Organ Preservation: Current Concepts and New Strategies for the Next Decade

SUMMARY: Organ transplantation has developed over the past 50 years to reach the sophisticated and integrated clinical service of today through several advances in science. One of the most important of these has been the ability to apply organ preservation protocols to deliver donor organs of high quality, via a network of organ exchange to match the most suitable recipient patient to the best available organ, capable of rapid resumption of life-sustaining function in the recipient patient. This has only been possible by amassing a good understanding of the potential effects of hypoxic injury on donated organs, and how to prevent these by applying organ preservation. This review sets out the history of organ preservation, how applications of hypothermia have become central to the process, and what the current status is for the range of solid organs commonly transplanted. The science of organ preservation is constantly being updated with new knowledge and ideas, and the review also discusses what innovations are coming close to clinical reality to meet the growing demands for high quality organs in transplantation over the next few years.     

Burkitt's lymphoma of maxillary gingiva: A case report

Burkitt's lymphoma(BL) is an aggressive form of nonHodgkin's B-cell lymphoma with three variants namely endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency-associated types. It is endemic in Africa and sporadic in other parts of the world. While the endemic form is widely reported to occur in early childhood and commonly involves the jaw bones, the sporadic form typically presents as an abdominal mass. This presentation reports a rare case of sporadic form of BL clinically manifesting as a generalized gingival enlargement in an immunocompetent adult male which demonstrated an aggressive behavior. The patient reported with a prominent anterior gingival swelling of 6 mo duration which slowly enlarged in size and associated with multiple lymph node involvement. Microscopic examination of the lesion using H, E and immunohistochemical diagnosis confirmed the diagnosis as BL. The patient succumbed to the disease before any therapy could be instituted. Since a wide array of causes can be attributed to gingival enlargements, it is necessary to consider malignancies as one of the important differential diagnosis so as to facilitate the need for appropriate diagnosis and prompt treatment.     

Real‐life effectiveness of biological therapies on symptoms in severe asthma with comorbid CRSwNP

BackgroundWe aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different antibody therapies on nasal polyp symptoms in patients treated for severe asthma.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of patients with severe asthma and comorbid CRSwNP who were treated with anti‐IgE, anti‐IL‐5/R or anti‐IL‐4R. CRSwNP symptom burden was evaluated before and after 6 months of therapy.ResultsFifty patients were included hereof treated with anti‐IgE: 9, anti‐IL‐5/R: 26 and anti‐IL‐4R: 15 patients. At baseline median SNOT‐20 was similar among groups (anti‐IgE: 55, anti‐IL‐5/R: 52 and anti‐IL‐4R: 56, p = 0.76), median visual analogue scale (VAS) for nasal symptoms was 4, 7 and 8 (p = 0.14) and VAS for total symptoms was higher in the anti‐IL‐4R group (4, 5 and 8, p = 0.002). After 6 months SNOT‐20 improved significantly in all patient groups with median improvement of anti‐IgE: −8 (p < 0.01), anti‐IL‐5/R: −13 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −18 (p < 0.001), with larger improvement in the anti‐IL‐4R group than in anti‐IgE (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐5/R (p < 0.001) groups. VAS nasal symptoms improved by median anti‐IgE: 0 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −1 (p < 0.01) and anti‐IL‐4R: −3 (p < 0.001), VAS total symptoms by anti‐IgE: −1 (n.s.), anti‐IL‐5/R: −2 (p < 0.001) and anti‐IL‐4R: −2 (p < 0.001).ConclusionsTreatment by all antibodies showed effectiveness in reducing symptoms of CRSwNP in patients with severe asthma, with the largest reduction observed in anti‐IL‐4R‐treated patients.     

2017年呼吸疾病主要进展

2017年,国内外学者在呼吸系统疾病的临床和基础领域均进行了深入研究,不仅对相关指南进行了更新,并且针对一些临床热点、难点问题达成专家共识,现就2017年呼吸疾病相关进展作一简单介绍。     

The acoustic characteristics of the skull

Many investigators have stated that the difficulties of imaging with acoustical energy through the skull result from the marked attenuation of the energy by the skull. In the literature measurements of total attenuation have been confused with those for absorption.Measurements made by us show that absorption by compact bone varies between 2–3 dB cm^?1 MHz^?1 and, in the low megaHertz region appears to be directly proportional to frequency.It has also between shown that the convoluted inner surface of the ivory bone of the inner table of the skull may degrade the collimation and directionality of the beam by refraction.Cancellous bone, such as is present in the dipole of the skull, greatly attenuates the energy. It is postulated that this largely results from scattering. It is also postulated that the energy propagates through cancellous bone as two components, one in the soft tissues and the other partly in the bony spicules. Observations suggest that attenuation due to scattering much more markedly affects the latter of these components and scatters more greatly the higher frequencies in a pulse of broad bandwidth.The energy in each component has varying propagation paths so that the later cycles in the pulse of each component are subject to increasing interference as a result of the variations in propagation times. The two components moreover may have different propagation times so that interference may occur between the pulses of each component as well.All of these phenomena degrade the collimation, coherence, directionality, beam width, pulse length, frequency and other properties of the ultrasonic energy upon which imaging through the skull depends.The interference effects described above are least for the first cycle in the pulse which usually is not the cycle of highest amplitude. Since, in the free field, most of the energy is concentrated around the beam axis, most of the energy in the field which is deflected from its normal propagation path is deflected away from the beam axis. Thus the directionality of the beam is least degraded in the beam axis. The effects of the skull in degrading the properties of the ultrasonic pulse would therefore be lessened if the amplitude of the first cycle of the pulse and the directionality of its energy could be used for imaging.     

单核细胞/高密度脂蛋白胆固醇比值不能预测PCI术后对比剂肾病的发生

目的 探讨术前单核细胞与高密度脂蛋白比值(monocyte to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, MHR)与经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention , PCI）治疗后发生造影剂肾病（contrast induced nephropathy, CIN）的相关性，为CIN的发生寻找其他可能的危险因素，为及早筛选CIN高危人群提供新的方向。方法 回顾性分析5P试验入选的我院心内一科行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术的冠心病患者1 087例，根据在PCI术后是否发生造影剂肾病分为CIN组和非CIN组，研究CIN的相关危险因素，分析MHR与造影剂肾病的相关性，应用Logistic回归分析查看MHR是否为CIN发病的高危因素。结果 CIN组共57例，非CIN组1 030例。两组在高脂血症、BMI、左心室射血分数（LVEF）、术前尿酸及术前C 反应蛋白水平等方面比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 Logistic回归分析显示LVEF及糖尿病与造影剂肾病的发生相关。结论 同以往研究结果不同，MHR并不能作为CIN的危险因素，但LVEF对于CIN可能具有更高的预测价值。     

家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症1例并文献复习

目的加强对家族性噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增生症（familially hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis,FHL）的认识。方法报道确诊为FHL的新病例1例,结合国内外报道的FHL的病例,对该病的临床特点进行汇总分析。结果FHL2常与PRF1基因突变相关,约20%~40%的患者存在穿孔素基因突变。结论对于有阳性家族史,基因诊断明确,应尽早行化疗或者造血干细胞移植。若无家族史,未发现与继发性HLH相关的原发病因,可考虑行基因筛查以明确是否存在FHL的可能。     

Hand reanimation

Brachial plexus disruption, major traumatic amputations, and Volkmann’s contracture are all devastating injuries that present difficult reconstructive challenges. Advances in our understanding of nerve injury, regeneration, and refinement of microsurgical techniques have given rise to a number of therapeutic avenues over the last 4 decades. Hand reanimation aims to provide strength, stability, and mobility to a sensate hand. How this is achieved depends on a thorough understanding of the underlying pathophysiology, which in turn dictates what surgical modalities are suitable. Common to all reanimation procedures is the need to ensure full passive range of motion of the target joints prior to definitive surgery. Hand therapy is essential to prevent deleterious sequelae of injury, and to maximize rehabilitation following surgical reconstruction. Options for reanimation include nerve repair, nerve grafting, nerve transfer, tendon transfer, and free functioning muscle transfer.     

他汀时代对高甘油三酯血症再认识

近年来,越来越多的证据表明降低低密度脂蛋白胆固醇可以减少心血管事件的发生,降低死亡率,但不容忽视的是,即使经标准治疗后低密度脂蛋白胆固醇达标,仍然存在发生大血管和微血管事件的风险（即心血管剩留风险）。我国成人高甘油三酯血症患病率高,与心血管疾病剩留风险关系密切,应该引起足够的重视。     

甲状旁腺功能减退性心肌病的系统综述

目的 甲状旁腺功能减退（甲旁减）性心肌病是一种罕见的心脏疾病,为扩张型心肌病中少数可逆转的一种,常被误诊为不明原因或难治性心力衰竭。本文旨在探寻甲旁减性心肌病的规律性特征。方法 检索Pubmed、SinoMed、万方数据库中符合标准的甲旁减性心肌病病例,采用统计分组法对纳入研究的文献进行分析,依据系统综述和meta分析优先报告条目（PRISMA声明）进行报告。结果 在我们筛查出的41例患者中,女性居多（68.29%）,平均年龄为45.5岁,各年龄段均有发病。甲旁减性心肌病最常见的病因为特发性甲旁减（78.05%）,颈部手术导致的甲旁减性心肌病次之（17.07%）。患者均以心力衰竭就诊,伴不同程度的低钙血症。51%的患者有神经肌肉兴奋性增加的病史,90%的患者左心室射血分数降低。该病误诊漏诊率较高,仅36%的患者于入院后即明确诊断为甲旁减性心肌病。低血钙的纠正是治疗的关键,90%的患者心脏功能在血钙浓度正常化后恢复至正常。结论 对所有不明原因或难治性心力衰竭患者都应警惕甲旁减性心肌病的可能。     

COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 vaccine‐related dermatological reactions: An interesting case series with a narrative review of the potential critical and non‐critical mucocutaneous adverse effects related to virus,therapy, and the vaccination

This narrative review article was conducted to lay out a summarized but exhaustive review of current literature over mucocutaneous manifestations in 4 dimensions of SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic: virus itself, treatment‐related, vaccine‐induced, and alteration of chronic dermatologic diseases following infection. Virus and vaccine‐related were mainly self‐limited and non‐severe. Treatment‐related reactions could be life‐threatening.     

Circular RNA hsa_circ_0000285 regulates the microRNA‐599/G‐protein subunit gamma 12 (miR‐599/GNG12) axis to promote glioma progression

ObjectiveGlioma is the most common, rapidly progressing, lethal brain tumor. However, underlying mechanisms behind its abnormal progression remain largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate mechanism of action and effects of the hsa_circ_0000285 on glioma progression.MethodsRT‐qPCR was utilized to study RNA expression in glioma tissues and cell lines. The effects of hsa_circ_0000285 on glioma progression were studied by measuring cell proliferation and migration, apoptosis, tumor volume and weight in both glioma cells and xenograft glioma mice. The features of hsa_circ_0000285 were identified using chromatin fractionation and RNase digestion. Its mechanism of action was analyzed using bioinformatics, RNA‐binding protein immunoprecipitation, and luciferase reporter assay.ResultsWe found glioma tissues and cell lines were overexpressing hsa_circ_0000285. While hsa_circ_0000285 promoted cell proliferation and migration, it inhibited apoptosis in vitro. It also increased tumor volume and weight in vivo. Using bioinformatic analysis and verification experiments for studying its mechanisms, we confirmed that hsa_circ_0000285 sponged miR‐599, which negatively regulated GNG12 by binding to its mRNA.ConclusionHsa_circ_0000285 is overexpressed in the glioma and promotes its progression by directly regulating the miR‐599/GNG12 axis. This novel mechanism, therefore, shows that the hsa_circ_0000285/miR‐599/GNG12 axis may be a promising therapeutic target for glioma treatment.     

Tuberculosis terminal ileitis: A forgotten entity mimicking Crohn&rsquo;s disease

Intestinal tuberculosis (TB) is an uncommon lesion for which differential diagnosis can be difficult. We present a case of a 53-year-old male and a systematic review of the literature, from clinical symptoms to differential diagnosis, unusual complications and therapy. The patient was admitted to the hospital with signs of acute abdomen as a result of a perforated terminal ileitis. Based on the skip lesions of the terminal ileum and cecum, Crohn’s disease (CD) was clinically suspected. An emergency laparotomy and right colectomy with terminal ileum resection was performed and systematic antibiotherapy was prescribed. The patient’s status deteriorated and he died 4 d after the surgical intervention. At the autopsy, TB ileotyphlitis was discovered. The clinical criteria of the differential diagnosis between intestinal TB and CD are not very well established. Despite the large amount of published articles on this subject, only 50 papers present new data regarding intestinal TB. Based on these studies and our experience, we present an update focused on the differential diagnosis and therapy of intestinal TB. We highlight the importance of considering intestinal TB as a differential diagnosis for inflammatory bowel disease. Despite the modern techniques of diagnosis and therapy, the fulminant evolution of TB can still lead to a patient’s death.     

动态心电图临床操作标准化方法

动态心电图,又称Holter或Holter检查,是一种评价各种心脏病患者心电图异常的简便、高效、准确、安全的无创检查,广泛用于心律失常的相关症状评价,心肌缺血的诊断,心脏病患者的预后和日常生活能力评估,药物疗效评价,起搏器等埋藏式心脏电治疗装置监测等领域。目前动态心电图已广泛用于于临床各级医疗机构,为了更好地发挥其作用,有必要对该项技术进行规范化培训。本文参考相关指南、共识及专家建议,结合作者经验,撰写动态心电图临床操作标准化方法供临床使用时参考。     

肝移植受者症状群及其影响因素的研究

目的 明确肝移植受者所经历症状群的种类、构成、分布特点及影响因素,为开展有效的症状管理奠定基础。方法 采用肝移植受者症状体验评估问卷和肝移植受者症状体验影响因素调查表,对342例肝移植受者进行症状的横断面调查,采用探索性因子分析确定症状群,通过Logistic回归分析,明确症状群的影响因素。结果 肝移植受者发生率最高的5个症状分别为疲乏（38.6%）、记忆力下降（34.5%）、易醒（33.5%）、入睡困难（31.9%）、多梦（28.1%）。探索性因子分析得出3个症状群,分别是睡眠相关症状群（入睡困难-易醒-多梦-焦虑）、神经系统相关症状群（视力下降-记忆力下降-瘙痒）、活动耐力下降症状群（疲乏-肌肉无力-气短-腹泻）。原发病为肝癌、疾病信念是症状群发生的独立预测因子。 结论 肝移植受者经历着复杂的不适症状,且症状之间互相影响,以症状群的形式存在。开展症状管理时应以症状群为干预单位,帮助肝移植受者对疾病形成正确认知,促进其将疾病管理融入个人及家庭的正常生活中。     

Optimal diagnosis and management of common nail disorders

Nail conditions are not only aesthetic concerns, and nail changes may be a clue to an underlying systemic diseases or infection. Without timely treatment, nail diseases can continue to worsen and significantly impair performance of daily activities and reduce quality of life. Examination of the nails is essential at every medical visit, and may uncover important findings. Brittle nail syndrome, onychomycosis, paronychia, nail psoriasis, longitudinal melanonychia, Beau’s lines, onychomadesis and retronychia are common nail disorders seen in clinical practice. These conditions stem from infectious, inflammatory, neoplastic and traumatic aetiologies. Though each nail condition presents with its own distinct characteristics, the clinical findings may overlap between different conditions, resulting in misdiagnosis and treatment delays. Patients can present with nail plate changes (e.g. hyperkeratosis, onycholysis, pitting), discolouration, pain and inflammation. The diagnostic work-up of nail disease should include a detailed history and clinical examination of all 20 nail units. Dermoscopy, diagnostic imaging and histopathologic and mycological analyses may be necessary for diagnosis. Nail findings concerning for malignancy should be promptly referred to a dermatologist for evaluation and biopsy. Nail disease management requires a targeted treatment approach. Treatments include topical and/or systemic medications, discontinuation of offending drugs or surgical intervention, depending on the condition. Patient education on proper nail care and techniques to minimize further damage to the affected nails is also important. This article serves to enhance familiarity of the most common nail disorders seen in clinical practice. It will highlight the key clinical manifestations, systematic approaches to diagnosis and treatment options for each nail condition to improve diagnosis and management of nail diseases, as well as patient outcomes.

Key messages

• Nail disease is not only a cosmetic issue, as nail changes can indicate the presence of a serious underlying systemic disease, infection or malignancy.
• Nail pain and changes associated with NP are physically and emotionally distressing and may contribute to functional impairment and diminished quality of life.
• LM is a hallmark sign of subungual melanoma and this finding warrants further investigation to rule out malignancy.

     

风湿免疫病生物制剂治疗进展

生物制剂是一种选择性针对参与免疫反应或炎症过程的分子或以受体为靶目标的单克隆抗体或天然抑 制分子的重组产物。生物制剂种类繁多,主要针对细胞因子,B细胞和共刺激信号分子,包括:肿瘤坏死因子抑制剂、 抗白细胞介素6(IL-6)受体单克隆抗体和抗CD20单克隆抗体利妥昔单抗等多种药物,主要用于治疗强直性脊柱炎、 类风湿关节炎和系统性红斑狼疮等自身免疫性疾病。生物制剂的使用应关注其安全性,用药前进行结核筛查,除外活 动性感染和肿瘤。生物制剂的减停药问题有待探讨。     

周边型肺部病变的内镜诊断

周边型肺部病变是临床上常见的疾病,支气管肺癌、肺转移瘤、肺结核等多种疾病均可表现为相似的影像学表现。周边型肺部病变常规支气管镜难以探及,对于距离胸壁较远或周围有大血管等重要脏器的病灶经皮穿刺也难以实施。合理利用细（或超细）支气管镜、经支气管镜肺活检、径向气道内超声引导肺活检术、支气管肺泡灌洗以及支气管镜导航等新技术可以提高周边型肺部病变的确诊率,便于指导临床早期治疗,以期获得较好的预后。     

Management of acute and chronic vascular conditions of the hand

Management of acute and chronic vascular disorders of the hand in patients with vasospastic and vaso-occlusive disorders is a complex problem and requires a multidisciplinary approach. The ischemia-related pain, skin ulcerations, and ultimately the threat of digital gangrene require a concerted effort to improve perfusion using a combination of medications and surgery. The purpose of this work is to review our experience over the past 2 decades with this cohort of patients including the variability of the clinical presentation, a method of classification, and a practical treatment philosophy.     

支原体肺炎合并肺血栓栓塞症1例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童肺炎支原体肺炎（MPP）合并肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）的临床特点和诊断、治疗要点及相关危险因素。方法 回顾性分析1例MPP合并PTE的病历资料,复习文献,探讨MPP合并PTE的诊断要点、治疗方法及血栓相关危险因素。结果 患儿为7岁女童,学龄期,以呼吸道症状起病,发热、咳嗽为主要表现,有一过性胸痛、呼吸困难及低氧血症表现,病程14天出现PTE。左下肺叩诊浊音,左侧胸部呼吸音减低,可闻及少许湿啰音。辅助检查：胸腔积液淡黄、清亮。肺炎支原体抗体IgM 1∶320,血浆D 二聚体11.8 mg/L,肺动脉造影(CTA)示左上肺动脉及右下肺动脉部分分支内充盈缺损,心脏超声检查示左肺动脉起始部血栓形成,抗核抗体（ANA）（+）,狼疮抗凝物阳性,血浆蛋白S活性降低（59.5%）,出凝血疾病基因突变未检出。诊断PTE、MPP、胸腔积液,拉氧头孢钠联合阿奇霉素抗感染,地塞米松抑制炎症反应,肝素钙、利伐沙班抗凝治疗后,患儿症状、体征好转,胸腔积液消失,D 二聚体逐渐下降至0.1 mg/L。结论 MPP患儿有胸痛、呼吸困难,尤其伴有D 二聚体明显升高时,要考虑合并PTE可能,CTA可明确诊断,对于存在多个危险因素或有肺栓塞高度风险的患儿应及早行CTA检查,血栓形成可能与支原体感染导致的过度炎症反应及血管内皮损伤有关。