高血糖对动脉瘤出血后症状性脑血管痉挛的影响

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后血糖水平与症状性脑血管痉挛的发生及预后的关系。方法回顾性分析175例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床特征和血糖水平。用Cox回归来分析入院时血糖的平均值、住院期间血糖的平均值、胰岛素用量、糖尿病病史、Hunt-Hess分级、Fisher分级。结果在175例患者中,53例(30.4%)发生症状性血管痉挛。入院时血糖为(9.7±2.2)mmol/L和住院期间血糖值(9.2±1.4)mmol/L相比,显著升高。多因素分析显示,住院期间血糖值[RR=1.02,95%可信区间(CI)1.02~1.04],Hunt-Hess≥3级[RR=2.22,95%可信区间(CI)1.20~3.98],FisherⅢ级[RR=1.26,95%可信区间(CI)1.14~3.0]是影响症状性血管痉挛发生的危险因素。结论高血糖是症状性脑血管痉挛发生的相关因素,控制高血糖可减少症状性脑血管痉挛的发生,改善临床预后。     

High glucose variability increases cerebral infarction in patients with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

Purpose

High glucose variability is a significant marker for poor outcome in critically ill patients. We evaluated the impact of high glucose variability on cerebral infarction following spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).

Materials and Methods

Consecutive adult patients with spontaneous SAH and Hunt Hess score of at least 3 were retrospectively identified. Patients were excluded if their intensive care unit length of stay was less than 24 hours or if there were less than 5 glucose assessments. Glucose values from the first 7 days of intensive care unit admission were assessed. Variability was calculated as the average change in glucose over time for each patient. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to determine high vs low glucose variability, and the incidence of cerebral infarction was compared. Multivariate analysis was used to control for confounding variables.

Results

There were 42 patients. Classification and regression tree analysis revealed a change in glucose greater than 9.52 mg/dL/h as the determinant for high variability. The incidence of cerebral infarction was 64% when glucose variability was high vs 20% when it was low (P = .006). Multivariate analysis identified high glucose variability (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 11.4 [1.9-70.2], P = .008) and female sex (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 5.2 [1-26.8], P = .047) as independent predictors for cerebral infarction.

Conclusion

Glucose variability is a significant predictor of cerebral infarction in patients with severe spontaneous SAH.     

蛛网膜下腔出血患者不同时期脑脊液中一氧化氮浓度的变化

目的：研究动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者不同时期脑脊液中一氧化氮（NO）浓度的动态变化及其与脑血管痉挛的关系。方法：采集52例破裂动脉瘤患者脑脊液标本，采集时间为入院后即刻，出血后第3，5，7，10，14天，采用镉粒还原法检测脑脊液中NO浓度，结果：出血后第3天脑脊液中NO浓度即有明显降低，在出血后第7天达到最低，而后逐渐升高，症状性脑血管痉挛患者NO浓度明显低于未痉挛者及无症状的血管痉挛患者，结论：症状性脑血管痉挛的发生与脑脊液中NO浓度降低有关。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的CT表现

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的CT表现。方法分析18例蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死的临床特点与CT表现。结果蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死发生在蛛网膜下腔出血后7-13d(平均10.5d),其梗死范围大、部位多,CT以双侧对称性分布的多发病灶为特点。结论CT对蛛网膜下腔出血后脑梗死有很大的诊断价值。     

Intensive care of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: an international survey

Background  Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) are routinely admitted to the intensive care unit for the management of neurological and systemic complications. Objective  To determine the clinical practices of intensive care physicians treating SAH, and to evaluate the relationship between these practices and published evidence. Design  Survey. Participants  Physicians identified through the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM), the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM), and the Neurocritical Care Society (NCS). Interventions  The research team classified published clinical research on key interventions in SAH diagnosis and therapy, and then generated a 45-item online questionnaire which was distributed to SCCM, NCS, and ESICM members. Results  There were 626 completed surveys, 51% from the USA or Canada, 35% from Europe, and 14% from other regions. Respondents included anesthesiologists (38%), internists (29%), neurologists (14%), and neurosurgeons (8%). Agreement with selected evidence-based recommendations was variable (39–92%) and did not depend on the quality of the supporting data. Significant practice differences were noted between respondents from North America and Europe, and between those working in high and low-volume centers (respectively >40 and ≤40 SAH cases per year). Conclusions  This study demonstrates that the practices of intensive care physicians treating SAH are heterogeneous and often at variance with available evidence. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material which is available to authorized users. The study was support by a grant from the Neurosciences Critical Care Division, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; it was endorsed by the Society for Critical Care Medicine, the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine, and the Neurocritical Care Society.     

脑动静脉循环时间与蛛网膜下腔出血患者病情和预后的关系

目的 探讨急性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者脑动静脉循环时间(CCT)与病情和预后的关系.方法 60例发病3 d内的SAH患者行脑数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查并测定其CCT,以病情的轻重、转归和存活患者的生存质量分组,观察CCT与它们的关系.结果 38例GCS 13～15分患者CCT为(13.45 ±1.89)s,22例GCS 3～12分患者CCT为(16.79 ±2.07)s,,2组差异有统计学意义(t=3.76,P=0.001).29例Hunt-Hess分级1～2级患者CCT为(13.06 ±1.83)s,31例Hunt-Hess分级3～5级患者CCT为(15.89±2.06)s,2组差异有统计学意义(t=3.39,P=0.003).17例迟发性缺血损害组患者CCT为(16.84±1.91)s,43例非迟发性缺血损害组患者CCT为(12.94±1.67)s,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.23,P=0.025).46例GOS评分4～5分患者CCT为(13.07±1.89)s,14例GOS评分1～3分患者CCT为(17.11±1.71)s,2组比较差异有统计学意义(t=3.27,P=0.008).结论 SAH患者早期CCT可以反映病情的严重程度,与预后有关.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between the cerebral circulation time and disease condition and prognosis in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods DSA were performed to determine the cerebral circulation time (CCT) in 60 patients who had subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) within 3 days. The patients were divided into different groups according to the severity of the disease condition,patients with CSC score as 13-15 were assigned as group Ⅰ ,whose CCT was (13.45 ± 1. 89) s. Twenty two patients with GSC score as 3-12 were assigned as group Ⅱ ,whose CCT was (16.79 ± 2. 07) s. There were significant difference between the CCT of the two groups (t =3. 76,P = 0. 001). (2)Twenty-nine patients with Hunt-Hess grade as 1-2 were assigned as group 1,whose CCT was (13.06 ± 1. 83) s. Thirty one patients with Hunt-Hess grade as 3-5 were assigned as group 2, whose CCT was (15. 89 ± 2.06) s. There were significant difference between the CCT of the two groups (t = 3. 39, P =0. 003). (3) Seventeen patients with delayed ischemic damage were assigned as group A, whose CCT was (16. 84 ±1.91) s. Forty three patients without delayed ischemic damage were assigned as group B, whose CCT was (12.94 ± 1. 67) s. There were significant difference between the CCT of the two groups (t = 2. 23, P =0.025). (4)Forty-six patients with GOS score as 4-5 were assigned as group a,whose CCT was (13.07 ±1. 89)s. Fourteen patients with GSC score as 1-3 were assigned as group b,whose CCT was (17.11 ± 1. 71)s. There were significant difference between the CCT of the two groups (t = 3. 27, P = 0.008). Conclusion CCT may reflect the severity of the SAH in early onset patients and has prognostic value.     

血管性假血友病因子与ADAMTS13在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者中的动态变化及意义

目的 了解血管性假血友病因子(vWF)与ADAMTS13在动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者(aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage,aSAH)中的动态变化及意义.方法 采用回顾性分析方法,将苏州大学附属第一医院神经外科2010年4月至2011年4月收治的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者29例,分成迟发性脑缺血组(DCI组)和非迟发性脑缺血组(无DCI组)、脑血管痉挛组(CVS组)和无痉挛组(无CVS组)、预后良好组和预后不良组,并引入正常健康体检者20例作为对照组.所有入选患者均行CT、DSA和(或)CTA确诊为颅内动脉瘤破裂致蛛网膜下腔出血.排除标准:(1)入院时发病已超过72 h或即将死亡患者;(2)在外院已接受手术、介入或内科保守治疗患者;(3)正在使用抗血小板药物如阿司匹林、氯吡格雷,或其他抗凝药物如华法林等;(4)有血液系统疾病、肝肾功能不全、近期有感染性疾病、孕期患者.分别在SAH后第1天、第4天、第10天收集静脉血,使用ELISA方法检测vWF抗原和ADAMTS13活性,观察其动态变化,TCD检测大脑中动脉的血流速度(VMCA),出院时行GOS预后评分.使用SPSS 13.0统计软件进行统计学处理,计量资料以均数±标准差((x)±s)表示,并行t检验,多组比较采用方差分析.以P ＜0.05为差异有统计学意义.结果 血浆vWF水平在DCI组、CVS组及预后不良组第1天、第4天、第10天3个时间点均高于健康对照组,DCI组与无DCI组相比在第1天、第4天时间点组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05),在第4天、第10天,CVS组与无CVS组,预后良好组与预后不良组组间比较差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).DCI组与预后不良组在T1时间点血浆ADAMTS13活性显著下降;而在是否发生CVS患者之间血浆ADAMTS13活性差异无统计学意义.结论 早期血浆vWF水平升高、ADAMTS13活性下降与DCI发生有关,并日早期ADAMTS13活件下降与预后相关.     

Impact of pattern of admission on outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Objective

Patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) require management in centers with neurosurgical expertise necessitating emergent interhospital transfer (IHT). Our objective was to compare outcomes in aSAH IHTs to our institution with aSAH admissions from our institutional emergency department (ED).

Methods

Data for consecutive patients with aSAH admitted to Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1991 and 2009 were analyzed from a prospectively obtained database. We compared in-hospital mortality and functional outcomes at first clinical appointment post-aSAH (30-120 days) using dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (good outcome: Glasgow Outcome Scale 4-5) in ED admissions with IHTs.

Results

A total of 1134 consecutive patients with aSAH were included in analysis (ED 40.1%, IHT 59.9%). Direct ED admissions had a higher incidence of poor Hunt and Hess grade (4/5) and major medical comorbidities, with no significant differences between the 2 groups in age, intraventricular hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. In-hospital mortality for ED admissions (14.9%) was significantly lower than that for IHTs (20.5%), with 1.8 times greater adjusted odds of survival after multivariate analysis (P = .001). Emergency department admissions had nearly 2-fold greater odds of good outcomes (odds ratio, 1.89; P < .001) after multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Our institutional ED SAH admissions had significantly better outcomes than did IHTs, suggesting that delays in optimizing care before transfer could deleteriously impact outcomes.     

蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛研究进展

蛛网膜下腔出血是神经外科常见急症,致死率较高,幸存者多伴有神经及认知功能障碍。脑血管痉挛是蛛网膜下腔出血的常见并发症和致残、致死的重要原因,对其病理生理学机制的研究将促进治疗方案的改进,有助于改善患者的预后。     

警告性头痛与动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血-再出血的关系

目的研究有警告性头痛的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者是否更容易发生再出血。方法以本院2003—2006年收治的209例动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者为研究对象,记录年龄、性别、Hunt—Hess分级、D-二聚体、FBG（纤维蛋白原）、动脉瘤位置、动脉瘤数量、有无警告性头痛等指标;根据有无再出血分为再出血组和无再出血组,采用病例对照研究方法,回顾性比较两组各指标的差异。对两组间年龄、动脉瘤数量、D-二聚体、FBG的比较采用t检验,警告性头痛、性别、动脉瘤位置的比较采用卡方检验,Hunt—Hess分级比较采用秩和检验。结果再出血患者22例,占总数的10．5％。再出血组中有警告性头痛的有10例,占再出血组的45．5％。无再出血组187例患者中,有警告性头痛的有21例,占11．2％。有警告性头痛者比无警告性头痛者更易发生再出血（P〈0．01）,OR（比数比）值为6．59。结论有警告性头痛的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者比无警告性头痛者再出血的风险更大,应该采取更为积极的治疗措施。     

蛛网膜下腔出血后血浆NO和ET1浓度变化与发生CVS关系探讨

目的探讨蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）后不同时期血浆一氧化氮（NO）、内皮素1（ETl）浓度的变化及其与SAH后脑血管痉挛（CVS）发生之间的关系。方法测定SAH患者不同时期ET1和NO的含量,计算ET1／NO值。并与健康对照组血浆ET1和NO的含量相比较。结果SAH后ET1水平显著升高,并在3-4d内维持较高水平;NO在SAH后下降明显。3d后才慢慢回升;ET1／NO值SAH后明显减低,而后慢慢回升。SAH各组ET1、NO、ET1／NO与对照组比较,差异均具有非常显著性（P〈0．01）。结论SAH后ET1／NO动态失衡,这一动态失衡在SAH后发生脑血管痉挛过程中起着非常重要的作用。     

自发性蛛网膜下腔出血后低钠血症的临床研究

目的 研究自发性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者低钠血症的发生情况.方法 对36例蛛网膜下腔出血患者按出血量、病情轻重、脑血管痉挛的情况及血钠水平进行动态观察.用TCD检测大脑中动脉血流速度(VMCA).结果 脑血管痉挛的患者其血钠水平明显降低,有明显的临床意义.结论 低钠血症是蛛网膜下腔出血常见的并发症,且是反映蛛网膜下腔出血病情程度的一个重要指标.应严密监测并及时明确病因、尽早治疗,以改善病情及预后.     

Improved aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage outcomes: A comparison of 2 decades at an academic center

Objective

Management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) has evolved over the past 2 decades, including refinement of neurosurgical techniques, availability of endovascular options, and evolution of neurocritical care; their impact on SAH outcomes is unclear.

Design/Methods

Prospectively collected data of patients with aSAH admitted to Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions between 1991 and 2009 were analyzed. We compared survival to discharge and functional outcomes at initial clinic appointment postdischarge (30-120 days) in patients admitted between 1991 and 2000 (phase 1 [P1]) and 2000 and 2009 (phase 2 [P2]), respectively, using dichotomized Glasgow Outcome Scale (good outcome: Glasgow Outcome Scale 4-5).

Results

A total of 1134 consecutive patients with aSAH were included in the analysis (P1 46.4%, P2 53.6%). There were higher rates of poor grade Hunt and Hess (P1 23%, P2 28%; P < .05), admission Glasgow Coma Scale score lower than 8 (P1 14%, P2 21%; P < .005), known medical comorbidites (P1 54%, P2 64%; P = .005), associated intraventricular hemorrhage (P1 47%, P2 55%; P < .05), and older population (P1 51.5%, P2 53.5%; P < .05) in P2. Good outcomes were more common in P2 (71.5%) compared with P1 (65.2%), with 2-fold adjusted odds of good outcomes after correction for various confounding factors (P < .001).

Conclusions

Our institutional experience over 2 decades confirms that patients with aSAH have shown significant outcome improvements over time.     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血130例血管内栓塞疗效分析

目的分析动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血血管内栓塞疗法的疗效。方法对130例经CT或MRI确诊的动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者进行血管内栓塞治疗。结果122例经全脑血管造影后,其中101例经血管内栓塞治愈,有21例治疗后伴有神经功能障碍。8例由于病情较重,均死于脑疝。进行血管内栓塞治疗的病例中,术后复查造影108例动脉瘤不显影,14例栓塞90％,动脉通畅。结论血管内弹簧圈栓塞治疗动脉瘤破裂出血是一较满意治疗措施。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者脑脊液中内皮素浓度的动态变化

目的 研究动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血后患者脑脊液中内皮素的动态变化及其与血管痉挛的关系。方法 采集40例破裂动脉瘤患者脑脊液标本,采集时间为入院后即刻、出血后第3、5、7、10、14天,采用放免法检测脑脊液中ET－1浓度。结论 出血后第3天脑脊液中ET－1浓度即有明显升高,在出血后第7天达到高峰,而后逐渐下降。血管痉挛患者ET－1浓度明显高于未痉挛者。结论 脑脊液中ET－1浓度的升高参与蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的发生。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者早期预后的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析苏州大学附属第一人民医院脑外科2007～2009年收治的152例颅内动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者的临床资料,分别对年龄、高血压、意识障碍史、Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级等23项危险因素进行单因素分析,并进行Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素分析显示,Hunt-Hess分级、改良Fisher分级、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(GCS)、急性生理及慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、简化急性生理学评分(SAPSⅡ)、脑血管痉挛、意识障碍史、高血压、年龄、白细胞计数、超敏C反应蛋白与预后有显著相关性(P<0.01或P<0.05).多因素Logistic回归分析显示,改良Fisher分级[OR=19.51,95%可信区间(CI)1.84～206.73,P=0.014]、APACHEⅡ评分[OR=17.34,95%CI 2.53～119.06,P=0.004]、脑血管痉挛[OR=27.84,95%CI 2.17～357.19,P=0.001]进入回归方程.结论 改良Fisher分级、APACHEⅡ评分、脑血管痉挛是动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期预后不良的独立危险因素.     

脑脊液置换及椎管内注药治疗蛛网膜下腔出血后迟发性脑血管痉挛

目的探讨救治蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后迟发性脑血管痉挛(DCVS)的有效方法。方法治疗组用大剂量生理盐水置换脑脊液并椎管内尿激酶注射治疗20例，并与对照1组单纯大剂量生理盐水等量脑脊液置换10例和对照2组单纯小剂量生理盐水置换脑脊液10例进行比较。结果治疗组2、3d症状明显减轻至消失，均未出现DCVS。对照1组中4例5d、6例7d症状减轻至消失，均未出现DCVS。对照2组中2例7d症状减轻至消失，未出现DCVS；8例发生DCVS，其中6例中度病残，2例死亡。结论应用大剂量生理盐水置换脑脊液可快速消除蛛网膜下腔出血患者的急性症状，对DCVS也有较好预防和治疗作用，而早期加用小剂量尿激酶椎管内注射，可以明显提高疗效，同时又不会增加再出血的危险。     

动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血早期病因治疗与保守治疗效果的对照研究

目的探讨动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)后早期病因治疗与保守治疗对疗效及预后的影响。方法将84例动脉瘤性SAH患者按治疗方案的不同选择,随机分为两组,病因治疗组(A组,42例)：在急性出血期先对破裂的动脉瘤进行血管内栓塞,然后立即将SAH引流出；常规保守治疗组(B组,42例)。对照分析A、B两组的临床资料及疗效。结果A、B两组临床资料比较差异无统计学意义,具有可比性(P＞0．05)。A组GOS预后良好率明显高于B组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=9．22,P＜0．01)；B组重残率高于A组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3．94,P＜0．05)；B组死亡率亦高于A组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(χ~2=3．90,P＜0．05)。结论动脉瘤性SAH后在急性出血期先对颅内动脉瘤进行血管内栓塞,然后立即将SAH引流出的治疗方法对提高该病的治愈率、改善预后和降低死亡率具有重要的意义。     

释放脑脊液对治疗家兔蛛网膜下腔出血后脑血管痉挛的作用

目的探讨家兔蛛网膜下腔出血后释放脑脊液在治疗迟发型脑血管痉挛（DCVS）中的作用及其机制。方法采用枕大池二次注血法制作家兔蛛网膜下腔出血（SAH）模型,动物随机分为SAH组、治疗组和盐水对照组,各组分别于建模后1 d、3 d、5 d、7 d、10 d处死固定,取基底动脉。应用Le ica-Q550CW图像分析系统及软件测量基底动脉周长。数据结果应用统计软件SPSS 13.0进行处理。结果第3天,SAH组和治疗组的血管周长均小于盐水组,第5天治疗组的血管周长大于SAH组,并与盐水组无统计学差异。第7天治疗组血管周长大于SAH组及盐水组。结论 SAH后通过释放脑脊液对DCVS有治疗作用。