Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of irritable bowel syndrome

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a highly prevalent functional disorder that reduces patients’ quality of life. It is a chronic disorder characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort associated with disordered defecation in the absence of identifiable structural or biochemical abnormalities. IBS imposes a significant economic burden to the healthcare system. Alteration in neurohumoral mechanisms and psychological factors, bacterial overgrowth, genetic factors, gut motility, visceral hypersensitivity, and immune system factors are currently believed to influence the pathogenesis of IBS. It is possible that there is an interaction of one or more of these etiologic factors leading to heterogeneous symptoms of IBS. IBS treatment is predicated upon the patient’s most bothersome symptoms. Despite the wide range of medications and the high prevalence of the disease, to date no completely effective remedy is available. This article reviews the literature from January 2008 to July 2013 on the subject of IBS peripherally acting pharmacological treatment. Drugs are categorized according to their administration for IBS-C, IBS-D or abdominal pain predominant IBS.     

Factors associated with irritable bowel syndrome symptoms in hemodialysis patients

AIM: To investigate clinical characteristics associated with the presence of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) symptoms in hemodialysis (HD) patients.METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study. A questionnaire based on the Bowel Disease Questionnaire that records gastrointestinal symptoms was given to 294 patients in 4 dialysis centers. A total of 196 (67%) subjects returned the survey. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify factors significantly associated with IBS symptoms. RESULTS: Sy...     

褪黑激素与肠易激综合征

肠易激综合征是一种原因不明的慢性肠功能紊乱性疾病，其发病机制尚不清楚。其治疗方法也在不断改进中，褪黑激素对肠易激综合征的治疗有着积极的作用。     

肠易激综合征病人肠道气体定量分析

目的　通过X线腹部平片对肠道气体进行定量测试 ,分析肠道气体容量与肠易激综合征(IBS)的关系。方法　 4 8例根据罗马Ⅱ标准诊断的IBS病人和 2 5例正常对照的X线腹部平片经数字化转换后输入电脑 ,肠道气体量在电脑显示为象素值 ,经体格标准化后 ,以气体容量积分 (GVS)表达。以对照GVS的 x± 2s为正常值 ,分析GVS与IBS型别的关系。结果　正常对照GVS为 0 .0 5 5±0 .0 12 ,离散系数为 2 1.8% ;便秘型IBS均值 (0 .0 76± 0 .0 2 7,t =3.5 99,P <0 .0 1)与正常人比较显著增高 ,4 4 .4 %的个体GVS大于正常值 ,余在正常范围 ;腹泻型IBS均值 (0 .0 4 8± 0 .0 32 ,t =1.4 76 ,P >0 .0 5 )与正常人比较差异无显著性 ,但离散系数高达 6 6 .7% ,4 2 .9%的病人GVS降低 ,14 .3%增高。结论　IBS病人肠道气体容量存在明显改变 ,并与型别有关 ;便秘型以增多为主 ,腹泻型以减少为主。     

肠易激综合征乙状结肠移行性运动与胃肠肽胆囊收缩素、胃动素的相关性研究

目的研究肠易激综合征(IBS)患者乙状结肠移行性运动与胃肠肽胆囊收缩素(CCK)、胃动素(MTL)的关系,探讨CCK、MTL对IBS患者乙状结肠动力的调节作用。方法对2004年3月至2005年2月,在广西壮族自治区人民医院消化内科住院,符合罗马Ⅱ诊断标准的腹泻型(D-IBS)和便秘型(C-IBS)IBS患者各20例及年龄、性别匹配的健康志愿者组15名(男7名、女8名),分别采用毛细管液体灌注测压法记录空腹状态下乙状结肠移行性高幅突发波的波幅及占记录时间百分比;同时采用放射免疫法测定所有研究对象血浆和乙状结肠黏膜CCK、MTL的含量。结果D-IBS组乙状结肠移行性高幅突发波的波幅和持续时间显著高于C-IBS组和健康组(P<0.05),D-IBS组血浆MTL、CCK浓度显著高于C-IBS组和健康组(P<0.01),黏膜MTL显著高于C-IBS组和健康组(P<0.01)。IBS患者乙状结肠移行高幅突发波的波幅和持续时间与血浆或黏膜CCK、MTL分别呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论IBS患者乙状结肠移行性运动可能受血浆CCK、黏膜和血浆MTL浓度相关的正性调节作用。     

肠易激综合征流行病学研究现状与进展

肠易激综合征(irritable bowel syndrome,IBS)是一种以慢性或者反复发作的腹痛伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病,并缺乏形态学和生化标志的异常。IBS是一种全球性疾病,人群患病率较高,其症状可反复发作,严重影响患者的生活质量,并占用了大量的医疗资源。IBS的病因和发病机制尚未明了,随着对IBS认识的不断深入和发展,国内外在不同时期,采用不同的标准和方法,对IBS的流行病学进行了较深入的研究,但不同国家和地区、不同人群的IBS患病率及其分布特征研究结果不尽相同,影响IBS的危险因素主要包括社会心理因素及遗传、感染、食物、药物因素等,现就近年来国内外IBS流行病学的研究情况作一综述。     

State-of-the-art of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease research in 2008

Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） and inflammatory bowel disease （IBD） are two of the leading causes of chronic intestinal conditions in the world. This issue of World Journal of Gastroenterology （ WJG） presents a series of papers from world experts who discuss the current knowledge and opinions on these important conditions. Although great strides have been made in the diagnosis, treatment and pathology of IBS and IBD; much has yet to be explained. The etiologies and risk factors of these multifactorial conditions remain elusive. Specific diagnostic biomarkers need to be developed and safer treatments developed. The burden of IBS and IBD on the healthcare system is felt with repeated medical care visits and high costs. IBS and IBD patients can account for 30%-50% of office visits at gastroenterology services/clinics. Over one million people have IBD in the United States, with 30000 new cases being diagnosed every year. One-quarter million people in the UK are afflicted with IBD. The cost of medical care in the United States for IBD is estimated to be $1.8 billion/year.     

肠易激综合征感觉异常研究进展

肠易激综合征(IBS)是以腹痛和/或腹部不适伴排便异常为特征性症状的一组肠功能障碍性综合征,近年来的研究表明患者结肠对机械、化学、温度、电刺激等感觉过敏,可能是IBS最重要的致病因素之一.此文综述近年来有关肠易激综合征患者肠神经系统、脊髓及中枢神经系统存在结构或功能的异常.     

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome （PI-IBS） is a common disorder wherein symptoms of IBS begin after an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Published studies have reported incidence of PI-IBS to range between 5% and 32%. The mechanisms underlying the development of PI-IBS are not fully understood, but are believed to include persistent sub-clinical inflammation, changes in intestinal permeability and alteration of gut flora. Individual studies have suggested that risk factors for PI-IBS include patients＇ demographics, psychological disorders and the severity of enteric illness. However, PI-IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific disease markers and, to date, no definitive therapy exists. The prognosis of PI- IBS appears favorable with spontaneous and gradual resolution of symptoms in most patients.     

Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome in women

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a complex clinical process with multiple pathophysiologic mechanisms. There has recently been a shift in the treatment of patients with severe IBS symptoms to disease-modifying therapies as opposed to symptomatic treatment. Because pathophysiologic differences exist between men and women, so does the efficacy of treatment options. These differences could further explain gender-related differences in disease prevalence and treatment response. A brief discussion of the definition, epidemiology, and diagnostic criteria of IBS is followed by a comprehensive review of the current treatment choices and potential future therapeutic options of IBS in women.     

肠易激综合征发病机理的研究进展

肠易激综合征的发病机制至今仍不明确，目前比较一致的观点认为IBS是胃肠动力异常、内脏感觉敏感性增高、肠道感染、炎症、心理社会精神因素、神经免疫内分泌及基因遗传等多种发病机制共同参与共同作用的结果，本文就近年来有关IBS发病机制的研究进展作一综述。     

Latent structure of irritable bowel syndrome symptom severity

AIM: To investigate the latent structure of an irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) symptom severity scale in a population of healthy adults.METHODS: The Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire which consists of three symptom specific scales(diarrhea,constipation,pain) was evaluated by meansof structural equation modeling.We compared the original 3-factor solution to a general factor model and a bifactor solution in a large internet sample of college students(n = 875).Statistical comparisons of competing models were conducted by means of χ2 difference tests.Regarding the evaluation of model fit,we examined the comparative fit index(CFI) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation(RMSEA).RESULTS: Results clearly favored a bifactor model of IBS symptom severity(CFI = 0.99,RMSEA = 0.05) which consisted of a strong general IBS somatization factor and three symptom specific factors(diarrhea,constipation,pain) based on the subscales of the Birmingham IBS symptom questionnaire.The fit indices of the competing one factor model(CFI = 0.85,RMSEA = 0.17) and three factor model(CFI = 0.97,RMSEA = 0.08) were clearly inferior.χ2 difference tests showed that the differences between the models were indeed significant in favor of the bifactor model(P 0.001).Correlations of the four latent factors with measures of pain sensitivity,somatoform dissociation,fatigue severity,and demographic variables support the validity of our bifactor model of IBS specific symptom severity.CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that IBS symptom severity might best be understood as a continuous and multidimensional construct which can be reliably and validly assessed with the B-IBS.     

肠道微生态与肠易激综合征

微生物群与宿主、环境之间的相互作用、相互协调对于维持宿主正常的生理功能起着十分重要的作用,三者关系失衡则直接或间接参与了众多疾病的发生、发展。肠易激综合征(IBS)是一种复杂的多因素功能性疾病,流行病学研究表明IBS患者多存在肠道菌群失调,益生菌的治疗也取得部分疗效,通过对正常人和IBS患者肠道菌群的比较,从小肠细菌过度生长、感染、抗生素、应激、肠道酵解异常五个方面,将近年肠道微生态与IBS关系做一综述。     

睡眠质量与社区人群肠易激综合征相关性分析

目的 探讨上海市社区人群睡眠质量与肠易激综合征(IBS)患病率及两者之间的关系.方法 采用随机分层整群抽样方法,对上海市嘉定区江桥镇常住人群成年居民进行面访式问卷调查,回收有效调查问卷11 569份.采用罗马Ⅲ标准诊断IBS,阿森斯睡眠障碍量表进行自我评估,分析睡眠障碍与IBS之间的关系.结果 睡眠障碍在社区总人群、IBS患者及非IBS患者中发生率分别为21.00%、33.02%和18.74%.IBS组存在睡眠障碍比例高于非IBS组,两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.004,OR=2.14,95%CI:1.92～2.39),即存在睡眠障碍的人群患IBS的危险性是无睡眠障碍人群的2.14倍.在IBS组,女性患者存在睡眠障碍的比例(37.24%)显著高于男性患者(28.41%),两组间差异有统计学意义(P=0.000,OR=1.50,95%CI:1.23～1.82),提示存在睡眠障碍的女性更易于患IBS.Logistic回归分析显示睡眠障碍是IBS的危险因素之一(OR=2.11,95%CI:1.89～2.36).结论 IBS患者常存在睡眠障碍,尤其是女性患者.     

益生菌对肠易激综合征和炎症性肠病的作用

由于胃肠道微生物参与炎症性肠病（inflammatory bowel disease,IBD）的病理过程,而且最近研究表明微生物可能在肠易激综合征（irritable bowel syndrome,IBS）中扮演重要作用.本文重点关注益生菌在这两种疾病中的作用机制和疗效.胃肠道微生物的组成受多种因素调节,包括年龄、饮食和疾病状态.益生菌可能通过影响宿主的微生物菌群和提高黏膜的免疫调节作用发挥疗效.益生菌的口服耐受性较好.许多短期研究表明益生菌在IBS中有效,尽管只是在部分的特殊菌株和某些特定症状中有效.在IBD中,许多临床试验表明大量的益生菌在结肠袋炎和溃疡性结肠炎中有效,而对克罗恩病无明显疗效.显然,益生菌在IBS和IBD的治疗中能起到巨大的作用,但是,这些只是针对特殊的菌株.将来迫切需要进行高质量的临床研究和实验观察益菌对IBD和IBS的疗效.     

肠易激综合征患者的应付特征

目的　旨在通过对肠易激综合征 (IBS)患者生活事件、特质性应付和应付具体方式的评价 ,探讨IBS患者的应付特征。方法　采用生活事件量表、特质应付和应付方式问卷对 4 1例连续就诊的IBS患者进行测评 ,并与消化性溃疡 (PU)患者和正常人进行对照。结果　IBS患者的负性生活事件刺激量 (4 3.92± 5 .75 )显著高于正常人 (2 3.4 5± 2 .73,P =0 .0 2 5 )及PU患者 (2 5 .4 3± 2 .98,P =0 .0 35 ) ;特质应付评分中 ,IBS患者的消极应付积分 (4 0 .79± 8.0 1)显著高于正常人 (35 .5 2± 7.6 0 ,P =0 .0 10 )和PU患者 (36 .4 1± 8.4 1,P =0 .0 4 5 ) ;IBS患者的幻想和退避应付方式与正常组存在显著差异 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,IBS患者的退避应付方式与PU组也存在差异 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　IBS患者经历较多的负性生活事件 ,应付方式不当 ,改变IBS患者的应付方式可能是消除或减轻症状的有效途径。     

肠易激综合征患者的免疫学机制探讨

目的 用ELISA法对IBS患者的外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12和Th2型细胞因子ID-4、IL-10的含量进行检测分析，以探讨IBS患者体内免疫应答的变化规律。方法 采用ELISA法检测IBS患者外周血PBMC体外培养上清液中Th1型细胞因子IL-12、IFN-γ及Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10水平。结果 1．同正常组比较，腹泻型IBS患者外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12的水平有升高趋势，但差异无显著性（P〉0．05）；Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的水平较正常对照显著降低（P〈0．05）；Th1／Th2的比值较正常对照显著升高（P〈0．05）。2．同正常组比较，便秘型IBS患者外周血Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-12和Th2型细胞因子IL-4、IL-10的含量均无显著性差异；Th1／Th2的比值较正常对照差异亦无显著性（P〉0．05）。结论 腹泻型IBS患者PBMC体外培养时Th1、Th2细胞因子产生了失衡，Th1／Th2较正常对照显著升高，呈Th1优势反应。便秘型IBS患者Th1型细胞因子和Th2型细胞因子较正常对照无显著差异，表明便秘型IBS患者Th1／Th2反应仍趋于平衡状态，Th1／Th2反应可能对其发病并无重要影响，亦进一步说明不同分型的IBS其病理生理学机制存在差异。     

Ethnic differences in genetic polymorphism associated with irritable bowel syndrome

Genetic polymorphism is associated with irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) in terms of susceptibility and clinical manifestations. Previous studies have shown that genetic polymorphism might play a key role in the onset and progression of IBS by modulating components of its pathogenesis such as the gut-brain axis,gastrointestinal motility, inflammatory activity, and immune status. Although underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have not been fully clarified, the potential ethnic differences that are present in worldwide genetic studies of IBS deserve attention. This review surveyed numerous studies focusing on IBSassociated single nucleotide polymorphisms, and investigated the ethnic disparities revealed by them. The results demonstrate the need for more attention on ethnic factors in IBS-related genetic studies. Taking ethnic backgrounds into accounts and placing emphasis on disparities potentially ascribed to ethnicity could help lay a solid and generalized foundation for transcultural, multi-ethnic,or secondary analyses in IBS, for example, a meta-analysis. Broader genetic studies considering ethnic factors are greatly needed to obtain a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of IBS and to improve the prevention, intervention, and treatment of this disease.