simulated in a plexiglass phantom using 2.5-, 3.0-, 3.5-, and 4.0-mm balloons. In further experiments, the main lumen was redilated with a 3.5-mm balloon after 3.0-mm side-branch dilatation. Thereafter, a 3.5-mm central and a 3.0-mm side-branch balloon were simultaneously inflated (“kissing balloons”). The larger the balloon size used for side-branch dilatation, the greater the distortion of the stent immediately distal to the side-branch, which for a 4.0-mm balloon ranged from 36% ± 2% (Crown) to 65% ± 6% (NIR). Central lumen redilatation or kissing balloons abolished this stenosis with little reduction of the side-lumen diameter. The main stent lumen compromise caused by side-branch dilatation can be abolished by main-lumen redilatation or by kissing balloons. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent. 47:258–264, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

20例支架外侧球囊扩张挽救冠状动脉分支疗效和安全性观察

目的 评价主支支架外侧球囊扩张技术,便于导丝重新进入已闭塞的分支,进而挽救分支血管的安全性及疗效.方法 20例冠心病患者共20个真性分叉病变,分叉病变中位于左主干/前降支3例(占15％),前降支/第一对角支9例(占45％),回旋支/钝缘支3例(占15％),右冠状动脉/后降支或后侧支5例(占25％).所有分叉病变分支预留挤压(jailed)导丝,主支病变置入支架后,分支闭塞,TIMI血流分级0～1级,导丝无法重新找到分支入口,此时在主支支架外侧采用1.25mm小球囊通过分支Jailed导丝,于主支支架外低压力扩张分支开口,然后导丝再次穿过主支支架网眼进入分支真正开口,最后完成主支与分支球囊对吻,纠正主支支架变形.本研究观察手术成功率、并发症和近期随访结果.结果 20例支架外侧球囊扩张技术挽救分支病例中,主支支架术置入18例(支架28枚),主支/分支双支架置入2例.主支靶血管术前平均狭窄(直径法)为(90±10.5)％,术后为(10±1.5)％,其中术前为0～2级TIMI血流均恢复到3级.分支血管术前平均狭窄(直径法)为(63±14.3)％,术后为(42.5±13.5)％,TIMI血流均为3级.2例术后心绞痛,1例心肌酶学增高,无分支发生夹层,无急性心肌梗死等严重并发症.术后临床随访12 ～18个月,无死亡及心肌梗死等心脏不良事件发生.结论 利用支架外侧球囊扩张技术可以较容易找到分支真正开口,实现处理分叉病变所需要的交换导丝及球囊对吻,缩短了手术时间,提高手术的安全性,其成功率高,并发症少,近期疗效满意.     

Comparative study of balloon dilatation and stent placement in primary angioplasty

OBJECTIVE: To communicate our results with primary angioplasty (PA) and stenting de novo in acute myocardial infarction. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 163 patients (pts) had clinical diagnosis of MI with an average onset time of symptoms of 2.5 hours. They were divided in two groups: 100 pts with PA using only balloon (group I) and 63 pts with primary stenting (group II) (63 pts with 85 stents). A high pressure technique (14-16 atm) was used in group II and all pts were on salicylic acid and ticlopidine. Both groups were compared. RESULTS: Clinical characteristics, infarct location and infarct related-artery were similar, being left anterior descending the more frequently vessel involved. Clinical success rate was higher in group II (97% vs 87%) and complication rate was threefold higher in group I (9% vs 3%). A mean follow up of 57 months in group I showed a 21% clinical and/or angiographic restenosis rate, while the 12 months follow up in group II failed to show any case of restenosis at all. CONCLUSIONS: The use of stents in PA improves the results achieved with balloon procedures. There is a greater success rate, less complications and better survival patients who had the procedure while being in cardiogenic shock.     

Effects of stent design on side branch occlusion after coronary stent placement.

This study was performed to assess the immediate and long-term patency of stent-associated side branches (SB) according to the types of stent. A total of 314 patients with 332 lesions (CrossFlex stent 86, NIR 100, GFX 146) had 365 SB (>1 mm) covered by coronary stents. Side branch occlusion (SBO) occurred in 7.7% of CrossFlex stent, in 10.5% of NIR stent and in 8.8% of GFX stent (P = NS). SBO primarily occurred in SB with ostial disease, and the presence of SB ostial disease was the only independent predictors of SBO after stenting (OR 22.1, 95% CI 9.47-51.49, P < 0.001). At 6 months follow-up, 11 of 31 SBO regained the patency, but the remaining SB had persistent SBO. Delayed SBO occurred in 8 SB, being associated with the presence of SB ostial disease and in-stent restenosis. In conclusions, SBO was not associated with the types of stent design, but with the SB lesion morphology.     

Comparison of endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation and sphincterotomy for lithotripsy in difficult sphincterotomy

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation is as effective as sphincterotomy for lithotripsy with a lower risk of hemorrhage, but a higher risk of pancreatitis has been reported. It has been suggested as an alternative to sphincterotomy when sphincterotomy is difficult because of periampullary diverticulum or prior sphincterotomy, but comparison with sphincterotomy in these conditions has not been studied. AIM: To compare the efficacy and safety between balloon dilatation and sphincterotomy for lithotripsy when sphincterotomy is difficult because of periampullary diverticulum or prior sphincterotomy. METHODS: Eighty patients with difficult endoscopic sphincterotomy because of periampullary diverticulum or prior sphincterotomy underwent balloon dilatation (n=46) or sphincterotomy (n=34) for lithotripsy. The success of stone clearance and complications were reviewed and compared. RESULTS: In the subgroup of periampullary diverticulum, balloon dilatation was more effective than sphincterotomy in stone clearance (100% vs. 84%, P=0.026). The rate of overall complications and pancreatitis (5.7% and 5.7%) was lower after balloon dilatation than after sphincterotomy (20% and 12%) (P=0.026 and 0.029, respectively). In the subgroup of prior sphincterotomy, no difference in efficacy or safety was noted between balloon dilatation and sphincterotomy. CONCLUSIONS: Balloon dilatation was more effective and safer than sphincterotomy for lithotripsy when sphincterotomy was difficult because of periampullary diverticulum. Balloon dilatation was as effective and safe as sphincterotomy after prior sphincterotomy. As balloon dilatation is easier to perform, it may be the preferred treatment when sphincterotomy is difficult because of periampullary diverticulum or prior sphincterotomy.     

Exit block: a new technique for difficult side branch angioplasty

Angioplasty of a stenosis at the origin of a diagonal branch was initially unsuccessful because of the straight course of the anterior descending artery and a sharp bend at the diagonal branch. Therefore, in a second attempt, the anterior descending artery was blocked by inflating a balloon distal to the diagonal branch, thereby facilitating the passage of guidewire and balloon into the diagonal branch.     

Bifuration coronary angioplasty using a new side branch accessible stent

Two cases of successful angioplasty of bifurcational left anterior descending and diagonal lesions treated with a new side branch accessible Jomed™ stent in the LAD are discussed. A balloon dilatation of the side branch using kissing balloon technique in the first case and stenting the side branch followed by kissing balloon dilatation in the second case are described. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:92–95, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Infective endocarditis following balloon dilatation of mitral valve.

Three cases of infective endocarditis were encountered following balloon dilatation of the mitral valve. The diagnosis was difficult due to negative blood cultures and nondiagnostic transthoracic echocardiogram, the latter the consequence of the preexisting severe rheumatic valvar disease. Transoesophageal echocardiography proved superior in diagnosis. The possible causes and means of preventing this potentially lethal complication are discussed.     

药物涂层球囊联合切割球囊行冠状动脉分叉病变边支保护的疗效观察

目的探索切割球囊联合药物球囊行冠状动脉分叉病变分支血管保护的即刻效果及远期预后。方法回顾性选取2017年1月至2018年6月解放军总医院收治的冠状动脉分叉病变患者60例为研究对象。依据治疗方法分为2组:研究组(n=28)和对照组(n=32)。研究组和对照组分别预埋药物球囊和普通球囊。比较2组患者基线资料、即刻手术效果、围手术期并发症,以及随访9个月发生的主要不良心血管事件(MACE)、靶病变血运重建和晚期管腔丢失(LLL)。采用SPSS 24.0软件进行统计分析。依据数据类型,组间比较分别采用t检验或χ~2检验。结果 2组患者术前病变类型及影像学参数、术后主支及分支血管最小直径和残余狭窄间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组患者围手术期均无并发症发生。研究组和对照组患者MACE发生率间差异具有统计学意义[25.8%(8/31)vs 3.57%(1/28),P=0.044],但2组靶病变血运重建率[3.57%(1/28)vs 9.88%(3/31),P0.05]差异无统计学意义。部分患者术后9个月完成影像学复查,研究组和对照组主支直径及主支LLL差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但分支血管最小直径[(2.50±0.48)vs(1.96±0.39)mm,P=0.013]及分支血管LLL[(0.04±0.07)vs(0.25±0.36)mm,P=0.024]间差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论切割球囊联合药物球囊在冠状动脉分叉病变分支保护中安全、有效。     

Treatment of true bifurcation stenosis by elective stent implantation in parent vessel and non-stent dilatation of side branch: immediate and follow-up results

Data of 67 consecutive patients who underwent stent implantation in the parent vessel and non-stent dilatation of the side branch of a true bifurcation stenosis was retrospectively analysed. The mean age was 53.2 +/- 9.7 years, with majority (89.6%) being males. Forty-seven (70.1%) lesions involved the bifurcation of left anterior descending artery and its major diagonal branch. The parent vessel was treated using balloon angioplasty in 50 (74.6%), rotational atherectomy in 15 (22.4%) and directional coronary atherectomy in 2 (3.0%) patients. All the patients subsequently received an intracoronary stent in the parent vessel. Depending upon the treatment strategy for the side branch, the patients were divided into two groups: (1) Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty group, which included 37 patients in whom the side branch was dilated by plain balloon angioplasty, and (2) Debulking group, in which 30 patients underwent debulking of the side branch using rotablation or directional coronary atherectomy. Overall, the procedure was successful in 64 (95.6%) patients. One (1.5%) patient developed non-Q wave myocardial infarction during the hospital stay. There were no Q-wave myocardial infarction, need for emergency coronary artery bypass surgery or death. Clinical follow-up of at least six months was available in all patients with a mean duration of 9.5 +/- 3.2 months. Recurrence of symptoms developed in 19 (28.4%) patients. Fourteen (20.9%) patients required target vessel revascularisation, of which 11 (29.7%) belonged to the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty group and 3 (10.0%) to the debulking group, the difference being statistically significant (p = 0.045). The freedom from target vessel revascularisation was 93.1 and 89.4 percent at 6 and 12 months in the debulking group, compared to 78.4 and 68.9 percent at the same time in the percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty group. This study thus demonstrates that percutaneous intervention for true bifurcation stenosis with stent implantation in the parent vessel and non-stent dilatation in the side branch provides favourable immediate and follow-up results. Debulking in comparison to plain balloon angioplasty of the side branch results in further improvement in clinical outcome and need for target vessel revascularisation on follow-up.     

药物洗脱支架和普通金属支架对分支血管影响的对比研究

目的观察冠状动脉雷帕霉素洗脱支架置入对直径小于2.5mm分支血管的影响。方法选取2002年5月至2004年5月在上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院行CypherTM药物洗脱支架和BXVelocityTM普通金属支架置入术的648例患者为研究对象,记录患者冠心病危险因子和冠状动脉病变特征,对比分析两种支架置入对直径小于2.5mm分支血管的影响,并观察患者手术前后血清C反应蛋白和肌钙蛋白变化。结果与普通金属支架组比较,药物洗脱支架组置入支架较长,但两组支架置入后分支闭塞发生率相似。进一步分析支架置入血管狭窄≥90%、分支血管开口处≥50%狭窄538支闭塞高危分支血管,发现药物洗脱支架组(n=259)较普通金属支架组(n=279)支架置入后分支闭塞发生率高(18.5%对16.12%),但差异无显著性意义。结论冠状动脉病变药物洗脱支架置入导致直径小于2.5mm分支血管闭塞发生率与普通金属支架置入相似。     

Main branch stenosis following aortic valve replacement

Three patients developed left main stem stenosis within some months after aortic valve replacement. In all of them diagnosis was confirmed by angiography and bypass surgery was performed successfully. Left main stem stenosis is a rare complication of aortic valve replacement and is due to cannulation and perfusion of the coronary arteries. The mechanism is probably injury of the vessel wall due to the perfusion-catheter, followed by intimal hyperplasia. A similar mechanism is assumed for restenosis after transluminal coronary angioplasty.     

Techniques for palmaz-schatz stent deployment in lesions with a large side branch

Palmaz-Schatz coronary stent implantation in lesions with a large side branch are reported. The first case describes how to manage plaque shifting after stent implantation. The second and third cases demonstrate a kissing balloon predilatation and stent dilatation technique of a bifurcational lesion. The final case demonstrates a stent implantation technique through the stent struts of a previously deployed stent.     

Intra-aortic balloon pump placement following aorto-iliac angioplasty and stent placement.

Approximately 20% of patients are unable to receive an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) due to aorto-iliac atherosclerotic disease. Aorto-iliac stenoses can be managed with angioplasty or stent placement; however, there are limited data about this strategy to facilitate IABP placement. Thirty-seven IABPs were placed in 35 patients. A total of 45 revascularization procedures were performed. With revascularization, the minimal lumen diameter increased from 2.78 +/- 1.46 to 6.75 +/- 2.36 mm (P < 0.0001). Limb ischemia occurred following 2/37 (5%) IABP insertions. Limb ischemia was managed with IABP removal and angioplasty. The mortality rate was 32%. Mortality was more common with chronic renal insufficiency (8/11, 73%; P = 0.0014), dialysis-dependent renal failure (3/3, 100%; P = 0.028), and presentation with acute myocardial infarction (8/15 patients, 53%; P = 0.036). Although no patients required vascular surgery for limb ischemia, one patient required surgery for bleeding. Angioplasty or stenting to facilitate IABP placement in patients with peripheral vascular disease is safe and effective.     

Prospective randomized trial comparing a nitinol self-expanding coronary stent with low-pressure dilatation and a high-pressure balloon expandable bare metal stent

The recent SCORES trial demonstrated that lower dilatation pressures seen with self-expanding (SE) stents may be associated with lower rates of target lesion revascularization (TLR). To determine whether SE stents with low-pressure dilatation are as safe and effective as balloon expandable (BE) stents. We randomly assigned 254 patients with 279 coronary lesions to groups receiving either SE with low-pressure dilatation <12 atm (n = 143) or conventional BE stents (n = 136). Thereafter, acute results and long-term outcomes were compared. Baseline patient and angiographic characteristics were similar in two groups. The incidence of procedural complications, such as slow flow, side branch occlusion, and edge dissection were significantly lower in the SE group than in the BE group (overall: SE, 17; BE, 35; P < 0.01), and the occurrence of myocardial infarction tended to be lower in SE than in BE (SE, 1; BE, 4; not significant). Although acute gain was significantly smaller with SE than BE (SE, 2.21 ± 0.65 mm; BE, 2.42 ± 0.62; P < 0.01), probably due to gradual expansion of the SE stent, nearly identical minimum luminal diameters on follow-up angiography (SE, 2.14 ± 0.92 mm vs. BE, 2.22 ± 0.93; not significant) and similar angiographic restenosis (SE, 18.1% vs. BE, 20.5%). and TLR rates (SE, 16.1% vs. BE, 14.0%) were apparent. This prospective randomized trial demonstrates that SE stents with low-pressure dilatation is safe and effective strategy for treating coronary arterial stenosis.