CXCR4在儿童急性白血病的表达及临床意义

目的探讨儿童急性白血病(AL)骨髓细胞表面CXCR4的表达及其临床意义。方法采用流式细胞术分别检测43例初诊未治急性白血病患儿(实验组)和10例非恶性血液病患儿(对照组)骨髓细胞表面CXCR4的表达情况。结果1.急性白血病患儿骨髓细胞表面CXCR4的相对荧光强度明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。2.ALL组CXCR4的相对荧光强度明显高于AML组(P<0.05)。3.髓外浸润组患儿初诊时CXCR4的相对荧光强度明显高于非髓外浸润组。(P<0.05)。4.实验组患儿CXCR4的相对荧光强度与外周血白细胞计数(WBC)呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.58(P<0.05)。结论1.CXCR4在儿童急性白血病初诊时为高水平表达,提示它可以作为急性白血病的一种检测指标。2.CXCR4的表达在ALL明显高于AML,说明它与急性白血病的类型具有一定相关性。3.急性白血病患儿骨髓细胞表面CXCR4的高表达与髓外浸润密切相关,并且和初诊时高白细胞计数有关。     

Bone marrow relapse occurring as first relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

In a retrospective review which covered the whole Dutch childhood population of approximately 3 million children we studied the prognosis in 164 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who were initially treated between 1973 and 1983, and who had an isolated bone marrow relapse occurring as first relapse. Until their first relapse, the patients were initially treated according to standard protocols, while treatment for relapse was heterogeneous, and not intensive. Second complete remission (CR) was attained by 78% of the patients. The median duration of second CR was 9 months, the median survival 13 months. Multivariate analysis showed that the duration of the first CR was the most significant variable with regard to prognosis. None of the patients who developed their bone marrow relapse during initial treatment, i.e., within 24 months from diagnosis, survived. Among the 73 patients who relapsed after cessation of the initial treatment there were 19 long-term disease-free survivors, 14 of whom had not developed subsequent relapses after 48+-125+ months. From this study we conclude that treatment in children with first bone marrow relapse has to be intensified.     

Bone relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can occasionally relapse in unusual extramedullary sites like bone. Here we present a 6.5-year old boy with T cell ALL who developed a swelling in left tibia which was infiltrated with lymphoblasts 7 months after completion of chemotherapy. Bone marrow and cerebrospinal fluid were negative for blasts. This is the first reported case of bone relapse in ALL from India. We discuss the previous cases of isolated bone relapse in ALL reported in English literature     

Age at diagnosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Age at initial diagnosis in ALL has been identified in numerous studies to be an important prognostic factor. Data were examined from a large series of patients entered on ALL clinical trials of the Childrens Cancer Study Group during the period 1972-1983. These data confirm the importance of age as a prognostic factor and show that even after adjustment for other factors by multivariate analysis, age remains a highly significant predictor of outcome. The data suggest that there are three main age groups with different prognoses: infants (less than 1 year at diagnosis), the 1-9 age group, and those 10 or greater. The best prognosis is found in the intermediate age range and the worst in the infant group. While age is presumably a surrogate factor reflecting the effect of factors with more direct and explainable relationships to the disease process, analysis of data in this review and from other recent studies do not yet adequately explain the age effect in terms of other prognostic factors.     

Simultaneous immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor gene rearrangements and multiclonality in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Twenty-five children less than 16 years of age with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were investigated with immunologic, cytogenetic and molecular genetic techniques at diagnosis. All pre-B-cell ALL showed clonal rearrangements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene (J_H and/or Cμ). A very high proportion of the pre-B-cell leukemias (17 of 23 cases) also snowed clonal rearrangements in T-cell receptor genes (Tγ and/or Tβ). The two T-cell leukemias exhibited clonal T-cell receptor gene rearrangements and in one Jh and kappa light chain rearrangments also. The T-cell receptor gene rearrangements found in pre-B-cell leukemias appeared to occur randomly with respect to the Tβ and Tγ genes. A significant proportion of the leukemias (at least 24%) seemed to harbor more than one malignant (sub)clone at diagnosis. Cytogenetic studies revealed a clonal abnormality in 10 cases. Only 2 showed hyperdiploidy (> 50 chromosomes). The only correlation between cytogenetic findings and rearrangement patterns was extra bands corresponding to a possible trisomy of chromosome 14. Our data indicate, in line with previous studies, that childhood ALL has complex rearrangement patterns not useful for lineage sub-classification. For this purpose immunophenotyping appears to be superior. However, molecular analysis can reveal the presence of more than one clone not detected by immunophenotyping or karyotyping, and distribution of clones in different compartments. In this study no correlation with clinical outcome was observed.     

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia at relapse in a child with acute myeloblastic leukemia

We describe a child diagnosed as having acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) at 25 months of age who relapsed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) 1 year later. The AML was morphologically M2 by the French-American-British classification, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) stain negative and peroxidase positive. The ALL was L1 by this classification, PAS positive, and peroxidase negative. The initial AML was associated with a small segment deletion of the long arm of chromosome 11 [46, XY, de (11) (q23)] not seen in the relapse ALL, which had a normal karyotype. The child was rapidly reinduced with vincristine and prednisone, and remains in remission on maintenance lymphoma type (LSA2-L2) therapy more than 2 years later. These findings suggest the development of a new leukemic clone, rather than a phenotypic modulation of the initial leukemia.     

儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发与基因突变相关性

急性淋巴细胞白血病是儿童恶性肿瘤中最常见的类型,急性淋巴细胞白血病复发仍然是治疗的难题.随着近几年关于儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发机制的研究逐渐深入,越来越多的基因异常已经被证实与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发相关,包括IKZF1缺失、PRED1缺失、JAK突变、CREBBP突变、CEBPE突变、ARID5B突变等.该文重点综述以上基因突变对儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病复发的影响.     

p73基因在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的表达

目的探讨p73基因在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的表达及其与临床特征、疗效的关系。方法采用逆转录—聚合酶链反应,对31例ALL、10例ALL缓解(CR)患儿骨髓单个核细胞进行p73 mRNA检测,并进行p73表达与临床特征的相关分析;10例非肿瘤患儿为对照组。结果31例初发ALL p73 mRNA表达阳性率为64.5%,强度为0.316;10例ALL-CR组阳性率90.0%,强度0.641;10例对照组患儿均表达p73 mRNA,强度0.685。CR组和对照组阳性表达率和相对表达强度均明显高于ALL组(P0.05),CR组和对照组的表达差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。p73阴性表达与高危年龄(≥10岁)、外周血高白细胞数(≥50×109/L)、T细胞型、高危临床分型、早期诱导缓解治疗反应差等临床特征相关(P0.05),与性别、FAB分型无关(P0.05)。结论儿童ALL患者p73 mRNA的表达率较低,p73 mRNA的阴性表达可能与儿童ALL的发生发展有关;儿童ALL p73基因阴性表达者可能预后不良;p73基因检测对儿童ALL临床治疗、估计预后有意义。     

左旋门冬酰胺酶在儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病中的应用

小儿急性淋巴细胞白血病 (ＡＬＬ)的疗效近 10多年来有了很大的提高 ,其 5年无病生存 (ＥＦＳ)率已达 80 %甚至更高。这主要是因为应用了以左旋门冬酰胺酶 (Ｌ ａｓｐａｒａｇｉ ｎａｓｅ ,Ｌ ａｓｐ)和蒽环类的抗癌药如柔红霉素 (ＤＮＲ)及去甲氧柔红霉素 (ＩＤ)为主的联合诱导方案 ,以及加强了髓外白血病的预防措施的结果。尽管小儿ＡＬＬ有如此好的疗效 ,但仍有约 2 0 %的病例治疗失败 ,分析其原因 ,一是因为早期药物的毒副作用发生并发症死亡 ;另一是后期的复发。在这两者中 ,Ｌ ａｓｐ都占有非常重要的位置 ,故详尽地了解其在小儿ＡＬ…     

Ikaros基因与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后的关系

Ikaros是淋巴细胞发育和增殖所必需的转录因子,在部分儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)中表现为不同的缺失状态,其中以Ik6显性负相亚型过表达多见.Ikaros缺失是B祖细胞型ALL患者预后不良的一个独立危险因素.国外学者最近还确立了ALL的一种新亚型"BCR/ABL1-like ALL",同样以Ikaros缺失、预后不良为主要特征.由此推测,Ikaros对儿童ALL的诊断和治疗可能起着关键的作用.     

Ikaros基因与儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病预后的关系

Ikaros是淋巴细胞发育和增殖所必需的转录因子,在部分儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)中表现为不同的缺失状态,其中以Ik6显性负相亚型过表达多见.Ikaros缺失是B祖细胞型ALL患者预后不良的一个独立危险因素.国外学者最近还确立了ALL的一种新亚型"BCR/ABL1-like ALL",同样以Ikaros缺失、预后不良为主要特征.由此推测,Ikaros对儿童ALL的诊断和治疗可能起着关键的作用.     

Isolated breast relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Unusual sites of relapses following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are rarely reported. We report the case of a 16-year-old girl who presented with an isolated right breast relapse 8 months after allogeneic BMT for ALL in second remission. Biopsy showed an ALL infiltrate. Bone marrow and CSF were normal. The girl never showed before extramedullary involvement. She was treated with local radiotherapy and mild systemic chemotherapy. Nine months after breast relapse, she presented an isolated central nervous system relapse. The treatment of isolated extramedullary relapses following BMT is still controversial.     

Renal dysfunction and hyperuricemia at presentation and relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Hyperuricemia is an unusual presenting feature of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is generally associated with a large leukemic cell burden. We describe three children with T-cell ALL who presented with acute renal failure and very high serum uric acid concentrations, despite a relatively small leukemic cell burden. Two of the three patients had normal complete blood counts without circulating blasts or other physical evidence of leukemia. An isolated renal relapse in one case was associated with hyperuricemia, increased renal excretion of uric acid, and renal dysfunction. An unusually high rate of purine catabolism of the lymphoblasts may cause hyperuricemia in these cases. Unexplained hyperuricemia should prompt a search for occult malignancy.     

Localized bone marrow relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Localized bone marrow relapse is rare in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Discordant bone marrow specimens were found in an 11-year-old asymptomatic girl who had been in remission for six years and off chemotherapy for 2 1/2 years. One bone marrow sample showed marked leukemic infiltration, whereas marrow from another site was normal. Three months later, with normal peripheral blood counts, she developed severe back pain and x-ray evidence of vertebral collapse and periosteal changes in the public bone. At that time three of the four areas of bone marrow sampled showed leukemic involvement. Reinduction therapy was begun, and she is now in remission on maintenance chemotherapy. At this time, it is unclear whether routine performance of marrow aspirations and biopsies from multiple sites, in periodic follow-up examinations of patients with acute leukemia would allow earlier detection of relapse frequently enough to justify the procedure. The issue of localized bone marrow involvement, if more common than previously reported, should be addressed at the time a decision is being made to discontinue therapy.     

The prognosis and survival of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia with central nervous system relapse

Central nervous system (CNS) relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) has been overcome by sensitive therapeutic approachs. This study was planned to present the development of CNS relapse and survival in newly diagnosed 190 ALL patients whose cases were followed in the authors' unit between March 1991 and May 2002. St. Jude Study XI protocol was given to the patients who applied between March 1991 and March 1997 (group A) (n = 122), and St. Jude Study XIII protocol was given to the patients who applied between March 1997 and May 2002 (group B) (n = 68). The patients having isolated CNS relapse in group A received craniospinal irradiation (CSI) median 3.5 months after CNS relapse (range 2-6 months), a short time after reinduction, and 2 cures of consolidation. In group B, patients having isolated CNS relapse received IT once a month and a high-dose methotrexate treatment once every 8 weeks and 3 or 4, cures later therapy CSI median 7 months after CNS relapse (range 6-8 months) was given. When the overall survival rates of the 2 groups are compared, a statistically significant higher survival rate at 5 years was determined in group B than in group A (respectively, 82.3%, 58.4%) (p < .05). When subgroups of the patients (that is, those with no relapse, isolated CNS or BM relapse, or CNS + BM relapse) were compared in both groups, it was found that survival was much higher for the ones with no relapse and with isolated CNS relapse (respectively, 87.9%, 72.7%) compared to isolated BM or CNS + BM relapse groups (respectively, 10%, 13.3%) (p < .05). In a conclusion, for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and an isolated CNS relapse, with delayed definitive craniospinal irradiation allowing more intensive systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy results in better overall survival than has been previously reported.