白细胞介素3基因疗法和白细胞介素6基因疗法的联合造血调控作用

研究了成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－３基因疗法，ＩＬ－６基因疗法以两者联合后对造血系统的影响。结果发现，单用ＩＬ－基因疗法的小鼠白细胞总数，中性粒细胞，骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ，ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ等显著上升，但血小板上升程度经，单用ＩＬ－６基因疗法的小鼠血小板，中性粒细胞，骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ，ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ上晚为显著。     

白细胞介素11基因治疗促进造血的实验研究

白细胞介素１１是一种具有广泛生物学功能的造血生长因子，体内体外实验均显示ＩＬ－１１具有显著的造血促进作用。为了探讨ＩＬ－１１基因治疗应用于造血功能低下疾病的可能性，构建了含人ＩＬ－１１ｃＤＮＡ的逆转录病毒载体，并转染小鼠成纤维系ＮＩＨ－３Ｔ３，经是筛选获得３株表达ＩＬ－１１ 转染细胞亚克隆。     

应用IL-2和IL-3联合基因疗法对骨髓移植后造血及免疫功能重建的影响

以大剂量化疗后骨髓功能严重损伤再给予同基因骨髓移植的小鼠为实验模型，动态观察了联合应用成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法对同基因骨髓移植后实验小鼠骨髓造血免疫功能重建的影响。结果表明，ＩＬ－２基因疗法对造血重建无明显效果，ＩＬ－３基因疗法对免疫重建无明显作用，但联合应用ＩＬ－２基因疗法和ＩＬ－３基因疗法能显著加快骨髓ＣＦＵ－ＧＭ、ＣＦＵ－ＭＫ及ＣＦＵ－Ｅ恢复过程及提高骨髓细胞ＮＫ、ＬＡＫ活性和ＣｏｎＡ刺激的骨髓细胞增殖反应。提示联合应用成纤维细胞介导的ＩＬ－２和ＩＬ－３基因疗法能显著加快骨髓移植后造血及免疫重建过程，从而有可能提高骨髓移植成功率。     

Cytokines transduced bone marrow stromal cell lines promote immunohematopoietic reconstitution in mice after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Impaired immune reconstitution following allogeneic T-cell depleted bone marrow transplantation (allo-TCD-BMT) is a major obstacle to its clinical application. Stromal cell line QXMSC1, established from bone marrow cells of BALB/c(H-2d), was transfected with murine IL-3 and/ or IL-2 gene, and injected into lethally irradiated C57BL/6(H2b) mice. We evaluated its effects on immunologic and hematopoietic reconstitution after allo-TCD-BMT. The results showed that QXMSC1-IL-3 + IL-2 could significantly increase the numbers of hematopoietic primitive progenitors (CFU-S), committed progenitors (CFU-GM, and BFU-E), and lymphocytes (CD8+ cells, CD4+ cells, and B cells). Similarly, immune functions of recipient mice were significantly enhanced in the QXMSC1-IL-3 + IL-2 group. In addition, QXMSC1-IL-3 or QXMSC1-IL-2 also exerted apparent effects on accelerating immune reconstitution, but these effects were far less than that of QXMSC1-IL-3 + IL-2. Our results demonstrated that stromal cell-mediated IL-3 and IL-2 gene therapy may be a potent approach in promoting immunologic and hematopoietic reconstitution after allo-TCD-BMT.     

Selective expansion of genetically modified T cells using an antibody/interleukin-2 receptor chimera

Although adoptive transfer of tumor-specific T cells is a plausible approach for cancer immunotherapy, the therapeutic application was hampered due to severe side effects caused by administration of high-dose interleukin (IL)-2, which was used for long-lasting maintenance of tumor-specific T cells in vivo. To solve this problem, here we propose to use an antibody/IL-2 receptor chimera, which can transduce a growth signal in response to a cognate antigen. As a model system, V(H) or V(L) region of anti-hen egg lysozyme (HEL) antibody HyHEL-10 was tethered to extracellular D2 domain of erythropoietin receptor and transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains of IL-2 receptor beta or gamma chain. When the pairs of chimeric receptors (V(H)-IL-2Rbeta and V(L)-IL-2Rgamma, or V(H)-IL-2Rgamma and V(L)-IL-2Rbeta) were expressed in IL-3-dependent pro-B cell line Ba/F3 and IL-2-dependent T cell line CTLL-2, the cognate antigen HEL induced selective expansion of gene-modified cells in the absence of IL-3 and IL-2, respectively. Growth assay revealed that the combination of V(H)-IL-2Rbeta and V(L)-IL-2Rgamma transduced a more stringent HEL-dependent growth signal, indicating some conformational effects of the chimeras. Furthermore, STAT3, STAT5 and ERK1/2, which are hallmarks for IL-2R signaling, were all activated by the antibody/IL-2R chimeras. These results clearly demonstrate that the antibody/IL-2R chimeras could substantially mimic the wild-type IL-2R signaling, suggesting the potential application in expansion of gene-modified T cells.     

成纤维细胞介导的人白介素6基因疗法增强机体免疫功能的实验研究

通过研究成纤维细胞介导的人ＩＬ－６基因疗法对机体免疫功能的影响，结果发现，高分泌ＩＬ－６成纤维细胞克隆体内移植后，能显著提高淋巴细胞增殖反应、ＩＬ－２和ＩＦＮ－ｒ产生水平以及ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ细胞的杀伤活性，当与ＩＬ－２合用时，对ＮＫ和ＬＡＫ活性的增强作用更加明显，表明成纤维细胞能显著增强机体免疫功能，可望为肿瘤生物治疗、造血功能重建等开辟新的途径。     

人IL-6基因转染的小鼠黑色素瘤细胞B16-IL-6~ 致瘤性降低的实验研究

应用细胞因子基因转染的瘤苗治疗肿瘤是近年来肿瘤基因治疗的重要进展之一。本研究采用磷酸钙DNA共沉淀法将人IL-6基因转染入B16黑色素瘤细胞中,筛选出一株高分泌IL—6(240U/ml)克隆(B16—IL—6~ ),B16—IL-6~ 细胞体外生长能力减弱,小鼠皮下接种后肿瘤结节形成率降低,生长速度减慢,并对再次接种野生型B16细胞具有抵抗作用。小鼠静脉接种后形成的肺转移结节数显著减少,荷瘤小鼠存活期延长。结果表明IL-6基因转染的肿瘤细胞致瘤性显著下降。并能诱导机体产生抗肿瘤免疫功能。     

Letter to the EditorActivin A: A Possible Marker for Liver Transplant Outcome

Abstract

The influence of recombinant human IL-17 on granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) and erythroid (BFU-E and CFU-E) progenitors and the release of IL-1α/β, IL-6 and erythropoietin (EPO) was estimated in the bone marrow cells obtained from normal and sub-lethally irradiated mice. In normal mice IL-17 increased CFU-GM and BFU-E and reduced CFU-E derived colonies numbers and augmented release of IL-6 and EPO. In irradiated mice the effects of IL-17 on hematopoietic progenitors were lineage-dependent, as well as dependent on their stage of differentiation and the time after the irradiation. IL-17 had no major effects on CFU-GM on day 1 and 3, but decreased their number on day 2, while enhanced both BFU-E and CFU-E on day 1 and 2 after irradiation, whereas on day 3 its effect on erythroid progenitors was again as observed in normal mice. After irradiation, IL-17 increased the release of IL-1α, IL-6 and EPO. The observed effects suggested the involvement of IL-17 in the regulation of hematopoiesis and indicated that its effects on both hematopoietic progenitors and cytokine release are dependent on the physiological/ pathological status of the organism.     

Interleukin 22 protects colorectal cancer cells from chemotherapy by activating the STAT3 pathway and inducing autocrine expression of interleukin 8

Resistance to chemotherapy is the major cause of colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment failure. The cytokine IL-22, which is produced by T cells and NK cells, is associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression in cancers. However, the role of IL-22 in chemoresistance has not been investigated. We found that IL-22 levels in tumor tissues and peripheral blood were associated with chemoresistance and indicate poor prognosis for patients who received FOLFOX chemotherapy. In CRC cells, IL-22 was able to attenuate the cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing effects of 5-FU and OXA by activating the STAT3 pathway and subsequently increasing the expression of anti-apoptotic genes. In addition, IL-22 conferred resistance to 5-FU and OXA by inducing IL-8 autocrine expression through STAT3 activation. Our findings identify IL-22 as a novel chemoresistance cytokine and may be a useful prognostic biomarker for CRC patients receiving FOLFOX chemotherapy.     

IL-3基因转染的肿瘤细胞体内对巨噬细胞数目和功能的影响

曾发现转染IL—3基因的黑色素瘤细胞(B16—IL—3)体内致瘤性下降,肿瘤组织有包括巨噬细胞在内的大量炎症细胞浸润。进而研究了C57BL/6小鼠在皮下接种B16—IL—3细胞后,腹腔巨噬细胞数目和功能的变化。在接种B16-IL-3细胞后第4天,腹腔巨噬细胞的数目就升高1倍,接种后第10～15天升高5～6倍。而且体外无需LPS的刺激,腹腔巨噬细胞就能分泌一定水平的细胞因子IL—1、IL—6和TNF,具有较强的杀伤活性,体外经LPS刺激后,其分泌水平和杀伤活性继续升高,明显高于对照组。此外。腹腔巨噬细胞MHC二类抗原Ia的表达也明显增强。提示B16—IL—3细胞分泌的IL—3有效地激活了体内的巨噬细胞,这可能是B16—IL—3细胞体内致瘤性下降的原因之一。     

小鼠IL－3 cDNA转化细胞移植体内表达的初步研究

随着基因治疗技术的发展和多个细胞因子基因的克隆，人们提出了供细胞因子的基因治疗的设想，以期为肿瘤、老年性痴呆、严重的造血功能障碍等这样一类难治疾病的治疗另辟蹊径。为改善放射损伤小鼠受抑制的造血功能，我们采用基因治疗的方法，将小鼠ＩＬ－３基因ｃＤＮＡ与逆转录病毒载体重组，转染包装细胞ＰＡ３１７，用其分泌的含ＩＬ－３ｃＤＮＡ的复制缺陷逆转录病毒感染、转化ＮＩＨ３Ｔ３细胞，从中筛选可在体外分泌ＩＬ－３的克隆，将可分泌ＩＬ－３的细胞种植到放射损伤小鼠体内后发现：受体小鼠血清中检出了ＩＬ－３的活性；其外周血白细胞计数升至５５万／ｍｍ３，以成熟中性粒细胞为主；肝、脾脏内有大量各个分化阶段的中性粒细胞。这些结果表明：可以利用基因治疗技术，在体内表达ＩＬ－３，改善机体的造血功能。     

Interleukin-12-secreting fibroblasts are more efficient than free recombinant interleukin-12 in inducing the persistent resistance to Mycobacterium avium complex infection

To determine whether the paracrine secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) can efficiently stimulate the resistance to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection, 3T3 fibroblasts were stably transfected to secrete IL-12 (480 U/106 cells/48 hr) and their effect on MAC infection was investigated in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice, compared with that of free recombinant IL-12 (rIL-12). Injection with IL-12-secreting fibroblasts (3T3-IL-12) during intranasal infection with MAC resulted in a significant decrease in the bacterial load of the lung during the entire 10-week observation period, while rIL-12 reduced the bacterial load initially, at 2 weeks, but not by 10 weeks postinfection. Lung CD4+ T cells in mice injected with the 3T3-IL-12 cells showed a persistent T helper type 1 (Th1) response throughout the 10-week period. Furthermore, immunization with the 3T3-IL-12 cells induced and maintained significantly higher levels of cytotoxic activity and nitric oxide production by lung cells than did rIL-12 immunization. This work suggests that IL-12-secreting fibroblasts may serve as a vehicle for paracrine secretion of IL-12 for immunotherapy of MAC infection.     

"Bystander polarization" of CD4+ T cells: activation with high-dose IL-2 renders naive T cells responsive to IL-12 and/or IL-18 in the absence of TCR ligation

Responsiveness of CD4+ T cells to the IFN-gamma-inducing cytokines IL-12 and IL-18 is generally thought to be acquired only after stimulation via the TCR. We report herein that stimulation of naive CD4+ T cells with high-dose IL-2 (1000 U/ml) renders these cells responsive to IL-12 and/or IL-18 without a requirement for TCR ligation. Naive CD4+CD62L+ Tcells from normal C57BL/6 mice or from DO11.10/Rag2(-/- )OVA-specific TCR-transgenic mice secreted substantial amounts of IFN-gamma when stimulated concurrently with high-dose IL-2 plus IL-12 or IL-18. mRNA encoding both chains of the IL-12 and the IL-18 receptors was expressed by CD4+ T cells after stimulation with high-dose IL-2. Furthermore, anti-CD3-induced IL-12/IL-18 responsiveness was fully abrogated in the presence of cyclosporin A whereas IL-2-induced IL-12/IL-18 responsiveness was not, reminiscent of the previously reported IL-12+IL-18 innate pathway of T cell activation. Lastly, after stimulation with IL-2+IL-12, naive CD4+ T cells from DO11.10/Rag2(-/- )mice exhibited polarization towards a Th1 phenotype (high IFN-gamma but no IL-4) during secondary stimulation with immobilized anti-CD3. We have coined the term "bystander polarization" to describe this phenomenon and we speculate that bystander polarization of naive CD4+ T cells may occur in vivo during strong antigen-specific immune responses.     

Developmental shift in the patterns of interleukin production in early post-natal life

In mice, immunological tolerance to self is established in the perinatal period, when tolerance susceptibility to allogenic tissues is higher than in adults. We have now investigated whether this could result from developmental regulation of effector functions of T cells exposed to specific antigens, by studying the “natural” or T cell receptor-induced expression of several interleukin genes. We used qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction methods to study interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-10 and interferon-γ mRNA expression by splenic cells at different ages. The results show that newborn peripheral cells (up to day 7), in contrast to the T lymphocytes of adult mice, express high levels of IL-4 and interferon-γ, and very low levels of IL-2 messenger spontaneously and upon specific T cell activation. This characteristic phenotype depends on intrinsic T cell properties, as it is not due to the newborn environment.     

新型细胞因子IL-24真核表达载体的构建、表达及其对肿瘤的抑制作用

目的：构建IL-24真核表达质粒，并研究其体内外表达对肿瘤细胞的生长抑制作用。方法：采用重组DNA技术构建IL-24真核表达质粒pEGFP-C1-IL-24。用脂质体法将重组质粒及空载体外转染HIC细胞，再经激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（LSCM）观察其表达，用MTT法检测HIC细胞的体外增殖能力，用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期与凋亡。小鼠皮下接种转染IL-24真核表达质粒或空载的B16细胞观察其体内致瘤性的变化。小鼠实体瘤模型研究基因转染对肿瘤的生长抑制作用。结果：pEGF-C1-IL-24转染HIC细胞后，LSCM可观察到其表达。IL-24基因转染的HIC细胞体外增殖能力明显受到抑制．G2-M期细胞比例增高，细胞被阻滞在G2-M期。转染IL-24的B16细胞体外致瘤率降低。与对照组相比．IL-24基因治疗组肿瘤生长明显受到抑制（P〈0.05）。结论：IL-24基因转染的肿瘤细胞体外生长受抑。瘤内注射pEGFP-C1-IL-24可抑制肿瘤生长，具有明显的抗肿瘤作用。     

An interleukin-21-interleukin-10-STAT3 pathway is critical for functional maturation of memory CD8+ T cells

Memory CD8(+) T cells are critical for long-term immunity, but the genetic pathways governing their formation remain poorly defined. This study shows that the IL-10-IL-21-STAT3 pathway is critical for memory CD8(+) T cell development after acute LCMV infection. In the absence of either interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-21 or STAT3, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells retain terminal effector (TE) differentiation states and fail to mature into protective memory T cells that contain self-renewing central memory T cells. Expression of Eomes, BCL-6, Blimp-1, and SOCS3 was considerably reduced in STAT3-deficient memory CD8(+) T cells, and BCL-6- or SOCS3-deficient CD8(+) T cells also had perturbed memory cell development. Reduced SOCS3 expression rendered STAT3-deficient CD8(+) T cells hyperresponsive to IL-12, suggesting that the STAT3-SOCS3 pathway helps to insulate memory precursor cells from inflammatory cytokines that drive TE differentiation. Thus, memory CD8(+) T cell precursor maturation is an active process dependent on IL-10-IL-21-STAT3 signaling.     

Increased expression of IL-21 reduces tumor growth by modulating the status of tumor-infiltrated lymphocytes

The role of interleukin (IL)-21 in influencing tumor growth or enhancing anti-tumor immunity is somewhat controversial. To further understand the potential regulatory effects of IL-21, we utilized an IL-21-secreting EG7 tumor model to demonstrate the direct effects of IL-21 on host tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) profiles. Vector control EG7 cells (EG7-Vec) produced very low amounts of IL-21 and were highly tumorigenic. In contrast, IL-21-expressing EG7 cells, EG7-IL-21L and EG7-IL-21H, secreted relatively and extremely high levels of IL-21, respectively. Most importantly, both IL-21-expressing EG7 cells’ control of tumor growth was not due to increased proliferative ability of tumor cells, but resulted from the induction of cytotoxic cellular responses in immunocompetent mice. To identify the effects of cancer immunoediting, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte profiles were analyzed. NK cell populations appeared to be increased in EG7-IL-21H tumor sites at days 6-8 (progression stage), though this phenomenon did not persist at days 10-12 (regression stage). However, at both days 6-8 and 10-12, a higher frequency of CD8⁺ T cells was observed at the tumor site in EG7-IL-21H-inoculated mice than in EG7-Vec-inoculated mice. These findings suggest that NK cell-mediated tumor rejection may efficiently drive the development of tumor-specific cytotoxic T cell responses with the help of elevated IL-21 expression. These results also suggest the therapeutic potential of IL-21.     

Megakaryocytopoiesis in vitro: from the stem cells' perspective

Megakaryocytopoiesis is a complex network regulated by different megakaryocyte (MK)-stimulating factors (i.e., thrombopoietin [TPO], stem cell factor [SCF], interleukin 3 [IL-3], IL-6, IL-11 and GM-CSF). Although all of these factors can affect human and murine megakaryocytopoiesis at different levels of MK development, the effect on very primitive hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) is not well understood. We have further characterized the in vitro biological activity of recombinant murine TPO, SCF and IL-3 on the maturation and proliferation of MK progenitors from different murine primitive hematopoietic cells in a fibrin clot system under serum-free conditions. Neither TPO nor SCF alone induced MK colony formation (CFU-MK) from Lin- Sca+ cells. However, isolated large and mature MKs were observed in the presence of TPO. In contrast, IL-3 exerted a potent effect on CFU-MK formation from Lin- Sca+ cells. On this population of HSC, a significant increase of large MK colonies with mature MK were obtained under those conditions in which TPO was combined with IL-3 or SCF plus IL-3. Similar results were obtained with murine bone marrow cells enriched by primitive progenitors from day 3 post-5-fluorouracil treated mice (5-FUBMC). In contrast, TPO-sensitive precursors were detected in fetal liver cells (FLC). These cells differentiate and proliferate to MK progenitors in the presence of TPO. A significant increase in the number of CFU-MK was induced when TPO was combined with either IL-3 or SCF. On these populations of primitive hematopoietic progenitors, IL-3 induced both the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors. Because erythropoietin and TPO share similarities between their molecules and their receptors, we studied whether these growth factors may modulate megakaryocytopoiesis from FLC. Flow cytometry analysis of FLC expressing erythroid markers demonstrated that these cells expressed c-Mpl receptor. In our in vitro studies, although EPO by itself did not induce MK colonies from FLC, it enhanced the proliferative activity of TPO. High ploidy and proplatelet-shedding MK were observed in Lin- Sca+ cells, 5-FUBMC and FLC stimulated with TPO alone or in combination with other MK-stimulating factors. Based on these observations, we propose that TPO, IL-3 and SCF constitute early MK-acting factors with differential proliferative and differentiative activities on murine stem cells. TPO by itself does not appear to be involved in the proliferation of MK progenitors from bone marrow HSC. TPO appears to induce in these cells the commitment toward MK differentiation. However, this growth factor may enhance the proliferative activity of IL-3. IL-3 is an early MK-stimulating factor able to induce in vitro the proliferation and differentiation of MK progenitors from HSC.     

人IL-4基因修饰增强瘤细胞特异性CTL杀伤活性机制初探

目的 探讨IL－4基因修饰瘤苗增强细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL）杀伤活性的机制。方法 通过逆转录病毒载体pL-IL-4-SN将人IL－4基因导入肝癌细胞系HepG2细胞,以IL－4基因修饰瘤苗和野生型瘤细胞作刺激细胞诱导CTL反应,通过流式细胞仪检查肿瘤细胞表面分子表达。结果 IL－4基因修饰诱导瘤细胞表达MHCⅡ类抗原、B7－1及ICAM－1等细胞表面分子,对MHCⅠ类抗原表达无影响,其瘤苗诱导的CTL杀伤活性为罢生型瘤细胞的7倍（P＜0.01）,加入抗IL－4单克隆抗体（McAb）可完全阻断IL－4诱导的细胞表面分子表达,IL－4基因修饰瘤苗诱导CTL反应时培养上清可测及大量IL－2产生,抗IL－4或抗细胞表面分子的McAb可降低IL－2产生及抑制CTL反应。结论 IL－4基因修饰可能是通过诱导MHCⅡ类抗原等表达分子表达,促进IL－2产生而增强CTL杀伤活性。     

转染IL-21的CD34~+脐血造血干细胞抗裸鼠卵巢癌作用研究

目的 探讨IL-21转染的脐血造血干细胞(CD34~+UBSC·IL-21)对荷卵巢癌裸鼠的治疗作用.方法 从脐血分离CD34~+造血干细胞,体外培养扩增后用于重组体pIRES2-IL-21-EGFP转染.以肿瘤大小、荷瘤鼠生存期判断CD34~+UBSC-IL-21对荷瘤裸鼠的治疗效应.以RT-PCR、免疫荧光、ELISA、Western blot、脾细胞增殖试验及免疫组化法分别鉴定CD34~+UBSC和肿瘤组织中IL-21的表达及活性.裸鼠脾细胞中NK细胞含量及脾细胞的杀伤效应、血清中IFN-γ和TNF-α水平分别用FCM与ELISA检测.结果 pIRES2-IL-21-EGFP成功转染CD34~+UBSC.CD34~+UBSC-IL-21能抑制肿瘤生长,延长荷瘤裸鼠生存期,治疗鼠肿瘤局部能表达IL-21、血清IFN-γ和TNF-α水平升高,NK细胞含量及NK细胞杀伤活性明显增强,与其他组相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 转染IL-21的CD34~+UBSC有良好的抗裸鼠卵巢癌作用,该结果为临床使用UBSC为载体的基因治疗卵巢癌研究奠定了基础.