联合测定孕妇尿微量蛋白及NAG与妊高征关系的前瞻性研究

目的应用联合方法测定孕妇不同孕周尿微量蛋白及NAG，探讨妊高征患者早期肾脏损害的诊断方法。方法采用免疫透射比浊法测定孕妇不同孕周尿中尿微量清蛋白（MA）、免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、a1-微量球蛋白（a1-MG）、速率法检测N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄苷酶（NAG）、Jaffe速率法测定尿肌酐。结果在12W时，子痫前期重度患者尿MA，IgG，a1-MG，NAG较正常妊娠组明显增高（P〈0.05），在18W或以后，妊高征各组患者尿MA，IgG，a1-MG，NAG较正常妊娠组显著增高，并随着病情延长或病情的严重程度有逐渐增高的趋势。单项及二项检测阳性率较低，联合三项检测阳性率较高，联合四项检测阳性率可达88．9％。结论检测孕妇尿MA，IgG，a1-MGN，NAG是诊断孕妇妊高征早期肾损害的敏感指标，联合测定有较高的检出率，在孕妇怀孕18W时开始检测，对孕妇妊高征肾病的早期诊断、肾功能损害及部位的判断具有一定的价值，该联合检测方法在早期预示孕妇发生妊高征的潜在性具有一定诊断价值。     

尿微量清蛋白尿酶对糖尿病和高血压早期肾损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨尿中微量清蛋白（mAlb）、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖甘酶（NAG）、β-半乳糖苷酶（GAL）联合检测对诊断糖尿病合并高血压患者肾脏早期损害的应用价值。方法对80例24h尿总蛋白低于0．1g的糖尿病合并高血压患者的24h尿mAlb、NAG、GAL测定结果进行分析。结果糖尿病合并高血压病患者尿mAlb、NAG、GAL比对照组增高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。检测1项指标升高的阳性率是45．0％,2项指标升高的阳性率是32．5％,3项升高的阳性率是13．75％,联合检测的阳性率是73．77％。结论尿中mAlb、NAG、GAL可作为临床上糖尿病事并高血压早期肾受损的指标,3个项目的联合检测将会对诊断肾脏早期损害提供更好的依据。     

尿mALB和尿NAG酶的联合检测在肾结石中的临床价值

目的 探讨尿mALB和尿NAG酶水平对肾结石引起的肾功能损害的早期诊断价值.方法 检测60例临床诊断为肾结石患者的尿微量白蛋白（mALB）和尿N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）等指标,并与30例正常对照组比较.结果 30例正常对照组尿mALB为11.19±4.83mg/L,尿NAG酶为5.14±2.55U/L.60例肾结石组,各指标以超过正常上限（x±2s）为阳性,尿mALB单独有19例阳性,尿NAG酶单独有13例阳性,二指标均阳性有17例,与对照组比较结果均存在显著差异（P〈0.01）.结论 尿mALB和尿NAG酶活性的联合检测,对肾结石引起的肾功能损伤起到早期诊断的临床价值.     

尿NAG和LAP对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断价值

目的检测糖尿病无肾损害组和糖尿病合并肾损害组患者尿N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）的活性，探讨尿NAG、LAP对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断价值。方法58例糖尿病患者随机分为两组：37例糖尿病无肾损害组和21例糖尿病有肾损害组，采用速率法检测糖尿病患者尿NAG、LAP的活性。结果糖尿病无肾损害组和肾损害组尿NAG、LAP的活性高于对照组（P〈0．05）；糖尿病肾损害组高于糖尿病无肾损害组（P〈0．05）。结论检测尿NAG、LAP的活性对糖尿病早期肾损害的诊断具有价值。     

多指标联合检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中应用价值分析

目的：探讨转铁蛋白（TRF）、血半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂C（CysC）和尿N-乙烯-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）联合检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的临床价值。方法随机选择糖尿病蛋白尿患者60例纳入蛋白尿组，糖尿病无蛋白尿患者60例纳入无蛋白尿组，体检健康者60例纳入对照组，受试者均采集清晨空腹静脉血标本和尿标本，检测尿TRF、血CysC和尿NAG水平。结果蛋白尿组 TRF、CysC和NAG水平均明显低于无蛋白尿组和对照组，无蛋白尿组3项指标的水平均明显低于对照组（P＜0．05）。3项指标联合检测对糖尿病蛋白尿的诊断灵敏度和特异度最高。结论尿TRF、血CysC和尿NAG均可作为糖尿病肾病的早期诊断指标，3项指标联合检测可提高对糖尿病肾病的诊断灵敏度和特异度。     

五项肾功能生化检测指标对糖尿病肾功能损伤的诊断价值

目的探讨尿微量白蛋白(MA)、胱抑素C(Cys C)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、视黄醛结合蛋白(RBP)、尿N-乙酰-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)5项肾功能生化检测指标诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤的临床价值。方法选择健康者50例(NC组)和糖尿病患者200例[其中正常白蛋白尿组(NA组)72例,微量白蛋白尿组(MA组)70例,临床白蛋白尿组(CP组)58例]为研究对象,采集血样和尿液并测定、分析MA Cys Cβ2-MG RBP NAG指标。比较糖尿病患者与健康对照者间肾功能生化检测指标水平,采用ROC曲线分析5项生化指标诊断糖尿病早期肾损伤的临床价值。结果MA Cys Cβ2-MG RBP NAG等指标在NC组、NA组、MA组、CP组间呈逐步升高的趋势(P0.05);上述指标阳性率在对照组组、正常白蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组、临床白蛋白尿组间逐步升高(P0.05);各项肾功能指标间具有正相关关系(P0.05)。诊断糖尿病肾病特异度和灵敏度最高的是Cys-C,灵敏度为80.0%,特异度为84.0%,其次为NAG、β2-MG。结论 MA Cys Cβ2-MG RBP NAG 5项肾功能生化检测指标对糖尿病患者的早期肾功能损伤具有一定的指示作用,有助于发现糖尿病患者的早期肾功能损害。     

急性有机磷农药中毒患者尿微量白蛋白和尿N-乙酰β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶的检测

目的探讨急性有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）患者尿微量白蛋白（MA）和尿N-乙酰β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）检测的意义。方法用速率散射比浊法测定尿MA，用对硝基酚比色法测定尿NAG。结果45例AOPP患者中毒后尿MA和尿NAG开始增高，随着病情的进展尿蛋白阳性12例。33例尿蛋白阴性AOPP患者尿MA在中毒后第1、3、5天均高于正常对照（P〈0．05），尿NAG在中毒后第3、5、7天均高于正常对照（P〈0．01），且中毒愈重，尿MA和尿NAG增高愈明显。结论尿MA和尿NAG检测对AOPP患者早期肾损害的诊断具有重要意义。     

Cys-C、尿Ⅳ-C、尿NAG在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用

目的：探讨血胱抑素 C（Cys-C）、尿Ⅳ型胶原（Ⅳ-C）、尿 N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）检测在糖尿病肾病早期诊断中的应用。方法利用生化分析仪和酶联免疫分析仪,分别测定49例早期糖尿病患者和28例健康人的 Cys-C、尿Ⅳ-C、尿NAG 和 mALB 数值,用 SPSS19.0进行统计分析。结果 Cys-c、尿Ⅳ-C 和尿 NAG 的数值,Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比,Ⅱ组与健康组相比均有显著性增高（P ＜0.01）,Ⅰ组与正常组比较增高均有统计学意义（P ＜0.05）,Ⅱ组 Cys-C、尿Ⅳ-C 和尿 NAG 与 mALB 相关性分别为0.830、0.849、0.834。结论 Cys-c、尿Ⅳ-C、尿 NAG 可以分别测定肾脏不同部位的损伤,在早期诊断糖尿病肾病方面灵敏度高,且与 mALB 有同等诊断价值,有助于发现早期糖尿病肾病损害。     

高血压病患者肾脏早期损害指标的探讨

目的探讨高血压病患者早期肾脏损害的诊断方法.方法采用速率散射比浊法检测尿微量白蛋白(mALB)、β2-微球蛋白(β2-MG)、全定量酶免疫法测定尿视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)、速率法检测N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、Jaffe速率法测定尿肌酐.结果高血压病患者尿RBP、mALB、β2-MG、NAG均较对照组显著增高(P<0.01),并随病期的延长有逐渐增高的趋势.单项及二项检测RBP、mALB、β2-MG、NAG阳性率较低,联合其中三项检测阳性率较高,联合四项检测阳性率可达85.1%,RBP与β2-MG、NAG呈显著正相关(P<0.05).mALB与RBP、β2-MG、NAG无相关性(P>0.05).结论检测尿RBP、mALB、β2-MG、NAG是诊断高血压病早期肾损害的敏感指标,联合三至四项指标有较高的检出率,对于高血压肾病的早期诊断,肾功能损害程度及部位的判断具有一定的价值.     

尿GAL、NAG、AAP及LAP联合检测在肾脏功能损伤中的应用

目的探讨尿β-半乳糖苷酶（GAL）、N-乙酰β—D氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）、丙氨酸氨基肽酶（AAP）和亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）活性联合检测对肾功损伤诊断的应用价值。方法采用速率法测定GAL、NAG、AAP及LAP活性,同时进行肌酐（Cr）测定,计算酶活力与Cr比值．以U／gCr表示。结果各组肾功损伤患者的GAL、NAG、AAP及LAP活性明显高于正常对照组。不同的肾功损伤GAL,NAG、AAP及IJAP活性有不同程度的升高,在肾功损伤早期,GAL、NAG、AAP及IAP的敏感性为93.8％、96．9％、92．5％、92．9％,特异性为96．7％、90．2％、90.8％、91．2％,准确性为96．1％、91．6％、91．1％、90．5％。结论尿GAL、NAG、AAP及LAP酶活性联合测定对。肾脏功能损伤诊断有重要意义。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.