Concentrations of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Particulate Matter and the Gaseous Phase at Roadside Sites in Hanoi,Vietnam

We analyzed the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in both particulate matter (PM) and the gaseous phase at 10 roadside sites in Hanoi, Vietnam. The average concentrations of 47 PAHs ( summation 47PAHs) were 63 +/- 82 ng m(-3) in PM and 480 +/- 300 ng m(-3) in the gaseous phase. The PAHs mainly originated from motorcycles without catalytic converters. The highest concentrations of summation 47PAHs in both PM and the gaseous phase were observed at a terminal for buses and trucks. The operation of large commercial vehicles led to increased PAH pollution at the terminal site.     

大气颗粒物对心血管系统影响的研究进展

近年来的研究表明,大气颗粒物可对机体的心血管系统产生不良影响.笔者对已有的流行病学和实验室研究结果进行综述,并对大气颗粒物作用机制进行了初步的分析.     

可吸入颗粒物对大鼠心脏交感神经分布的影响

目的研究可吸入颗粒物对大鼠心脏交感神经分布的影响，明确可吸入颗粒物对心脏自主神经系统是否具有解剖结构的影响。方法24只sD大鼠，均为雄性，随机分为2组（实验组、对照组），每组12只。实验组大鼠按25mg（1ml）／kg体重经气管内缓慢注入颗粒物生理盐水悬液染毒，每周染毒2次，连续染毒4周；对照组以生理盐水代替颗粒物悬液；两组大鼠于末次染毒后次日处死，开胸剪取心脏，留取双侧心耳、双心室侧壁及室间隔中部，通过免疫组化方法检测酪氨酸羟化酶（tyrosine hydroxylase，TH）染色阳性的交感神经纤维，其密度等于选区面积的神经纤维数目除以总的测试面积。结果两组大鼠心耳和右室侧壁部位的交感神经分布无明显差异；实验组室间隔和左室侧壁神经分布密度明显高于对照组。结论可吸入颗粒物具有影响大鼠心脏交感神经分布的作用，主要表现为室间隔和左室侧壁神经分布的增多。     

大气颗粒物污染特征研究

目的探讨并比较不同来源颗粒物的污染特征.方法选择北京和太原的两个采样点,采用TSP-PM10-PM2.5-2型颗粒物分级采样器并配以玻璃纤维滤膜采集大气颗粒物,测定不同季节不同条件下日常及沙尘暴爆发时气溶胶的质量浓度、粒径分布;采用高效液相色谱仪分离并测定沙尘暴及日常气溶胶尤其是细颗粒物中的苯并[a]芘,采用原子吸收分光光度法测定细颗粒物上铅的浓度.结果太原和北京的PM10分别为0.401 mg/m3和0.226mg/m3,TSP分别为0.551 mg/m3和0.381 mg/m3,均超过我国空气质量二级标准0.15 mg/m3和0.30mg/m3.太原和北京的PM2.5分别为0.275 mg/m3和0.169 mg/m3,均超过美国EPA细颗粒物空气质量标准0.065 mg/m3.沙尘暴期间和非沙尘暴期间北京的PM2.5分别为0.373 mg/m3和0.165 mg/m3;苯并[a]芘浓度分别为1.38 ng/m3和7.7 ng/m3.结论我国北京和太原两城市颗粒物污染严重,沙尘暴爆发时更为严重.     

大气颗粒物致心血管疾病的可能机制

大气颗粒物（PM）是指悬浮在大气中的固体和液体颗粒物的总称。按其粒径的不同可分为PM10、PM2.5、PM0.1等。流行病学资料显示，大气颗粒物与心血管疾病的发病率和死亡率有关。但目前有关这方面的研究并不多。本文总结了部分相关研究，归纳总结PM致心血管疾病的可能机制：自由基与氧化损伤，系统炎症以及转录因子、炎症相关因子的激活，对心肌离子通道的影响，细胞钙稳态破坏，自主神经的影响等。从而为PM致心血管疾病的防治提供一定的理论基础。     

某部地下工程作业环境中空气颗粒物对肺脏的毒理学研究

目的研究地下工程作业环境空气中颗粒物对肺脏的毒理效应。方法将采集的PM10和PM2.5制成颗粒物悬液,采用气管滴注法对6组Wistar大鼠进行染毒,每天1次,连续染毒7d。最后一次染毒结束24h后,处死大鼠,取肺泡灌洗液进行分析,检测总蛋白(TP)、巨噬细胞炎性蛋白-2(MIP-2)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)的含量或活力。肺组织作病理切片。结果随染毒剂量的增大,各项指标均出现含量或活力增高,PM10高剂量组与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P0.01),PM10中剂量组与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义的指标有TP(P0.05)、LDH(P0.01)和AKP(P0.05)。PM2.5中剂量组与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义的指标有LDH(P0.05)和AKP(P0.01)。而PM10低剂量组和PM2.5低剂量组与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义。结论地下工程作业环境中空气PM10和PM2.5能够引起肺部血管通透性改变和肺组织损伤。     

我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康效应的关系

目的；综合分析我国大气颗粒物暴露与人群健康效应的流行病学资料，以获取我国颗粒物－健康效应的暴露－反应关系。方法：在联机检索文献的基础上，确定各健康效应终点的定量暴露－反应关系，多篇文献的综合评价采用Meta分析的方法进行。结果：建立了从发病到死亡各个健康效应终点上，大气颗粒物浓度每升高一定单位，人群不良健康效应发生的相对危险度，结论：该文建立的暴露－反应关系，可用于我国大气颗粒物污染的健康危险度评价工作。     

Determination of Trace Metals in Airborne Particulate Matter of Kuala Terengganu,Malaysia

Results from the present study in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia indicated a significant spatial variation but generally the total suspended particulate concentrations (mean = 17.2–148 μg/m³) recorded were below the recommended Malaysia guideline for total suspended particulate (mean of 24-h measurement = 260 μg/m³). Some of the elemental composition of particulate aerosol is clearly affected by non crustal sources, e.g. vehicular emission sources. Based on correlation and enrichment analyses, the elements could be grouped into two i.e. Pb, Cd and Zn group with sources from vehicular emission (r > 0.6; enrichment factor > 10) and Al, Fe, Mn and Cr group that appears to be of crustal origin (r > 0.6; enrichment factor < 10). It can also be concluded that the mean levels of Pb (1 ng/m³), Cd (0.02 ng/m³) and Zn (2 ng/m³) in the study area are generally lower than other urban areas in Malaysia (Pb < 181 ng/m³; Cd < 6 ng/m³; Zn < 192 ng/m³).     

太原市室内外空气中颗粒物污染特征

目的研究太原市室内外空气颗粒物污染特征。方法于2004年4月-2006年10月在太原市21个社区541户家庭采用Aerocet531型粉尘仪-粒子计数器在采暖期和非采暖期测定室内外空气中PM1.0、PM2.5、PM7.0、PM10.0和TSP的浓度。应用Stata 9.0统计软件进行统计学分析。结果太原市空气污染最严重的社区室内、外TSP浓度分别为1 030.70和1 681.46μg/m3,采暖期与非采暖期比较,采暖期颗粒物浓度高于非采暖期;室外颗粒物浓度高于室内。对室内、外TSP贡献最大的是粒径2.5～7.0μm的颗粒物(PM>2.5～7.0),相应的构成比分别为37.58%和34.70%,其中室内污染以PM≤7.0(粒径≤7.0μm的颗粒物)为主,室外污染以PM>2.5(粒径>2.5μm的颗粒物)为主。不同粒径颗粒物相关性分析结果表明,TSP与PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,相关系数为0.928 0。室内、外采暖期PM>2.5～7.0相关性最强,采暖期相关系数高达0.675 3。结论太原市主要颗粒物污染为PM>2.5～7.0,室外空气颗粒物污染对室内影响较大,采暖期室内、外PM>2.5～7.0高度相关。     

太原市颗粒物空气污染与居民每日门诊率的暴露-反应关系

目的研究颗粒物空气污染与每日门诊率的暴露-反应关系。方法2001—2005年太原市门诊数据来源于太原市中心医院病案室,气象资料来源于太原市气象局,大气污染资料来源于太原市环境监测站。采用Poisson广义可加模型进行太原市颗粒物空气污染与居民每日门诊率的回归分析,根据暴露-反应关系曲线形状,分段线性拟合进行污染物危险度评估。结果2001—2005年,太原市PM10日均值为190.41μg/m3,呼吸科平均每日门诊率为18.31例/日,心血管科平均每日门诊率为23.99例/日。颗粒物空气污染与日门诊率的暴露-反应关系为非线性,且表现为低剂量范围影响较大,高剂量范围影响较小。最强效应期中,颗粒物浓度增加10μg/m2,呼吸科门诊率上升百分率和心血管科门诊上升百分率分别为0.2601%～0.9178%和0.2083%～0.4027%。累积影响略大于当日影响。颗粒物空气污染对呼吸科门诊率影响具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论太原市颗粒物空气污染对居民呼吸系统疾病发病率造成一定影响。     

成人呼吸健康与空气颗粒物中元素浓度的关系

目的 研究成人呼吸健康与空气颗粒物中元素浓度的关系,探讨空气污染源对成人呼吸健康的影响。方法 通过流行病学问卷调查了中国4城市7661名男性和7673名女性的健康情况,并用X-射线荧光光谱法检测了城区和郊区的空气颗粒物中42种元素浓度。统计方法采用两步回归法,第1步用Logistic回归控制混杂因子,并得到4个城市8个调查点的成人呼吸健康参数;第2步采用加权线性回归将呼吸健康参数和空气颗粒物中元素浓度建立联系,并计算比值比。结果 成人呼吸健康与粗、细颗粒物中土壤元素Al、Ca、Fe、Si、Ti以及某些污染元素As、Cd、Ni、Ph等都有显著的正关联性(OR=1．00～1．12)。当换算至颗粒物中土壤元素浓度相等时,细颗粒物中土壤元素与成人呼吸健康的正向关联性(OR=1．03～1．61)比粗颗粒物中土壤元素与呼吸健康的正向关联性(OR=1．03～1．12)更强。结论 提出了“土壤粒子团”假设对呼吸健康与土壤元素的关联作出了解释,“土壤粒子团”成为病毒、细菌和挥发性有机物等有害物质的载体,使得土壤元素与呼吸健康之间产生间接的关联。控制来源于土壤的颗粒物和控制工业污染源都具有重要意义。     

大气颗粒物遗传毒性的研究进展

社会发展的同时引起了严重的空气污染，大气颗粒物污染是其中主要一种，可以严重影响人群的身体健康和人们的生活质量。一系列研究发现，大气颗粒物具有遗传毒性，它可以使细胞的DNA发生突变并且还可以通过雄性生殖细胞传递给下一代，从而说明了它的更大危害性。该文主要阐述了大气颗粒物对体细胞和生殖细胞遗传物质的影响。     

Particulate matter air pollution,physical activity and systemic inflammation in Taiwanese adults

Background

The protective effects of physical activity (PA) against chronic disease can be partially ascribed to its anti-inflammatory effects. On the other hand, long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM_2.5) may induce systemic inflammation.

2017年北京市朝阳区78家住宿场所健康危害因素监测与分析

目的 了解北京市朝阳区住宿场所卫生状况,分析其主要卫生问题,为卫生部门日常监管提供依据。方法 于2017年5月 - 7月,在辖区内选取部分住宿场所,检测其公共用品消毒效果、客房内空气质量和淋浴热水中的嗜肺军团菌。结果 住宿场所936件公共用品中,细菌菌落总数的不合格率为4.49%,其中毛巾/浴巾类不合格率为10.80%,高于床上用品和杯具类的不合格率（P＜0.05）,普通旅店不合格率高于连锁快捷酒店和星级酒店（P＜0.05）;大肠菌群不合格率0.21%;未检出金黄色葡萄球菌。156间客房空气质量中,甲醛不合格率较高,达到25.64%,CO、CO2、PM10、PM2.5、空气细菌菌落总数合格率均为100%。室内颗粒物浓度普遍低于室外,室内外颗粒物的相关性有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。156件客房淋浴热水中嗜肺军团菌的检出率为13.46%。结论 朝阳区住宿场所中,普通旅馆的公共用品和毛巾/浴巾类的公共用品细菌菌落总数不合格率较高、客房空气质量中甲醛超标率较高、部分客房淋浴热水中可检出嗜肺军团菌。     

An Estimate of the Global Burden of Anthropogenic Ozone and Fine Particulate Matter on Premature Human Mortality Using Atmospheric Modeling

Background

Ground-level concentrations of ozone (O₃) and fine particulate matter [≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5)] have increased since preindustrial times in urban and rural regions and are associated with cardiovascular and respiratory mortality.

Objectives

We estimated the global burden of mortality due to O₃ and PM_2.5 from anthropogenic emissions using global atmospheric chemical transport model simulations of preindustrial and present-day (2000) concentrations to derive exposure estimates.

Methods

Attributable mortalities were estimated using health impact functions based on long-term relative risk estimates for O₃ and PM_2.5 from the epidemiology literature. Using simulated concentrations rather than previous methods based on measurements allows the inclusion of rural areas where measurements are often unavailable and avoids making assumptions for background air pollution.

Results

Anthropogenic O₃ was associated with an estimated 0.7 ± 0.3 million respiratory mortalities (6.3 ± 3.0 million years of life lost) annually. Anthropogenic PM_2.5 was associated with 3.5 ± 0.9 million cardiopulmonary and 220,000 ± 80,000 lung cancer mortalities (30 ± 7.6 million years of life lost) annually. Mortality estimates were reduced approximately 30% when we assumed low-concentration thresholds of 33.3 ppb for O₃ and 5.8 μg/m³ for PM_2.5. These estimates were sensitive to concentration thresholds and concentration–mortality relationships, often by > 50%.

Conclusions

Anthropogenic O₃ and PM_2.5 contribute substantially to global premature mortality. PM_2.5 mortality estimates are about 50% higher than previous measurement-based estimates based on common assumptions, mainly because of methodologic differences. Specifically, we included rural populations, suggesting higher estimates; however, the coarse resolution of the global atmospheric model may underestimate urban PM_2.5 exposures.     

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Current-Use Pesticides in Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Houston,Texas

The atmospheric concentrations of seven current-use pesticides in particulate matter were determined at four locations throughout the Houston metropolitan area in TSP and PM_2.5 samples from September 2013. Atmospheric concentrations in both TSP and PM_2.5 ranged from below method detection limits (MDLs) to nearly 1100 pg m^?3. The three compounds most frequently detected above MDLs were chlorothalonil, bifenthrin, and λ-cyhalothrin. Atmospheric chlorothalonil concentrations were above 800 pg m^?3 in several TSP samples, but <MDL in PM_2.5 samples. Bifenthrin atmospheric concentrations, which were detected above MDLs in all samples, differed between urban and suburban sites, while also being more associated with fine particulate matter. λ-cyhalothrin had high atmospheric concentrations at one of the suburban sites and the industrial site, but was <MDL in the urban site samples. Diurnal trends in atmospheric concentration, as related to wind direction, showed that daytime peaks came from east while nighttime peaks came from northeast directions.     

Characteristics of atmospheric trace gases, particulate matter, and heavy metal pollution in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Aerosol particulate matter (PM₁₀ and PM_2.5) and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃) were sampled at five locations in greater Dhaka, Bangladesh, between January and April 2006. Particulate matter was collected on micro-fiber filters with a low-volume sampler, and trace gases (SO₂, NO₂, and O₃) were collected with an impinger equipped with PM samplers. Carbon monoxide was determined using the Indicator Tube method. The total average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, CO, and O₃ were 48.3, 21.0, 166.0 and 28 μg m^–3, respectively. The total average concentrations of SO₂ and NO₂ were much lower than the annual average guideline values of the World Health Organization (WHO). The total average O₃ concentration was also much lower than the daily maximum values established by WHO (average of 100 μg m^–3 for an 8-h sample). The total average concentrations of five sites were 263, 75.5 and 66.2 μg m^–3 for SPM, PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively. The mass of PM_2.5 is approximately 88% of the PM₁₀ mass, indicating that fossil fuel is the main source of PM in Dhaka. An atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the heavy metal concentrations in the PM_2.5 size fraction. The total average concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in PM_2.5 were 6.3, 13, 94, 433, 204, and 381 ng m^–3, respectively. The Pb concentration in Dhaka shows a decreasing tendency, presumably due to the ban on the use of leaded fuel. The overall trace metal concentrations in Dhaka are higher than those in European (e.g., Spain, Norway) and East Asian (e.g., Taiwan) locations, but lower than those measured in Southeast Asian (Kanpur, Delhi, Mumbai, India; Lahore, Pakistan) cities.     

沙尘天气大气颗粒物对学龄儿童最大呼气流速的影响

目的 研究沙尘天气颗粒物浓度与学龄儿童最大呼气流速(PEFR)之间的关系.探讨沙尘天气颗粒物对儿童肺功能的影响.方法 于2006年4月27日-6月5日连续40d对内蒙古包头市1所小学107名四年级小学生进行每日3次PEFR的测定,同时监测和收集每日大气PM2.5、PM1O、NO2和SO2浓度以及气温和相对湿度,通过问卷调查了解儿童年龄、性别、身高、体重、哮喘病史、慢性呼吸系统疾病家族史、被动吸烟等情况.应用线性混合效应模型,在控制了个体特征、气象因素的情况下估计PM2.5和PM10对儿童PEFR的影响.结果 单污染物模型和多污染物模型均显示,PM2.5和PM10的日均浓度与沙尘天气当日及之后3 d内儿童的PEFR日均值都存在明显的负相关(P<0.01),其中以滞后1 d的效应最强.在多污染物模型中调整了NO2和SO2的影响之后,PM2.5和PM10的日均浓度每增加10μg/m3,儿童PEFR在沙尘天气1 d之后的日均值就分别降低0.245和0.121 L/min,有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 学龄儿童PEFR日均值下降与包头市沙尘天气颗粒物浓度的升高有关.     

Spatial Characteristics and Major Sources of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Soil and Respirable Particulate Matter in a Mega-City, China

As one of China’s great metropolises, Taiyuan is generally recognized to be one of the most polluted cities from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the world. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine a total of 16 PAH concentrations in various environmental media in Taiyuan. The total PAHs concentration ranged from 1.0 to 26 μg g⁻¹ in soil, 1.2 × 10² to 1.4 × 10³ ng m⁻³ in PM 2.5 and 76 to 1.1 × 10³ ng m⁻³ in PM 10, respectively. Furthermore, the primary source of PAHs was coal combustion, but the samples were also affected to varying degrees by traffic emissions.     

Toxicity and metal content of organic solvent extracts from airborne particulate matter in Puerto Rico

The importance of airborne particulate matter (PM) in causing increases in morbidity and mortality in humans has been confirmed by numerous epidemiological and laboratory studies. It has been proposed that PM might deliver transition metals to the airways were they react and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus promoting the expression of inflammatory mediators, and cytotoxicity. In Puerto Rico (PR), the northern Guaynabo area is a US EPA non-attainment zone for PM10 (PM with a mass median aerodynamic diameter 10 microm), and a previous study found that organic PM10 extracts from this area were cytotoxic. The purpose of this research project is to compare the toxicity between organic PM extracts from Guaynabo (a coastal urban site) and Fajardo (a coastal rural town) based on their polarity, collection season, and geographical location. We will also evaluate if the metal content of such extracts is associated with their biological activity. PM10 filters from both locations were subjected to a sequential Soxhlet extraction using hexane and acetone. Normal and transformed bronchial epithelial cells were then exposed to the extracts. Using the neutral red assay to measure cell viability we found that coastal urban PM from PR generally exhibits higher cytotoxicity than coastal rural PM. However, this effect is dependent on the polarity of the extracts and the collection season (in winter hexane PM10 is more toxic, whereas during the summer acetone PM10 is more toxic). We also found that non-polar organic constituents in PM from PR are generally more toxic than the polar organic constituents. The main conclusion from this work is that the metal contents of the organic PM extracts from PR could play a minor role in the cytotoxicity observed. This is supported by the findings of elements such as As, V, Ni, and Cu in the most cytotoxic extracts. However, organic compounds probably play the major role. The presence of bioactive fractions of PM underscores the importance of conducting more detailed studies.