SRY基因检测在儿童性发育疾病诊断中的应用

目的：应用SRY基因直接测序检测技术和外周血染色体核型分析技术对外生殖器模糊的幼儿及青春期儿童进行检查以明确诊断。方法：采用常规G显带方法分析20例外生殖器模糊的患儿染色体核型,用PCR技术扩增其SRY基因,进行基因测序,分析是否存在SRY基因及SRY基因是否存在突变情况。结果：20例患儿中SRY基因阳性的有17例,阴性3例。直接测序结果显示所有SRY基因阳性患者该基因均未发生突变。染色体核型分析中检出4例特殊核型为：46, XY, del (Y) (q12)/45, X、46, XY, add (Y) (p11)、46, XY, r (9)及46, XY, 9 qh+。结论：SRY基因检测有助于明确儿童性发育疾病的分型,具有快速检测的优越性,与常规G显带相结合分析有助于儿童性发育疾病的初步诊断。     

Health-related quality of life in children with disorders of sex development (DSD)

Disorders of sex development (DSD) are rare genetic conditions resulting in atypical development of the sex organs. While some evidence is available on psychosexual outcomes, much less is known about the quality of life in this population, especially in children. Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is a widely accepted endpoint for assessment and evaluation of interventions and medical care. Within the German DSD Network study, 86 children aged 8–12 years with several subtypes of DSD were recruited from Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Demographic, medical and psychosocial variables were collected through interviews of the attending physicians, the children and the parents. HRQOL was the primary outcome. It was assessed by the KINDL-R Questionnaire [2001]. Psychosexual determinants included gender identity/gender dysphoria, gender role behaviour, the child’s knowledge about the condition and number/timing of genital surgery. A significant reduction of HRQOL was reported in children’s self-report (p?<?0.001), in particular in the area of self-esteem (p?<?0.001), physical well-being (p?<?0.01) and school functioning (p?<?0.05). Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia who experienced gender dysphoria reported lower HRQOL scores compared to the study group at large. Atypical gender role behaviour was not associated with HRQOL. Conclusion: Psychosocial support of children with DSD and their families appears to be necessary in at least some cases and must be accessible for all patients.     

Prenatal and postnatal imaging techniques in the evaluation of disorders of sex development

Imaging of the reproductive tract is challenging and requires a general knowledge of congenital variations in anatomy. The anatomy of the developing fetus, whether a male phenotype or female phenotype, is also a dynamic process with many changes occurring during gestation. Families may ask details about the genitalia during prenatal imaging and when variations in what is thought to be normal are present, further investigation is sometimes needed to make sense of what is seen. This overview will describe categories of disorders of sex development (DSD), whether chromosomal or structural or both, and the current state of imaging of these anomalies.     

儿科内分泌医生对性发育异常患儿的评估和管理

性腺发育异常（disorders of sex development,DSD）或性分化异常（disorders of sex deferentiation,DSD）的诊断治疗一直都是儿科乃至成人内分泌领域争论多,且共识较少的一个分支,原因涉及到观念、宗教、文化、医疗技术和家长认知误区等外在问题,而最根本的原因是DSD表观的变异,导致对症状评估把握不良,实验室评估手段匮乏导致诊断的不确定.若没有足够的临床实践和理论基础,不能掌握正常的变异和疾病的差别,也就不能准确处理DSD.     

Management of children with disorders of sex development: 20-year experience in southern Thailand

Background

Disorders of sex development (DSD) is a group of sexual differentiation disorders resulting in genital anomalies with defects in gonadal hormone synthesis and/or incomplete genital development. These conditions result in problems concerning the sex assignment of the child. This study aims to describe the clinical features, diagnosis and management of children with DSD in southern Thailand.

Methods

The medical records of 117 pediatric patients diagnosed with DSD during the period of 1991–2011 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Disorders of sex development were categorized into 3 groups: sex chromosome abnormalities (53.0%), 46,XX DSD (29.9%) and 46,XY DSD (17.1%). The two most common etiologies of DSD were Turner syndrome (36.8%) and congenital adrenal hyperplasia (29.9%). Ambiguous genitalia/intersex was the main problem in 46,XX DSD (94%) and 46,XY DSD (100%). Sex reassignment was done in 5 children (4.3%) at age of 3–5 years: from male to female in 4 children (1 patient with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, 1 patient with 45,X/46,XY DSD, and 2 patients with 46,XX ovotesticular DSD) and from female to male in 1 patient with 46,XX ovotesticular DSD. Of the total 20 children with 46,XY DSD, 16 (80%) were raised as females.

Conclusion

Management of DSD children has many aspects of concern. Sex assignment/reassignment depends on the phenotype (phallus size) of the external genitalia rather than the sex chromosome.     

Patients with disorders of sex development undergoing surgical treatment: A psychosocial evaluation in adolescence

The surgical outcomes of disorders on sex development (DSD) are comparatively well studied in the literature, whereas studies investigating its impacts on mental health are scarce. In this study, we aimed to evaluate psychiatric diagnoses, sex roles, quality of life, and adolescents who were surgically treated because of DSD as well as parental attitudes in their parents. The study group consisted of 19 patients diagnosed with DSD and the control group consisted of 20 age- and gender-matched healthy peers. The Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia was performed by a child and adolescent psychiatrist to assess the psychiatric diagnoses. To evaluate quality of life (QoL) and sex roles, The Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), and the Bem Sex Role Inventory were used, respectively. Mothers completed the PedsQL-Parent Form and the Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI). Of 19 children in the patient group, 14 (73.7%) had a past or current history of at least one psychiatric disorder. The most common psychiatric disorder was major depression. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of sex roles. A statistically significant difference was found between the study and control groups in four factor scores of the PARI. While there was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the children's QoL scores, parent-proxy reports of psychosocial health scores and total QoL scores of the study group were significantly lower than the controls. This finding shows that parents perceived the QoL of their children with DSD as worse than their healthy peers, probably due to their concerns for the future. In conclusion, it is important to identify and treat the psychiatric disorders concomitant in patients with DSD.     

Factors contributing to sex assignment and reassignment decisions in Turkish children with 46,XY disorders of sex development

BACKGROUND: Sex assignment decisions for children with disorders of sex development (DSD) should be based on integrative assessments of relevant biological and psychosocial characteristics. AIM: To investigate the factors that contributed to sex assignment decisions for children with 46,XY DSD. PATIENTS: Sixty-one children recruited from a clinical sample were evaluated. METHODS: Findings of endocrinological and psychiatric evaluations were entered into a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Gender identity was the strongest correlate of assigned sex. External genital under-virilization, sex announced at birth and toy/ activity preferences were predominant predictors. Twelve children, six of whom were prepubertal, were reassigned to male sex. CONCLUSIONS: Psychological factors seem to be as influential on sex reassignment decisions as are endocrinological and social factors, especially if the disorder is diagnosed at an older age. Prepubertal gender conversion is possible, which implies the importance of follow-up during childhood.     

儿童性心理评估量表在评估46,XY DSD性别特征中的应用

目的 探讨儿童性心理评估量表在评定46,XY性别发育异常(disorders of sex development,DSD)儿童性别特征中的作用.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2014年1月间80例46,XY DSD儿童临床资料,对年龄＜5岁者用学龄前儿童活动量表(PSAI),年龄≥5岁者用儿童性角色量表(CSRI)来评定性别特征.对既往治疗分配性别和本次研究评定性别结果进行比较,同时设对照组用相同方法来评定性别特征.结果 DSD年龄＜5岁组患儿32例,既往治疗性别分配为男28例,女4例.本次研究显示性别特征男性化29例,女性化3例.既往分配性别和本次研究评定性别符合率为90.6％(P＞0.05).对照组40例,性别特征均为男性化,符合率为100％,两组间对比差异无统计学意义(P=0.083).DSD年龄≥5岁组患儿48例,既往治疗性别分配为男33例,女15例.本次研究显示性别特征男性化39例,女性化8例,两性化1例.既往性别分配和本次研究评定性别符合率为82.9％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).对照组患儿52例,性别特征均为男性化,符合率为100％.两组间对比差异有统计学意义(P=0.002).结论 应用PSAI和CSRI能分别对5岁前和5岁及以上DSD儿童的性别特征进行初步评定,为其性别分配提供一定的依据.     

Pediatric disorders of sex development

The management of disorders of sexual differentiation (DSD) involves a multidisciplinary approach. The main aim of analysis was to study the phenotype-karyotype correlation in North Indian children with DSD. The records of pediatric DSD were retrieved and characteristics noted. Of total of 58 children, 43 (74.1%) and 10 (17.2%) were raised as males and females respectively. The mean age at presentation was 31.3±9 months. The karyotype was 46XY in 45 (77.6%) and 46XX in 12 (20.7%). CAH was commonest cause of DSD (36.2%), followed by gonadal dysgenesis. Of the 15 patients of 46 XY CAH, there were 5 with 17-α hydroxylase deficiency, 2 with 3-β HSD deficiency and one case of lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. There was an excess of genetic males, possibly due to prevalent socio-cultural factors and gender bias favoring males. There is a need to improve the diagnostic facilities and incorporate a team approach in management of DSD.     

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抽动障碍(tic disorders,TD)尤其是Tourette综合征(Tourette syndrome,TS)患儿存在很多行为与情绪问题,共患精神障碍的发生率很高[1]。这些共患病和行为问题及抽动症状本身均严重干扰患儿的学习和生活,恶化其社会人际关系,因此有必要对其进行全面系统评估,为治疗提供依据,并有针对性的采用心理治疗,控制抽动症状、缓解心理压力,促进患儿全面康复。1TD心理评估1.1行为评定量表和访谈问卷     

Impact of laparoscopy for diagnosis and treatment in patients with disorders of sex development

ObjectiveTo review laparoscopy in patients with disorders of sex development (DSD) in order to clarify its usefulness in diagnosis, devising subsequent therapeutic strategies and managing patients with various conditions.Patients and methodsBetween April 1992 and December 2012, 29 laparoscopic surgeries were performed in 25 DSD patients. Among them, ten were diagnostic laparoscopy including gonadal biopsy, and 19 were therapeutic laparoscopy. Surgical procedures and complications were evaluated.ResultsFor diagnostic laparoscopy, laparoscopic gonadal biopsy was performed in three patients. Inspection, with or without open gonadal biopsy, was performed on four out of seven patients with 46XY DSD or mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD). Additional surgery was planned and performed based on diagnostic laparoscopic findings in six out of seven patients. In the three patients with ovotesticular DSD, the gonadal pathology was diagnosed as: testis/ovary in one, testis/ovotestis in one and ovary/ovotestis in one – this was from the laparoscopic inspection and/or gonadal biopsy. However, the final diagnoses were bilateral ovotestis in two patients and ovary/ovotestis in one patient.For therapeutic laparoscopy, surgical procedures were: gonadectomy in 17 patients (bilateral in 13, unilateral in three, partial in two); hysterectomy in two patients; orchiopexy in one; and sigmoid vaginoplasty in one patient (included multiple procedures). There were no severe perioperative complications. In the four patients with a history of diagnostic laparoscopy, no severe intra-abdominal adhesions that would disturb therapeutic laparoscopic surgery were observed.ConclusionWhile diagnostic laparoscopy was helpful in devising a therapeutic surgical strategy in most of the patients with DSD who were suspected as having complex gonadal status or Müllerian duct derivatives, attention must be paid to precisely diagnosing the gonadal status in ovotesticular DSD. On the other hand, therapeutic laparoscopic surgeries were valuable procedures in treating DSD patients, even with a history of previous diagnostic laparoscopy.     

分子诊断在性别发育异常诊断中的应用

目的 性发育异常是一组多基因介导的遗传性疾病,其遗传学病因异常复杂,但临床表型的多样化,导致临床实践中诊断比较困难.近年来,基因测序技术广泛应用于多种先天性疾病的诊断领域,本研究利用基因测序和基因芯片技术对临床诊断为性发育异常患儿进行基因检测,初步探讨性发育异常的分子病因,探索分子诊断技术用于性发育异常诊断的可能性.方法 22例患儿临床诊断为性发育异常,取全血2 ml并获取DNA.其中5例采用基因芯片技术检测已知的性发育异常相关基因,另17例采用全外显子测序技术检测可能的基因变化.检测结果再采用一代的Sanger测序进行验证.对于阳性发现患儿,取其父、母全血各2 ml,采用Sanger测序探究基因变化来源.结果 5例基因芯片检测患儿中,1例卵睾型性发育异常存在17号染色体中SOX9基因重复(Chr17:70,117,161-70,122,560).其余行全外显子测序17例患儿中5例发现阳性基因变化.这5例致病性基因变化分别为:1例肾上腺发育不良存在DAX1基因错义突变(c.871T＞G,p.W291G),1例肾上腺皮质增生为CYP21A2基因中2个致病性无义突变(c.292+ 1G＞A,c.293-13 A/C＞G),1例Charge综合征为CDH7基因移码突变(c.2916_2917delGT;p.Gln972HisfsX22),2例雄激素不敏感综合征患儿分别存在AR基因错义突变(c.2612C＞T;p.Ala871Val) AR基因错义突变(c.528C＞A;p.Ser176Arg).结论 二代测序技术及基因芯片发现可导致性发育异常的基因突变,可帮助明确病因,提高了诊断精准度.分子诊断技术在性发育异常诊断中的作用已初步显现.     

广泛性发育障碍

郑毅副教授首都医科大学北京安定医院 杨志伟博士深圳市康宁医院儿童中心     

腹腔镜手术治疗小儿腰疝的临床研究

目的探讨腹腔镜手术在治疗小儿腰疝治疗中的安全性、可行性及优越性。方法本组9例小儿腰疝患儿,男4例,女5例;年龄1岁6个月至10岁,平均年龄4岁;7例发生于腰下三角,2例发生于腰上三角。6例发生于左侧腰部,3例发生于右侧腰部。均采用腹腔镜微创手术,行腹腔镜下腰疝修补术。结果本组9例患儿均成功完成腹腔镜手术,手术顺利,无术中大出血、无术中及术后输血、无意外损伤及围手术期死亡病例发生。手术效果好,治愈出院。平均住院时间5 d。术后随访1~8年,无明显远、近期并发症发生。结论腹腔镜手术是治疗小儿腰疝的安全、可靠的方法,具有创伤小,恢复快,美容效果满意等优势,值得临床推广。     

Laparoscopy for Crohn's disease in children

Traditionally, the diagnosis of Crohn's disease is established by colonoileoscopy and radiology. With these techniques the main area of interest, the distal ileum, is not easily reached. Also, the outer aspect of the bowel is ignored and there is no appreciation of the involvement of other intra-abdominal organs. Laparoscopy provides additional information. This may establish a more precise diagnosis, better standardization in comparative studies, and more specific therapy. Accepted: 6 November 1997     

Requirements for a multicentric multidisciplinary registry on patients with disorders of sex development

Disorders of Sexual Development (DSDs) are a group of rare to very rare congenital anomalies of the genito-urinary tract of genetic and endocrine causes. Recently, an international database I-DSD was successfully implemented to register patients with DSD and to provide the basis for epidemiologic, genetic, and clinical research. This tool needs to be adjusted and supplemented with additional modules in order to better assess the anatomical basis of DSD as well as to monitor risk factors such as gonadal histology. A proposal for the additional information to be obtained is discussed.     

Update on the management of disorders of sex development

A number of factors have contributed to a sharp increase in the number of publications related to disorders of sex development (DSD) in the past 5 years, namely: the establishment of a consensus in 2006 about nomenclature, investigations and the need to treat these patients in a multidisciplinary setting; increase of the knowledge base about genetic mechanisms of normal and abnormal sex development; critical appraisal about the timing and nature of genital surgery in patients with DSD. Herein, the authors present a comprehensive review with up-to-date data about the approach to the newborn with ambiguous genitalia as well as the diagnosis and management of the most common DSD.     

A 'chronic disorder' health-care model for children with complex developmental disorders

OBJECTIVES: To conceptualize, develop and evaluate a 'chronic disorder' clinical model of health services for children with 'low-severity' developmental disorders assessed and treated within a public Child Development Unit. METHODOLOGY: Concepts of family empowerment, child resiliency and the management of clinical complexity were explicitly incorporated into the service model and the clinical strategies in order to address long-term goals of prevention and health promotion. To explore the efficacy of this model, a telephone audit survey was conducted of parents of 42 children seen sequentially through this modified service. RESULTS: Parent data indicate a high level of satisfaction with the integrated, individualized assessment processes and effective transmission of information through both written reports and dedicated discussion visits. A treatment methodology based on parent chosen treatment goals for short and long time-frames was experienced as achievable and successful. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that the service goals of an integrated team process, parent empowerment and effective clinical collaborations may be achievable from a health care setting. A change in emphasis from remedial treatment to adaptation, health promotion and tertiary prevention is integral to these strategies. The concepts, clinical model and evaluation are presented to stimulate discussion around the question of what child health services are attempting to achieve for children with complex developmental disorders.