钙化灶在超声诊断乳腺肿块中的意义

【目的】探讨钙化灶在超声诊断乳腺肿块中的价值。【方法】检查 2 5 6例乳腺肿块 ,其中乳腺癌 130例 (A组 ) ,乳腺良性肿块 12 6例 (B组 )。使用配备高频线阵探头 (12MHz和 10MHz)的电脑彩色超声仪 ,注意观察乳腺肿块中的钙化灶。所有病例诊断均经病理检查证实。【结果】在乳腺癌组和乳腺良性肿块组中钙化灶的检出率分别为 5 2 %和 9.5 % ,两者比较差异有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。乳腺癌组以微小钙化灶最多 ,占76 % (5 2例 ) ,微小钙化灶在乳腺良性肿块中仅占 33% (4例 ) ,两组差异亦有非常显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1)。【结论】超声检出乳腺肿块内钙化灶有助于对肿块良恶性的判断 ;密集分布的微小钙化灶常提示乳腺癌。     

计算机辅助检测系统对数字化乳腺X线图像检测的可重复性

目的 观察计算机辅助检测系统(CAD)检出全数字化乳腺X线图像中良恶性肿块及钙化灶的可重复性。 方法 454例乳腺疾病患者经手术病理证实,其中67例乳腺癌患者于3个月内接受两次乳腺X线检查。比较数字化图像直接获得的CAD结果(CAD1)与两次重新回输原始数据生成的CAD结果(CAD2、CAD3)的一致性,评价CAD系统短期内对乳腺X线图像检测结果的可重复性。 结果 CAD1、CAD2、CAD3在肿块及钙化灶检出的数目及所标记的位置上完全相同。67例短期内两次乳腺X线检查病例中,32例病灶大小、密度未见变化,初次和再次CAD发现恶性病灶的敏感度分别为87.50%(28/32)和90.63%(29/32)。 结论 对于相同的数字化图像,CAD标记的重复率为100%。对于相同乳腺短期内两次X线检查图像,CAD系统检出乳腺癌具有较高的可重复性。     

乳房肿物微小钙化灶的超声显示及其临床价值

目的 :探讨影响乳腺超声扫查微小钙化灶检出率的因素及乳腺肿块微小钙化灶在良恶性疾患鉴别诊断中的作用。方法 :回顾分析 130例经手术病理证实的乳腺肿块超声资料 ,观察超声诊断符合率 ,并重点观察肿块内钙化灶的情况。结果 :与病理诊断对照 ,乳腺肿块超声诊断的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率 89% ,其中良性病变符合率 88% ,恶性病变符合率 90 %。肿块内的钙化灶直径小于 0 5mm者均见于恶性病变 ,钙化灶后有声影者本组仅见于良性病变。结论 :肿块内微小钙化灶不伴有声影是超声诊断乳腺癌的一个重要依据     

乳房肿物微小钙化灶的超声显示出及其临床价值

目的：探讨影响乳腺超声扫查微小钙化灶检出率的因素及乳腺肿块微小钙化灶在良恶性疾患鉴别诊断中的作用。方法：回顾分析１３０例经手术病理证实的乳腺肿块超声资料,观察超块诊断符合率,并重点观察肿块内钙化灶的情况。结果：与病理诊断对照,乳腺肿块超声诊断的良恶性鉴别诊断符合率８９％,其中良性病变符合率８８％,恶性病变符合率９０％。肿块内的钙化灶直径小于０．５ｍｍ者均见于恶性病变,钙化灶后有声影本组仅见于良性病     

超声萤火虫联合弹性成像技术对乳腺肿瘤良恶性倾向的判断价值简

目的 探讨超声＂萤火虫＂技术联合弹性成像技术对乳腺肿瘤良恶性倾向的诊断价值.方法 对2011年1月至2013年9月就诊,经钼靶X线摄片发现微小钙化拟行病理活检的乳腺肿块患者90例进行前瞻性研究,对乳腺肿块分别进行超声＂萤火虫＂技术联合超声弹性成像技术检查和单独使用超声＂萤火虫＂技术、单独使用超声弹性成像技术检查,比较三种方式对乳腺微小钙化的检出情况,并与病理结果相比较,分析不同方式检出乳腺癌的灵敏度、特异度和正确指数.结果 90例患者中病理证实良性肿瘤患者17例,乳腺癌患者73例;联合方式与弹性成像、萤光单一方式恶性微小钙化检出灵敏度分别为97.00%、95.92%、94.90%;特异度分别为86.96%、76.00%、72.00%;正确指数分别为83.96%、71.92%、66.98%.联合检查灵敏度、特异度和正确指数均高于两种方式单独检查,其中正确指数有显著差异（P〈0.05）.结论 超声＂萤火虫＂技术检查联合超声弹性成像检查对乳腺微小钙化灶的检出率较高,对于乳腺肿瘤良恶性倾向的判断有重要价值.     

180例乳腺良恶性肿块的二维及彩色多普勒超声特征分析

目的探讨乳腺良恶性肿块的二维声像图特征及彩色多普勒血流显像对乳腺肿块的诊断价值。方法对180例乳腺良恶性肿块的大小、形态、边界、有无包膜、内部回声、钙化灶、后方回声、侧方声影、及彩色多普勒超声血流数、血流信号的形态特征进行观察和研究并与术后病理结果对比。结果乳腺良恶性肿块在形态、边界、有无包膜、内部回声、钙化灶、后方回声、侧方声影等方面具有明显差异。乳腺恶性肿块的血流较良性明显丰富,穿入型血流多见于乳腺恶性肿块,环绕型血流多见于良性肿块。恶性肿块Vmax和RI值均高于良性肿块。结论根据乳腺二维超声图像特征,结合彩色多普勒血流显像,尤其是穿人型血流和较多的血流数及RI值测定,明显提高了乳腺恶性肿瘤的诊断率,具有很好的临床应用价值。     

乳腺钼靶联合超声鉴别诊断早期微钙化乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值

探讨乳腺钼靶联合超声鉴别诊断早期微钙化乳腺良恶性病变的诊断价值。选取2014年6月~2015年7月我院经X线钼靶检查出现早期微钙化乳腺病灶患者106例,并经超声检查乳腺病变区内的微钙化灶及血流动力学变化,将病理检查结果作为金标准,比较X线钼靶、超声及病理诊断乳腺病变的良恶性,以及乳腺钼靶联合超声对乳腺微钙化灶诊断的敏感度、特异度及准确度。术后切除肿块进行病理检查,证实恶性肿块78例,良性肿块28例;乳腺钼靶对乳腺恶性肿瘤敏感度76.92%,特异度50.00%,准确度86.79%;超声对乳腺恶性肿瘤敏感度69.23%,特异度71.43%,准确度69.81%;两者联合对乳腺恶性肿瘤敏感度93.59%,特异度89.29%,准确度92.45%。乳腺钼靶对早期乳腺微钙化病灶有较高的敏感度,超声检查对肿块血流动力学变化特异度较高,两者联合应用可发挥互补作用,提高早期乳腺微钙化灶的诊断准确率,对早期乳腺恶性病变的诊断具有较高的临床实用价值。     

浅表超声诊断乳腺良恶性病变的应用价值

目的：探讨浅表超声诊断乳腺良恶性病变的应用价值。方法：选取南宁市第九人民医院2021年3月—2023年3月收治的94例乳腺病变患者为研究对象,均实施浅表超声诊断。以手术病理结果为金标准,分析浅表超声检查乳腺良恶性病变的灵敏度、特异度、准确率,比较良性、恶性乳腺病变的微小钙化的范围及大小。结果：术后病理结果显示,94例患者中恶性乳腺肿块21例,良性乳腺肿块73例。浅表超声检测恶性肿块20例,良性肿块74例,1例误诊,2例漏诊。浅表超声检测准确率为96.81%（91/94）,灵敏度为90.48%（19/21）,特异度为98.63%（72/73）,Kappa=0.906,与病理结果高度一致。浅表超声检测出30例乳腺微小钙化情况,包括良性肿块12例,恶性肿块18例,其中良性肿块微小钙化检出率为16.44%（12/73）,恶性肿块微小钙化检出率85.71%（18/21）,恶性和良性病变的钙化数量与钙化大小之间均存在显著差异（P <0.01）。结论：在临床乳腺疾病诊断过程中,应用浅表超声进行检测,同时结合肿块的微小钙化情况,能较好地诊断及鉴别患者乳腺良恶性病变情况,为临床诊断及治疗提供可靠的...     

彩色多普勒超声在乳腺良恶性病变诊断中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在诊断乳腺良恶性病变中的应用,提高彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块的诊断准确率。方法运用彩色多普勒超声对124例乳腺肿块进行超声检查,将所得的二维及彩色多普勒声像图特征与手术病理结果对照分析。同时根据超声检测结果将124例患者分为良性组及恶性组,分析比较两组二维超声像图特征、血流信号检出率。结果 90例病理诊断为良性肿块的超声检出准确率为95.6%;34例病理诊断为恶性肿块的超声检出准确率为94.1%;乳腺良恶性肿块彩超声像图鉴别特征:肿块边界、包膜、形态、内部回声、后方衰减及腋窝淋巴结特征组间差异明显,两组在各级血流信号显示例数间差异显著。结论彩色多普勒超声对乳腺肿块的检出率高,对乳腺良恶性病变的诊断具有较高的应用价值。     

乳腺良恶性钙化的声像学特征分析

目的探讨乳腺良恶性钙化的声像学特征及其在乳腺良恶性病变鉴别诊断中的价值。方法回顾性分析64例乳腺钙化患者的术前超声表现,并与手术病理及钼靶乳腺摄片(48例)结果相对照,对比分析乳腺良恶性钙化的声像图特点及其诊断价值。结果64例乳腺钙化病灶病理诊断良性钙化30例,恶性钙化34例。恶性钙化的声像图表现为钙化伴有结节,钙化病灶小,数量多,呈点状,分布呈簇状,后方无声影,无快闪伪像。而良性钙化则钙化伴或不伴有结节,钙化病灶粗大,数量少,形状差异大,呈斑状或团块状,分布呈局灶性,后方多有声影,多有快闪伪像,乳腺微钙化检出率在良性(6/30,20.0%)与恶性(30/34,88.2%)病变间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。微钙化、粗钙化、斑块状钙化3种类型的分布构成比在良恶性病变间差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。超声诊断乳腺癌的敏感性为94.1%,特异性93.3%,准确性93.8%。术前超声检查与钼靶摄片诊断符合率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论超声与钼靶乳腺摄影均为检查乳腺钙化的重要方法,乳腺良恶性钙化的声像学特征有助于乳腺良恶性病变的鉴别诊断。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.