不同产地新疆赤芍中芍药苷的含量测定

目的 测定10个不同产地新疆赤芍药材中芍药苷含量. 方法 采用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）;流动相为甲醇-0.05 mol•L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（34.8：65.2）;检测波长：230 nm;流速1 mL•min^-1;进样量10 μL. 结果 芍药苷线性范围为0.100 2～1.002 0 mg,r＝0.999 9（n＝6）;平均加样回收率为98.8%～101.5%,RSD为0.355%～1.770%（n＝9）. 结论 该实验准确测定10个不同产地新疆赤芍中芍药苷的含量,10批药材中芍药苷的含量均符合《中华人民共和国药典》标准.     

高效液相色谱法测定和血明目片中3种成分含量

目的建立同时测定和血明目片中芍药苷、黄芩苷与丹皮酚含量的高效液相色谱法。方法色谱柱为大连依利特惠杰型 C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相甲醇 0.2%磷酸 水溶液（梯度洗脱）,流速1.0 mL•min－1,检测波长244 nm,柱温30 ℃。结果芍药苷、黄芩苷及丹皮酚的进样量与峰面积值之间线性关系良好,回归方程分别为Y＝97 385X－42 170（r＝0.999 9）、Y＝ 187 571X－57 347（r＝1.000 0）与Y＝112 205X－44 333（r＝0.999 9）,线性范围分别为0.361 5～2.169 0 μg,1.277～7.662 μg,0.154 5～0.927 0 μg。加样回收率（n＝6）分别为97.93%,96.03%,94.15%。结论该方法可同时测定和血明目片中芍药苷、黄芩苷及丹皮酚的含量,方法简便、准确。     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法测定扶正强筋片中黄芪甲苷含量

目的建立扶正强筋片中黄芪甲苷的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱 蒸发光散射法测定扶正强筋片中黄芪甲苷的含量,色谱条件：Licrosorb C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm）,流动相为乙腈 水（34：66）,流速为0.8 mL•min－1,蒸发光散射检测气载气流速1.6 L•min－1,检测器漂移管温度为49 ℃,增益为4。结果黄芪甲苷在0.052～1.034 mg• mL－1范围内线性关系良好,加样回收率分别为102.2%（RSD＝1.00%,n＝3）,99.1%（RSD＝1.36%,n＝3）,102.4%（RSD＝1.49%,n＝3）。结论该方法准确、重复性好,可用于测定扶正强筋片中黄芪甲苷的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定赤黄清化胶囊芍药苷含量

目的建立赤黄清化胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱：Shim pack VP ODS （4.6 mm×150 mm, 5 μm）;流动相：乙腈 0.1%磷酸（14：86）;流速：0.9 mL•min－1;检测波长：230 nm;柱温：室温;进样量：10 μL。结果芍药苷在5.12～41.00 μg•mL-1浓度范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 8）;芍药苷3个不浓度的平均回收率分别为99.14%（RSD＝0.74%）,98.21%（RSD＝0.33%）,98.95%（RSD＝0.84%）（n＝9）。结论该方法灵敏快速、准确可靠,可作为赤黄清化胶囊中芍药苷的含量测定方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定小儿肠胃康颗粒中芍药苷的含量

［摘要］目的建立测定小儿肠胃康颗粒中芍药苷含量的高效液相色谱（HPLC）法。方法固定相：Alltima C18色谱柱（4.6 mm×250 mm，5 μm）；流动相：乙腈 0.1%磷酸（10.5：89.5）；检测波长：230 nm；流速：1 mL• min 1；柱温：室温；进样量：10 μL。结果芍药苷在0.023 3～1.747 5 μg范围内线性关系良好（r＝0.999 4），平均回收率为100.38%（RSD＝2.20%）。结论该方法简便、准确，可有效控制制剂的质量。     

HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定坤复康片中5种有效成分的含量

目的采用HPLC-MS/MS法同时测定坤复康片中氧化苦参碱、苦参碱、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷及苯甲酰芍药苷等5种有效成分的含量。方法待测样品研磨后采用甲醇超声提取,以Phenomenex Luna C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱,采用体积分数为0.1%的甲酸乙腈溶液(A)-体积分数为0.1%的甲酸溶液(B)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.3 m L·min-1,分析时间为9.0 min。质谱ESI源-MRM模式,正、负离子同时检测。5种成分的监测离子对分别为:265.2/247.4(氧化苦参碱)、249.3/148.4(苦参碱)、479.3/197.1(芍药内酯苷)、525.1/121.0(芍药苷)、583.3/120.8(苯甲酰芍药苷)。建立的方法对3批坤复康片进行了测定。结果氧化苦参碱、苦参碱、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷及苯甲酰芍药苷5种有效成分在测定浓度范围内均具有良好的线性关系,r>0.994 8,回收率为95.8%~102.1%。结论用本方法可以同时测定5种有效成分,适用于同时测定坤复康片中氧化苦参碱、苦参碱、芍药内酯苷、芍药苷及苯甲酰芍药苷的含量,同时能较好地控制坤复康片的质量。     

高效液相色谱图法测定精制冠心片中芍药苷和丹参酮ⅡA含量的效果分析

目的：探究精制冠心片中芍药苷和丹参酮ⅡA含量行高效液相色谱图（ HPLC）法同时测定效果。方法选取精制10份冠心片样品,应用HPLC法行样品测定,分析精制冠心片芍药苷和丹参酮ⅡA含量情况。结果芍药苷线性范围12.5-125.2μg/ml与浓度关系良好（ r＝0.998）,丹参酮ⅡA 线性范围2.67-26.7μg/ml与浓度关系良好（ r＝0.999）。且丹参酮ⅡA和芍药苷的面积相关积分值RSD是1.01%和0.57%;面积的积分RSD是2.11%和1.07%。同时丹参酮ⅡA与芍药苷平均值0.687mg/g和3.42mg/g,RSD值是1.58%和1.14%;平均回收率为100.2%和100.1%,其中RSD值为1.8%和2.4%。结论 HPLC法应用精制冠心片芍药苷和丹参酮ⅡA含量测定,准确简便,且重复性比较好。     

高效液相色谱法测定接骨续筋片中柚皮苷的含量

（1. ［摘要］目的建立接骨续筋片骨碎补中有效成分柚皮苷的含量测定方法。方法采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱，流动相：甲醇 水 冰醋酸（35：65：4），流速1.0 mL•min 1，检测波长283 nm，柱温为室温。结果柚皮苷进样量在0.144～0.720 μg范围内线性关系良好，r＝0.999 9，平均回收率为98.7%，RSD为1.30%（n＝5）。结论该方法操作简便，灵敏度高，结果准确，可靠，适用于接骨续筋片中柚皮苷的含量测定。     

复方川脊片中3种活性成分的含量测定

摘要目的建立同时测定复方川脊片中原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和芍药苷3种有效成分含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法采用Thermo ODS 2 HYPERSIL C18色谱柱（250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm）,流动相为10 mmol•L 1 磷酸二氢钾 0.02%磷酸溶液（A） 甲醇（B）,线性梯度洗脱（0～12 min,15% B;12～32 min,25% B）,流速1.0 mL•min－1;柱温38 ℃;检测波长分别为210 nm（原儿茶酸）、280 nm（原儿茶醛）、232 nm（芍药苷）。结果原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和芍药苷的质量浓度分别在5.27～105.50,1.60～31.92,86.04～1 721.00 μg•mL－1范围内呈良好线性关系（r≥0.999 9）;日内、日间精密度良好,RSD均＜1.93%（n＝6）;各组分低、中、高浓度的平均加样回收率均在98.39%～99.94%之间,RSD均＜1.78%（n＝6）;复方川脊片中原儿茶酸、原儿茶醛和芍药苷的质量浓度分别为（120.70±1.94）,（24.28±0.57 ）,（3 439 .00±60.18） μg•g－1。结论该方法简便可靠,重复性好,可全面反映复方川脊片中各味药的质量,适用于复方川脊片质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方川脊片中芍药苷的含量

［摘要］目的建立一种高效液相色谱法测定复方川脊片中芍药苷的含量。方法采用岛津LC 10AT高效液相色谱仪，选用Symmetry C18分析柱（5 μm ，3.9 mm×150 mm）为固定相，以异丙醇 甲醇 醋酸 水（1：23：1：75）为流动相；流速：1.0 mL·min 1；柱温为35 ℃；检测波长为230 nm。结果复方川脊片中芍药苷与其他组分良好分离。芍药苷进样量线性范围在0.204 8～1.024 0 μg，r=0.999 3；样品加样回收率为98.6%（n＝6）， RSD=0.835%（n＝6）。结论该含量测定方法简便，准确，重复性好，可用于控制复方川脊片的质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.