Ortho effects for inhibition mechanisms of butyrylcholinesterase by o-substituted phenyl N-butyl carbamates and comparison with acetylcholinesterase, cholesterol esterase, and lipase

Phenyl carbamates are used to treat Alzheimer's disease. These compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The goal of this work was to determine the chemical characteristics of ortho substituents that make some carbamates better inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase than of acetylcholinesterase, cholesterol esterase, and lipase. The inhibition constants, Ki, Ki', kc, and ki were measured for nine different carbamates. The values were plotted according to Hammett, Taft-Kutter-Hansch, and Swan-Lupton to obtain constants that correlated the chemical nature of the substituents with inhibition potency. It was found that the negative charges of tetrahedral intermediates were more stabilized by ortho electron-withdrawing substituents of the inhibitors in butyrylcholinesterase than in acetylcholinesterase. This result confirmed formation of 3-pronged hydrogen bonds for the oxyanion hole of butyrylcholinesterase and 2-pronged hydrogen bonds for the oxyanion hole of acetylcholinesterase. Furthermore, it was found that ortho electron-donating substituents of the inhibitors accelerated inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase by ortho polar effects. Conformations of enzyme-inhibitor tetrahedral intermediates for butyrylcholinesterase were different from those for acetylcholinesterase and cholesterol esterase; ortho substituents in the tetrahedral intermediates were located far from the negatively charged carbonyl oxygens in butyrylcholinesterase, but close to the negatively charged carbonyl oxygens in acetylcholinesterase and cholesterol esterase. In conclusion, electron-donating substituents in the ortho position were better inhibitors of butyrylcholinesterase than acetylcholinesterase, while electron-withdrawing substituents were better inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase.     

Carbamates with differential mechanism of inhibition toward acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase

Most carbamates are pseudoirreversible inhibitors of cholinesterases. Phenothiazine carbamates exhibit this inhibition of acetylcholinesterase but produce reversible inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase, suggesting that they do not form a covalent bond with the catalytic serine. This atypical inhibition is attributable to pi-pi interaction of the phenothiazine moiety with F329 and Y332 in butyrylcholinesterase. These residues are in a helical segment, referred to here as the E-helix because it contains E325 of the catalytic triad. The involvement of the E-helix in phenothiazine carbamate reversible inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase is confirmed using mutants of this enzyme at A328, F329, or Y332 that show typical pseudoirreversible inhibition. Thus, in addition to various domains of the butyrylcholinesterase active site gorge, such as the peripheral anionic site and the pi-cationic site of the Omega-loop, the E-helix represents a domain that could be exploited for development of specific inhibitors to treat dementias.     

Synthesis and acetylcholinesterase/butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity of 4-amino-2, 3-diaryl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofuro(and thieno)[2, 3-b]-quinolines,and 4-amino-5, 6, 7, 8, 9-pentahydro-2, 3-diphenylcyclohepta[e]furo(and thieno)-[2, 3-b]pyridines

The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) inhibition activities of a series of 4-amino-2, 3-diaryl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrofuro[2, 3-b]quinolines (10-12)/4-amino-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2, 3-diphenylthieno[2, 3-b]quinoline (14) and 4-amino-5, 6, 7, 8, 9-pentahydro-2, 3-diphenylcyclohepta[e]furo[2, 3-b]pyridine (13)/4-amino-5, 6, 7, 8, 9-pentahydro-2, 3-phenylcyclohepta[e]thieno[2, 3-b]pyridine (15) are described. These compounds are tacrine (THA) analogues which have been prepared either from readily available 2-amino-3-cyano-4, 5-diarylfurans (16-18) or from 2-amino-3-cyano-4, 5-diphenylthiophene (19), via Friedl?nder condensation with cyclohexanone or cycloheptanone. These compounds are competitive inhibitors for acetylcholinesterase, the more potent being compound (13) which is three-fold less active than tacrine. The butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity is significant only in compounds 10 and133, which are ten-fold less active than tacrine. It is found that the products 11 and 12 strongly inhibit acetylcholinesterase, and show excellent selectivity regarding butyrylcholinesterase.     

Two new coumarins from Murraya paniculata

Two new coumarins, murrmeranzin (1) and murralonginal (2), together with four known compounds minumicrolin (3), murrangatin (4), meranzin hydrate (5) and hainanmurpanin (6) have been isolated from the aerial parts of Murraya paniculata. The structures of these compounds were determined through spectral analysis. Minumicrolin (3) showed mild butyrylcholinesterase inhibition activity.     

Homobivalent quinazolinimines as novel nanomolar inhibitors of cholinesterases with dirigible selectivity toward butyrylcholinesterase

Homobivalent dimers of quinazolinimines, which bridge the imine nitrogen atoms via a hepta- and an octamethylene spacer, with different ring sizes of the alicycles were synthesized from the corresponding quinazolinethiones. The resulting compounds show >100-fold increase of inhibitory activities compared to related monomeric compounds yielding low-nanomolar inhibitors. For heptamethylene dimers, mixed inhibition profiles were obtained, whereas for the octamethylene compounds selectivity toward butyrylcholinesterase (>180) can be achieved with an eight-membered alicycle.     

Synthesis,biological activities and docking studies of novel 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde based Schiff base

The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of a series of novel Schiff bases derived from 2,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde. The biological activities of the newly synthesized compounds were examined by investigating their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, enzyme inhibition and DNA interaction potential. The potential of these compounds as an antioxidant was determined by 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The antibacterial and antifungal activities of these compounds were assayed by the disk diffusion method, while the enzyme inhibition studies were carried out against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The aforementioned studies revealed that the newly synthesized Schiff bases can be used as potential inhibitors for cholinesterase. In addition, the molecular docking studies also agreed well with the experimental results with better interaction patterns in the cases of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. The DNA binding interactions in these synthesized compounds was studied by the UV–Vis absorption titration method and the results of calculated thermodynamic parameters such as binding constant (K) and free energy change (ΔG) were calculated accordingly. Most of these Schiff bases displayed relatively higher positive values for K and larger negative values for ΔG, indicating efficient binding of these Schiff bases with the DNA. During the course of this study, we also carried out the computational analysis for the determination of the mode of binding of these compounds with the DNA structure.     

N1phenethyl-norcymserine, a selective butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor, increases acetylcholine release in rat cerebral cortex: a comparison with donepezil and rivastigmine

The effects of (-)-N(1)phenethyl-norcymserine (PEC, 5 mk/kg, i.p.) on acetylcholine release and cholinesterase activity in the rat cerebral cortex were compared with those of donepezil (1 mg/kg, i.p.), a selective acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and rivastigmine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.), an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine extracellular levels were measured by microdialysis coupled with HPLC; acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity were measured with colorimetric and radiometric methods. It was found that comparable 2-3 fold increases in cortical extracellular acetylcholine level, calculated as areas under the curve, followed the administration of the three drugs at the doses used. At the peak of acetylcholine increase, a 27% acetylcholinesterase inhibition and no butyrylcholinesterase inhibition was found after donepezil (1 mg/kg, i.p) administration. At the same time point, rivastigmine (0.6 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited acetylcholinesterase by 40% and butyrylcholinesterase by 25%. After PEC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration, there was a 39% butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and no effect on acetylcholinesterase. Since in the present study it was also confirmed that in the brain butyrylcholinesterase activity is only about 10% of acetylcholinesterase activity, it is surprising that its partial inhibition is sufficient to increase extracellular acetylcholine levels. The importance of butyrylcholinesterase as a "co-regulator" of synaptic acetylcholine levels should thus be reconsidered.     

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3-thiazolocoumarinyl Schiff-base Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors

On the basis of the observed biological activity of the coumarins, a new set of 3‐thiazolocoumarinyl Schiff‐base derivatives with chlorine, hydroxy and methoxy functional group substitutions were designed and synthesized. These compounds were tested against acetylcholinesterase from Electrophorus electricus and butyrylcholinesterase from horse serum and their structure–activity relationship was established. Studies revealed them as the potential inhibitors of cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase). The 3f was found to be most potent against acetylcholinesterase with K_i value of 1.05 ± 0.3 μm and 3l showed excellent inhibitory action against butyrylcholinesterase with K_i value of 0.041 ± 0.002 μm . The synthesized compounds were also docked into the active sites of the homology models of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase to predict the binding modes of these compounds. It was predicted that most of the compounds have similar binding modes with reasonable binding affinities. Our docking studies have also shown that these synthesized compounds have better interaction patterns with butyrylcholinesterase over acetylcholinesterase. The main objective of the study was to develop new potent and selective compounds, which might be further optimized to prevent the progression of the Alzheimer’s disease and could provide symptomatic treatment.     

New tacrine-hydrazinonicotinamide hybrids as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors of potential interest for the early diagnostics of Alzheimer's disease

The syntheses and the preliminary results of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition by an affinity series of tacrine-hydrazinonicotinamide hybrids are described. These molecules were prepared by condensation of tacrine analogues with the hydrazine nicotinate moiety (HYNIC). Derivatives 6a and 6b showed lower activity than the model tacrine, while compounds 6c and 6d showed the strongest affinity to AChE. All the tested compounds exhibited lower affinity for BChE than tacrine. Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterised by a deficit of acetylcholinesterase, and these new compounds, as ligands for 99mTc complexes, are potential radiopharmaceuticals for an early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.     

Dichlorvos,chlorpyrifos oxon and Aldicarb adducts of butyrylcholinesterase,detected by mass spectrometry in human plasma following deliberate overdose

The goal of this study was to develop a method to detect pesticide adducts in tryptic digests of butyrylcholinesterase in human plasma from patients poisoned by pesticides. Adducts to butyrylcholinesterase in human serum may serve as biomarkers of pesticide exposure because organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides make a covalent bond with the active site serine of butyrylcholinesterase. Serum samples from five attempted suicides (with dichlorvos, Aldicarb, Baygon and an unknown pesticide) and from one patient who accidentally inhaled dichlorvos were analyzed. Butyrylcholinesterase was purified from 2 ml serum by ion exchange chromatography at pH 4, followed by procainamide affinity chromatography at pH 7. The purified butyrylcholinesterase was denatured, digested with trypsin and the modified peptide isolated by HPLC. The purified peptide was analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring in a QTRAP 4000 mass spectrometer. This method successfully identified the pesticide‐adducted butyrylcholinesterase peptide in four patients whose butyrylcholinesterase was inhibited 60–84%, but not in two patients whose inhibition levels were 8 and 22%. It is expected that low inhibition levels will require analysis of larger serum plasma volumes. In conclusion, a mass spectrometry method for identification of exposure to live toxic pesticides has been developed, based on identification of pesticide adducts on the active site serine of human butyrylcholinesterase. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple enzyme inhibitions by histamine H3 receptor antagonists as potential procognitive agents

Novel highly affine histamine H3 receptor ligands with additional inhibitory effects on the main histamine metabolizing enzyme in the brain, N-methyltransferase, chemically show structural elements of the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor tacrine. H3 receptor antagonism, inhibition of metabolisation of neuronal histamine as well as inhibition of hydrolysis of acetylcholine are each one believed to improve reduced cognitive functions, which is useful for symptomatic treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Some of the new compounds proved in a slightly modified colorimetric Ellmann's assay to be potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase and of butyrylcholinesterase which is another catalytic enzyme hydrolysing acetylcholine. Some compounds with (sub)nanomolar activities on the histamine-related targets are also active in the nanomolar concentration range on both cholinesterase targets being 5- to 40-times more potent than tacrine. Preliminary structure-activity relationships could already be drawn from the small number of compounds. The compounds acting as hybrid drugs simultaneously on four different targets to enhance cognitive functions via different pathways are promising lead structures for a new approach in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.     

胆碱酯酶抑制剂他克林-单甲氧芳基杂合物的设计、合成及活性评价

本文设计合成了一系列他克林单甲氧芳基杂合物(5a～5i)作为胆碱酯酶抑制剂,并对其进行了活性评价。结果表明该类化合物比他克林具有更好的胆碱酯酶抑制活性,IC50值均达到纳摩尔级,其中化合物5h对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制活性最强,IC50值为6.74 nmol.L 1,5f对丁酰胆碱酯酶的活性最强,IC50值为3.83 nmol.L 1。酶动力学及分子对接表明该类杂合物能够同时作用于AChE的催化活性位点和外周结合位点。     

Binary antidotes for organophosphate poisoning: aprophen analogues that are both antimuscarinics and carbamates

Prophylaxis against organophosphate poisoning can be achieved by pretreatment with physostigmine or pyridostigmine, which are carbamates, and aprophen, which is an anticholinergic agent. Thus, a series of aprophen analogues was synthesized with carbamyl substitutions on the phenyl rings (carbaphens). The rationale behind this design is that such compounds might exhibit most of the therapeutic characteristics of aprophen, as well as the ability to protect prophylactically by chemically masking cholinesterase enzymes. Compounds 4 (dimethylhydroxycarbaphen), 15 (dimethylcarbaphen), and 16 (monomethylcarbaphen) were found to inactivate human butyrylcholinesterase in a time-dependent manner with potencies similar to those of physostigmine or pyridostigmine, and the latter two exhibited almost the same antimuscarinic profile as aprophen. In contrast to the potent inactivation of butyrylcholinesterase by these compounds, marginal inactivation of acetylcholinesterase activity was observed, and only at much higher drug concentrations. The noncarbamylated analogues had no effect on the activity of either cholinesterase. The carbaphen compounds are hence prototype drugs that can interact with either muscarinic receptors or butyrylcholinesterase. Furthermore, these compounds are prodrugs, since after carbamylation of the cholinesterase, the leaving group 14 (hydroxyaprophen) is a potent antimuscarinic itself.     

The kinetic study of the inhibition of human cholinesterases by demeton-S-methyl shows that cholinesterase-based titration methods are not suitable for this organophosphate

The organophosphorus insecticide, demeton-S-methyl (DSM), is considered as a good surrogate of the highly toxic nerve agent VX for skin absorption studies due to similar physico-chemical properties and in vitro percutaneous penetration profile. But, when skin distribution was estimated by measuring inhibition of cholinesterase activity, the results were poorly reproducible. The various grades of commercial DSM solutions were suspected to be the origin of the discrepancies. This hypothesis was tested by measuring inhibition of human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase by two commercial DSM solutions. The inhibition rate was independent on the enzyme concentration confirming pseudo-first order conditions. But complete inhibition of butyrylcholinesterase activity was achieved only when the DSM concentration was at least 1500-fold higher than the enzyme concentration. Besides, complete inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was never achieved. Mass spectrometry analysis of the inhibited butyrylcholinesterase adducts identified monomethoxyphosphorylated-serine, the aged product of inhibition by DSM or a derivative with a modified leaving group. Neither spontaneous reactivation nor aging of the dimethoxyphosphorylated-serine could account for the inhibition kinetics observed, suggesting an overly complicated kinetic scheme not compatible with the requirement of a titration experiment. In conclusion, cholinesterase-based analytical methods should be avoided for DSM titration in skin penetration studies.     

Protective Effect of Equine Butyrylcholinesterase in Inhalation Intoxication of Rats with Sarin: Determination of Blood and Brain Cholinesterase Activities

The effect of pretreatment with equine butyrylcholinesterase (EqBuChE) on cholinesterase inhibition in the blood and brain of rats following inhalation intoxication with low concentrations (1.25 μg/L for 60 min) of sarin were studied. Animals pretreated with different doses of equine butyrylcholinesterase showed significant increases in plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity. However, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was unchanged. The decrease in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity after inhalation intoxication was dependent on the dose of equine butyrylcholinesterase used for pretreatment and was always greater for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase activity in different brain regions was unchanged following pretreatment with equine butyrylcholinesterase. After inhalation exposure to sarin, acetylcholinesterase activity was diminished markedly in the pontomedullar area (51.5% of normal activity) and frontal cortex (72.0% of normal activity), and slightly in basal ganglia (91.4% of normal activity). Plasma levels of sarin were determined using fluoride-induced reactivation of inhibited enzyme. As expected, the amounts of sarin in plasma were almost identical in rats pretreated with EqBuChE as well as in untreated rats. In pretreated animals, the plasma amount of sarin did not depend on the dose of equine butyrylcholinesterase used for pretreatment. Our results demonstrate that equine butyrylcholinesterase pretreatment can be considered as an effective prophylaxis against nerve agents (at least with sarin) and seems to be an alternative or superior to prophylaxis provided by reversible cholinesterase inhibitors.     

Protective effect of equine butyrylcholinesterase in inhalation intoxication of rats with sarin: determination of blood and brain cholinesterase activities

The effect of pretreatment with equine butyrylcholinesterase (EqBuChE) on cholinesterase inhibition in the blood and brain of rats following inhalation intoxication with low concentrations (1.25 microg/L for 60 min) of sarin were studied. Animals pretreated with different doses of equine butyrylcholinesterase showed significant increases in plasma butyrylcholinesterase activity. However, erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity was unchanged. The decrease in acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activity after inhalation intoxication was dependent on the dose of equine butyrylcholinesterase used for pretreatment and was always greater for erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholinesterase activity in different brain regions was unchanged following pretreatment with equine butyrylcholinesterase. After inhalation exposure to sarin, acetylcholinesterase activity was diminished markedly in the pontomedullar area (51.5% of normal activity) and frontal cortex (72.0% of normal activity), and slightly in basal ganglia (91.4% of normal activity). Plasma levels of sarin were determined using fluoride-induced reactivation of inhibited enzyme. As expected, the amounts of sarin in plasma were almost identical in rats pretreated with EqBuChE as well as in untreated rats. In pretreated animals, the plasma amount of sarin did not depend on the dose of equine butyrylcholinesterase used for pretreatment. Our results demonstrate that equine butyrylcholinesterase pretreatment can be considered as an effective prophylaxis against nerve agents (at least with sarin) and seems to be an alternative or superior to prophylaxis provided by reversible cholinesterase inhibitors.     

Analysis of mammalian carboxylesterase inhibition by trifluoromethylketone-containing compounds

Carboxylesterases (CE) are ubiquitous enzymes that hydrolyze numerous ester-containing xenobiotics, including complex molecules, such as the anticancer drugs irinotecan (CPT-11) and capecitabine and the pyrethroid insecticides. Because of the role of CEs in the metabolism of many exogenous and endogenous ester-containing compounds, a number of studies have examined the inhibition of this class of enzymes. Trifluoromethylketone-containing (TFK) compounds have been identified as potent CE inhibitors. In this article, we present inhibition constants for 21 compounds, including a series of sulfanyl, sulfinyl, and sulfonyl TFKs with three mammalian CEs, as well as human acetyl- and butyrylcholinesterase. To examine the nature of the slow tight-binding inhibitor/enzyme interaction, assays were performed using either a 5-min or a 24-h preincubation period. Results showed that the length of the preincubation interval significantly affects the inhibition constants on a structurally dependent basis. The TFK-containing compounds were generally potent inhibitors of mammalian CEs, with Ki values as low as 0.3 nM observed. In most cases, thioether-containing compounds were more potent inhibitors then their sulfinyl or sulfonyl analogs. QSAR analyses demonstrated excellent observed versus predicted values correlations (r2 ranging from 0.908-0.948), with cross-correlation coefficients (q2) of approximately 0.9. In addition, pseudoreceptor models for the TKF analogs were very similar to structures and models previously obtained using benzil- or sulfonamide-based CE inhibitors. These studies indicate that more potent, selective CE inhibitors, containing long alkyl or aromatic groups attached to the thioether chemotype in TFKs, can be developed for use in in vivo enzyme inhibition.     

Synthesis and anticholinesterase activity of new substituted benzo[d]oxazole‐based derivatives

A series of novel benzo[d]oxazole derivatives ( 6a–n ) have been synthesized and biologically evaluated as potential inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The chemical structures of all final compounds were confirmed by spectroscopic methods. In vitro studies showed that most of the synthesized compounds are potent acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors. Among them, compounds 6a and 6j strongly inhibited AChE and BChE activities with IC₅₀ values of 1.03–1.35 and 6.6–8.1 μm , respectively. Docking studies also provided the binding modes of action and identified hydrophobic pi forces as the main interaction.     

Determination of compounds with anticholinesterase activity in commercial drugs by a new enzyme sensor

A suitable enzyme sensor for the analysis of anticholinesterase compounds of pharmaceutical interest is described. It is based on the competitive inhibiting properties of these compounds on the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase and it is constituted by a hydrogen peroxide amperometric electrode modified by a superimposed Nylon membrane containing two chemically immobilized biological mediators (butyrylcholinesterase and choline oxidase). Some applications to the analysis of several pharmaceutical forms containing different compounds showing anticholinesterase activity are also reported and evaluated.     

Features of the anticholinesterase effect of oxaphopholanol derivatives

The anticholinesterase effect in vitro of 14 derivatives of oxaphosfolanol (2-P-2-oxo(thioxo)-3.5.5-trimethyl-1,2-oxophosfolan-3-ol) on brain homogenate, blood serum, and purified enzyme preparations of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) was studied. Some representatives of these compounds exhibited a weak anticholinesterase effect in a concentration of 10 mliter/liter, The cholinesterase (ChE) of the brain homogenate inhibited by 50% by the thiophosphoryl analogue of the ethyl ether of oxaphosfolanol was not reactivated by dipyroxime. In experiments involving blood serum and BuChE, the degree of inhibition of the enzyme by oxaphosfolanol ethers was correlated with the hydrophobicity of the compounds. The possibility was postulated of inhibiting ChE by oxaphosfolanol derivatives as a result of hydrophobic reactions without phosphorylation of the esterase center of the enzyme.