经皮氧分压和二氧化碳分压监测组织缺氧的可行性

休克的监测和治疗需要准确及时反映组织缺氧的指标,但是近年来肺动脉的应用受到质疑、监测局部组织代谢的胃粘膜张力计也逐渐淡出临床、能够应用到临床的反映组织缺氧的监测工具和指标非常有限,迫切需要探索其他技术方法,本文论述了经皮氧和二氧化碳分压监测能否用于组织缺氧的监测。     

Liver tissue partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide during partial hepatectomy

Background. Data on tissue oxygen partial pressure (Pt_O2) andcarbon dioxide partial pressure (Pt_CO2) in human liver tissueare limited. We set out to measure changes in liver Pt_O2 andPt_CO2 during changes in ventilation and a 10 min period of ischaemiain patients undergoing liver resection using a multiple sensor(Paratrend^® Diametrics Medical Ltd, High Wycombe, UK). Methods. Liver tissue oxygenation was measured in anaesthetizedpatients undergoing liver resection using a sensor insertedunder the liver capsule. Pt_O2 and Pt_CO2 were recorded with FI_O2values of 0.3 and 1.0, at end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressuresof 3.5 and 4.5 kPa and 10 min after the onset of liver ischaemia(Pringle manoeuvre). Results. Data are expressed as median (interquartile range).Increasing the FI_O2 from 0.3 to 1.0 resulted in the Pt_O2 changingfrom 4.1 (2.6–5.4) to 4.6 (3.8–5.2) kPa, but thiswas not significant. During the 10 min period of ischaemia Pt_CO2increased significantly (P<0.05) from 6.7 (5.8–7.0)to 11.5 (9.7–15.3) kPa and Pt_O2 decreased, but not significantly,from 4.3 (3.5–12.0) to 3.3 (0.9–4.1) kPa. Conclusion. Pt_O2 and Pt_CO2 were measured directly using a Paratrend^®sensor in human liver tissue. During anaesthesia, changes inventilation and liver blood flow caused predictable changesin Pt_CO2. Br J Anaesth 2004; 92: 735–7     

不同呼气末二氧化碳分压对室间隔缺损修补术患儿脑氧合及脑血流的影响

目的探讨不同P_(ET)CO_2对室间隔缺损修补术患儿脑氧合及脑血流的影响。方法择期行室间隔缺损修补术患儿60例,随机分为两组,每组30例。低通气组(L组):调控V_T和RR,以维持P_(ET)CO_2在40～45 mmHg;高通气组(H组):调控V_T和RR,以维持P_(ET)CO_2在35～40 mmHg。记录麻醉诱导后(T_0)、开心包(T_1)、CPB结束(T_2)、改良超滤结束(T_3)、术毕(T_4)时的局部脑氧饱和度(rScO_2)以及右侧大脑中动脉血流平均速度(V_(MCA))、搏动指数(PI)和阻力指数(RI)。结果与T_2时比较,T_0、T_1、T_3、T_4时两组患儿rScO_2和V_(MCA)明显升高(P0.05),PI和RI明显降低(P0.05)。T_0、T_1、T_3、T_4时L组rScO_2和V_(MCA)明显高于H组(P0.05)。结论 P_(ET)CO_2在40～45 mmHg时,患儿rScO_2和V_(MCA)高于P_(ET)CO_2在35～40 mmHg时,可改善脑氧供需平衡。     

Stability of the intra-operative arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide partial pressure difference in children with congenital heart disease

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stability of the arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) to end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) partial pressure difference (Pa-ETCO2) during surgery using PETCO2 monitoring, in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). Forty children with CHD were studied: ten children with no interchamber communication and normal pulmonary blood flow (PBF) (normal group); ten acyanotic children with increased PBF (acyanotic-shunting group); ten cyanotic children with mixing type lesions and normal or increased PBF (mixing group), and ten cyanotic children with right-to-left intracardiac shunts demonstrating decreased and variable PBF (cyanotic-shunting group). Simultaneous PaCO2 recordings and PETCO2 measurements were obtained for each patient during five intraoperative events: (1) control time, arterial line placement under anaesthesia; (2) time 1, patient preparation; (3) time 2, immediately after sternotomy; (4) time 3, after heparin administration; and (5) time 4, immediately after aortic cannulation. Initially, cyanotic children demonstrated a greater Pa-ETCO2 compared with acyanotic children (P less than 0.05). There was no difference in the Pa-ETCO2 over time in the control, acyanotic-shunting, or mixing groups. The Pa-ETCO2 in the children with cyanotic-shunting lesions at times 2 and 3 was greater (P less than 0.05) than at their control times. We conclude that the Pa-ETCO2 of children with acyanotic-shunting and mixing congenital heart lesions is stable intraoperatively, although patients with mixing congenital heart lesions may demonstrate large individual variations. In children with cyanotic-shunting congenital heart lesions, the Pa-ETCO2 is not stable. The PETCO2 cannot be used during surgery to estimate reliably the PaCO2 in children with cyanotic CHD.     

呼末二氧化碳分压监测在后腹腔镜手术中的作用

目的 探讨呼末二氧化碳分压(PETCO2)监测在后腹腔镜手术中的作用.方法 回顾分析72例择期行后腹腔镜手术的患者,依据PaCO2监测结果将患者分为两组,A组:各监测时点PaCO2＜60 mmHg;B组:气腹后至少有一个时间点PaCO2＞60 mmHg.分别于气腹前(T1)、气腹后30 min(T2)、60 min (T3)、90 min (T4)时记录各时间点的PaCO2、PETCO2,根据PETCO2及PaCO2计算每个时间点的Pa-ETCO2.结果 两组间比较:T1、T2时间点B组患者的PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2较A组无统计学差异(P＞0.05),T3、T4时间点B组患者的三项监测指标较A组有统计学差异(P＜0.05).两组组内比较:A组,T2-4与T1相比较,PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均有统计学差异(P＜0.05),T3与T2、T4与T3、T4与T2比较三项监测指标均无统计学差异(P＞0.05):B组,T2-4与T1相比较,PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均有统计学差异(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),随着气腹时间的延长,PaCO2、PETCO2两项监测指标均逐渐升高,T3与T2、T4与T3、T4与T2比较PaCO2有统计学差异(P＜0.05),PETCO2 T4与T2比较有统计学差异(P＜0.05).结论 后腹腔镜手术气腹后患者的PaCO2、PETCO2、Pa-ETCO2均会升高,尤其是体重指数＞30 kg/m2、术前肺功能检查轻至中度阻塞性通气障碍、术中发生皮下气肿的患者,PaCO2、PETCO2随时间的延长而呈进行性升高,单靠PETCO2监测不能完全满足对患者的监测需要,术中应该辅以动脉血气分析监测PaCO2.     

老年人单肺通气时呼气末二氧化碳监测的可信度

目的 观察老年人单肺通气(OLV)麻醉时P_(ET)CO_2C_2和PaCO_2的相关性,以评定P_(ET)CO_2监测在老年人单肺通气麻醉的可信度.方法 37例老年肺部肿瘤患者,胸腔镜下行胸部肿瘤切除、活检或肿瘤根治术,采用静脉复合全麻,术中行OLV.记录麻醉前及OLV 30、60、90、120、180和240min时BP、HR、SpO_2、P_(ET)CO_2和动脉血气,计算氧合指数(PaO_2/FiO_2)、动脉-呼气末二氧化碳分压差(P_(a-ET)CO_2),及对应时间点P_(ET)CO_2和PaCO_2的相关性.结果 除OLV 180 min时点外,术中各时点PaCO_2与P_(ET)CO_2有较好的相关性.术中5例发生低氧血症.结论 老年人OLV麻醉中P_(ET)CO_2不能完全反映PaCO_2的变化,长时间OLV者需同时行血气分析,以保证老年人的安全.     

呼气末二氧化碳分压反映患儿置入喉罩机械通气时动脉血二氧化碳分压的准确性

目的 评价PETCO2反映患儿置入喉罩机械通气时PaCO2的准确性.方法 拟在全身麻醉下行骨科手术患儿52例,ASA分级Ⅰ级,年龄2～9岁,体重10～30 kg.采用分层随机法,将患儿随机分为2组(n=26):喉罩组(LMA组)和气管导管组(ETT组).常规麻醉诱导后行机械通气,待血液动力学稳定后,采集桡动脉血样测定PaCO2,同时记录PETCO2.结果 两组间PETCO2和PaCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);LMA组PETCO2与PaCO2比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 患儿置入喉罩机械通气时,PETCO2可反映PaCO2,用于指导调整机械通气参数.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the accuracy of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2) in reflecting arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) during mechanical ventilation via laryngeal mask airway (LMA) in children. Methods Fifty-two ASA Ⅰ patients, aged 2-9 yr, weighing 10-30 kg, undergoing orthopaedic surgery under general anesthesia, were randomized into 2 groups (n = 26 each) : LMA group and endotracheal tube (ETT) group. After anesthesia was induced with fentanyl, propofol and succinycholine, LMA or ETT was inserted and the children were mechanically ventilated. After the hemodynamics was stable, arterial blood samples were obtained to detect PaCO2, and PETCO2 was recorded simultaneously. Results There was no significant difference in PaCO2 and PCT CO, between groups LMA and ETT ( P ＞ 0.05) . There was no significant difference between PaCO2 and PETCO2 in LMA group (P ＞ 0.05). Conclusion When mechanical ventilation is performed via LMA in children, PETCO2 can reliably reflect PaCO2 and guide the regulation of ventilatory parameters.     

盲探气管插管装置联合呼气末二氧化碳监测用于困难气道患者经鼻气管插管的效果

目的 评价盲探气管插管装置联合呼气末二氧化碳监测用于困难气道患者经鼻气管插管的效果.方法 择期经鼻气管插管的口腔颌面外科手术患者60例,性别不限,年龄35-64岁,体重55-75 kg,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,张口度＜3 cm,颈部后仰度＜30°,Mallampati分级Ⅲ或Ⅳ级,甲颏间 距＜6.5 cm,预计为困难气道.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组(n=30):盲探气管插管装置组(Ⅰ组)和盲探气管插管装置联合呼气末二氧化碳监测(Ⅱ组).Ⅰ组采用盲探气管插管装置进行气管插管;Ⅱ组采用肓探气管插管装置结合呼气末二氧化碳监测进行气管插管.记录气管插管情况、气管插管时间、气管插管期间(鼻衄、心动过速、高血压和低氧血症)和术后(咽痛和声音嘶哑)不良反应的发生情况.结果 2组患者气管插管成功率均为100％.2组均未见心动过速、高血压、低氧血症和声音嘶哑的发生.与Ⅰ组比较,Ⅱ组首次气管插管成功率升高,气管插管时间缩短,鼻衄和咽痛的发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 盲探气管插管装置联合呼气末二氧化碳监测用于困难气道患者经鼻气管插管时可缩短气管插管时间,提高气管插管成功率,减少不良反应的发生.     

呼气末二氧化碳分压监测用于心肺复苏及预后评估研究

目的 探讨呼气末二氧化碳分压（PETCO2）监测在急诊科心肺复苏质量及预后评估中的价值，为临床终止CPR提供参考。方法 将急诊科收治的62例心脏骤停患者，根据复苏结果分为自主循环恢复组（ROSC组）32例和非自主循环恢复组（非ROSC组）30例，比较两组患者的一般资料及不同时间节点PETCO2。根据复苏后7 d、28 d生存情况将自主循环恢复者分为生存组和死亡组，比较两组不同时间节点PETCO2。绘制ROC曲线，根据约登指数得出预测ROSC、7 d及28 d生存率的最佳截断值。结果 ROSC组和非ROSC组发病地点、CPR持续时间、肾上腺素及5%碳酸氢钠累计使用剂量差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；两组在心肺复苏10 min及之后各个时间节点的PETCO2值差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；复苏30 min以内，20 min时PETCO2预测ROSC的曲线下面积最大（AUC=0.982， 95%CI：0.955~1.000），PETCO2最佳截断值为16.5 mmHg，敏感度和特异度分别为93.8%和96.7%，约登指数0.904。ROSC后7 d生存组与死亡组在ROSC时、心肺复苏15 min及之后各时间节点的PETCO2差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）；心肺复苏20 min时PETCO2值预测ROSC后7 d生存率的曲线下面积最大（AUC=0.882, 95%CI：0.739~1.000），最佳截断值为30 mmHg，敏感度和特异度均为83.3%，约登指数0.667；ROSC后28 d生存组与死亡组在ROSC时、心肺复苏10 min及之后的各时间节点的PETCO2差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05），心肺复苏50 min时PETCO2值预测ROSC后28 d生存的曲线下面积最大（AUC=0.893，95%CI：0.764~1.000），最佳截断值为27.5 mmHg，其敏感度和特异度分别为100%和73.3%，约登指数0.733。结论 呼气末PETCO2能够指导急诊护理人员评价心脏骤停患者心肺复苏质量，并可作为预测患者临床结局的重要指标。     

呼气末二氧化碳分压监测用于心肺复苏及预后评估研究

目的 探讨呼气末二氧化碳分压(P_ETCO₂)监测在急诊科心肺复苏质量及预后评估中的价值,为临床终止CPR提供参考。方法 将急诊科收治的62例心脏骤停患者,根据复苏结果分为自主循环恢复组(ROSC组)32例和非自主循环恢复组(非ROSC组)30例,比较两组患者的一般资料及不同时间节点P_ETCO₂。根据复苏后7 d、28 d生存情况将自主循环恢复者分为生存组和死亡组,比较两组不同时间节点P_ETCO₂。绘制ROC曲线,根据约登指数得出预测ROSC、7 d及28 d生存率的最佳截断值。结果 ROSC组和非ROSC组发病地点、CPR持续时间、肾上腺素及5%碳酸氢钠累计使用剂量差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组在心肺复苏10 min及之后各个时间节点的P_ETCO₂值差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);复苏30 min以内,20 min时P_ETCO₂预测ROSC的曲...     

Accumulation of carbon dioxide under ophthalmic drapes during eye surgery: a comparison of three different drapes

Carbon dioxide accumulation under ophthalmic drapes is caused by their impaired permeability to exhaled carbon dioxide in spontaneously breathing patients. Three different ophthalmic drapes were examined under clinical conditions. Sixty unpremedicated patients of each gender, aged over 60 years and with an ASA status of I-III undergoing cataract surgery under retrobulbar anaesthesia were included in the study. Patients with known pulmonary diseases were excluded. The patients were divided into three groups of 20 patients each. In all groups, oxygen was insufflated under the drapes at a constant flow of 21.min-1. Carbon dioxide concentration in the inspired air, transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressures, respiratory rate and oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry were measured. Accumulation of carbon dioxide under the drapes, increase of partial pressure of transcutaneous carbon dioxide and hyperventilation were observed in all three groups. An oxygen supply of 21.min-1 prevented hypoxaemia but not hypercapnia. Therefore, producers of ophthalmic drapes are encouraged to look for further ways to increase the carbon dioxide permeability of their drapes with the aim of reducing carbon dioxide accumulation and hyperventilation in spontaneously breathing patients undergoing eye surgery.     

呼气末二氧化碳分压监测在全麻拔管后苏醒期患者中的应用

目的 探讨呼气末二氧化碳分压监测在全身麻醉拔管后苏醒期患者中的应用效果。方法 选取全身麻醉手术结束拔除气管导管转入麻醉后苏醒室观察的320例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为对照组和观察组各160例。对照组常规单孔鼻导管吸氧3 L/min并持续监测心电图、呼吸、无创血压、血氧饱和度;观察组在对照组基础上持续监测呼气末二氧化碳分压数值和波形的变化并及时给予护理干预。比较两组低氧血症发生情况、高碳酸血症和呼吸暂停检出率、面罩加压给氧率和苏醒时间。结果 观察组低氧血症程度、面罩加压给氧率显著低于对照组,高碳酸血症、呼吸暂停检出率显著高于对照组,苏醒时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论 对麻醉后苏醒期拔除气管插管的患者,呼气末二氧化碳分压监测可及时发现呼吸暂停、高碳酸血症等呼吸异常事件,降低低氧血症的发生率,提高麻醉苏醒的安全性,缩短苏醒时间。     

Effect of hyperventilation on brain tissue oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide pressure, pH value and intracranial pressure during intracranial hypertension in pigs

ＨＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＮｅｕｒｏｓｕｒｇｅｒｙ ,ＣｈａｎｇｚｈｅｎｇＨｏｓｐｉｔａｌ,ＳｅｃｏｎｄＭｉｌｉｔａｒｙＭｅｄｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ ,Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ 2 0 0 0 0 3,Ｃｈｉｎａ (ＢａｏＹＨ ,ＪｉａｎｇＪＹ ,ＺｈｕＣ ,ＬｕＹＣ ,ＣａｉＲＪａｎｄＭａＣＹ)ｙｐｅｒｖｅｎｔｉｌａｔｉｏｎ (ＨＶ )ｈａｓｂｅｅｎｗｉｄｅｌｙｕｓｅｄｔｏｄｅｃｒｅａｓｅｔｈｅｉｎｔｒａｃｒａｎｉａｌｐｒｅｓｓｕｒｅ (ＩＣＰ)ｉｎｔｈｅｐａｔｉｅｎｔｓｗｉｔｈｓｅｖｅｒｅｔｒａｕｍａｔｉｃｂｒａｉｎｉｎｊｕｒｙ…     

腹腔镜手术期间二氧化碳气腹对脑氧供的影响

目的：观察腹腔镜手术期间病人脑氧饱和度（ｒＳＯ２）、脉搏血氧饱和度（ＳｐＯ２）及动脉血二氧化碳分压（ＰａＣＯ２）、ｐＨ值和ＨＣＯ－３浓度等指标的变化，以了解二氧化碳气腹对病人脑氧供的影响。方法：选择行腹腔镜胆囊切除术病人１５例，于气腹前、气腹后２０分钟及术毕３０分钟检测ｒＳＯ２、ＳｐＯ２、ＰａＣＯ２、ｐＨ值和ＨＣＯ－３。结果：气腹后２０分钟ｒＳＯ２和ＰａＣＯ２增高（Ｐ＜０．０１或Ｐ＜０．０５），ｐＨ值降低（Ｐ＜０．０１），ＨＣＯ－３变化不明显。术毕３０分钟ｒＳＯ２、ＰａＣＯ２和ｐＨ值恢复至术前水平，ＳｐＯ２变化无临床意义。ＰａＣＯ２与ｒＳＯ２在气腹期间呈显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７８，Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论：在腹腔镜手术期间，二氧化碳气腹不会对脑氧供产生不良影响。     

吸入氧浓度及呼气末正压对妇科腹腔镜手术患者动脉血-呼气末二氧化碳分压差的影响

目的 评价吸入氧浓度(FiO2)及呼气末正压(PEEP)对妇科腹腔镜手术患者动脉血-呼气末二氧化碳分压差[D(a-ET) CO2]的影响.方法 择期全麻下妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,年龄25～50岁,体重45～75 kg,体重指数＜30 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其分为3组(n=20):A组纯氧机械通气,PEEP为0;B组空氧混合气体机械通气,FiO2 50％,PEEP为0;C组空氧混合气体机械通气,FiO2 50％,PEEP为5 cm H2O.机械通气中监测PE,CO2,于气管插管后即刻(T1)和气腹1 h(T2)时取桡动脉血行血气分析,计算D(a-ET) CO2及肺内分流率(Qs/Qt).结果 与A组比较,B组和C组T2时D(a-ET) CO2及Qs/Qt降低(P＜0.05);与B组比较,C组T2时D(a-ET) CO2降低(P＜0.05),Qs/Qt差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 降低FiO2及给予PEEP 5 cm H2O可降低妇科腹腔镜手术患者D(a-ET) CO2,提高pETCO2反映PaCO2的准确性,其原因与减少肺内分流有关.     

不同压力CO2气腹对腹腔镜胆囊切除术后肩部疼痛发病影响的临床观察

目的研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术 (laparoscopiccholecystectomy ,LC)后肩部疼痛发生的原因、机理及防治方法。方法将 12 0例行LC的患者随机分为A、B、C组 ,每组 4 0例。气腹压力设定A组 10mmHg ,B组 12mmHg ,C组 14mmHg。观察 3组术前、术后的PaO2 、PaCO2 、动脉血 pH值以及术后 1、3、6、12、2 4、4 8、72、96h肩痛的发生率和疼痛程度 (视觉模拟评分 VAS)。结果术中CO2 用量C组较A组多 ,差异有显著意义 (F =11 38,P <0 0 5 )。C组术前、术后的PaO2 差值与A、B组术前、术后PaO2 差值相比较大 ,且差异有显著意义 (F =6 92 ,P <0 0 1)。随 3组气腹压力的增高 ,术后 3、12、2 4、4 8h肩痛发生率有增高趋势 (χ2 值分别为 2 36 6 ,2 32 4 ,2 72 9,2 340 ,P <0 0 5 ) ;其VAS评分也明显上升 (F =19 5 3,P <0 0 1)。结论LC术后肩痛的主要原因可能与人工气腹张力对膈肌的牵拉有关。在 10mmHg低压气腹下行LC ,可显著降低LC术后肩痛的发生率及疼痛程度。     

Comparison of end-tidal carbon dioxide,oxygen saturation and clinical signs for the detection of oesophageal intubation

The reliability of various methods for detecting oesophageal intubation was assessed by means of a single blind study in rats. Both oesophagus and trachea were simultaneously intubated. The presence or absence of various clinical signs was noted during tracheal or oesophageal ventilation and arterial blood gases and end-tidal CO2 were measured. Oesophageal ventilation for one minute was associated with significant decreases (P less than 0.001) in pH, PaO2 and SaO2 and a significant (P less than 0.001) increase in PaCO2. Although mean PaO2 decreased by 70 per cent and mean SaO2 decreased by 31 per cent, 43 percent of rats failed to demonstrate a decrease in SaO2 below 85 per cent. Oxygen saturation was the least reliable method for detecting oesophageal intubation (sensitivity = 0.5, specificity = 0.9, positive predictive value (PPV) = 0.8). Chest movement was the most reliable clinical sign for detecting oesophageal intubation (sensitivity = 0.9, specificity = 1.0, PPV = 1.0). Oesophageal rattle was the second most reliable clinical sign (PPV = 0.9). Moisture condensation in the tracheal tube (PPV = 1.0) and abdominal distension (PPV = 0.9) were judged to be the least reliable because each had a high false negative rate of 0.3. The most reliable method for the early detection of oesophageal intubation in rats was end-tidal, CO2 (sensitivity 1.0, specificity = 1.0, PPV = 1.0). In addition, end-tidal CO2 when used in conjunction with the four clinical signs improved the reliability of these signs.