214例前列腺穿刺结果的前列腺癌病灶分布情况分析

目的探讨经直肠超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检结果的前列腺癌病灶分布情况。方法本组214例,其中214例前列腺特异抗原＞4．0ng/ml 203例,直肠指诊可疑前列腺癌41例；均行13针前列腺穿刺活检术。入选病例的年龄为50～90岁,平均69．8岁；PSA水平0．8～112．3ng/ml,平均18．7 ng/ml；前列腺体积12．3～182．5ml,平均61．3 ml；直肠指诊阴性者173例,阳性者41例。分析各穿刺部位的阳性率。结果5区13针法的阳性率为36．0%(77/214)。前列腺各穿刺部位的阳性率为：底部48/214(22．4%)、中部57/214(26．6%)、尖部57/214(26．6%)、外侧底部47/214(22．0%)、外侧中部61/214(28．5%)。各穿刺部位的阳性率的差异具有显著性(P＜0．001)。结论前列腺穿刺活检发现的前列腺癌病灶分布不均匀。前列腺的尖部、中部和外侧中部的穿刺阳性率较其它部位高。     

不同前列腺穿刺活检方案检出前列腺癌的比较

目的探讨理想的前列腺穿刺活检方案。方法临床表现怀疑前列腺癌患者214例，其中前列腺特异抗原〉4．0ng／ml 203例。均行13针前列腺穿刺活检术。年龄50～90岁，平均70岁；PSA水平0．8～112．3ng／ml，平均18．7ng／ml；前列腺体积12．3～182．5ml，平均61．3ml；直肠指诊阴性173例，阳性者41例。依穿刺结果，对比分析13针中6、8、10和13针穿刺阳性率。结果13针穿刺阳性率为36．0％（77／214）。在各种穿刺点组合中包含前列腺尖部、中部、底部、外侧中部、外侧底部的10针法能发现全部前列腺癌阳性病例的97．4％，与13针穿刺结果的差异无统计学意义（P=0．5）。结论对于初次前列腺活检的病例，包含尖部、中部、底部、外侧中部、外侧底部的10针法是较为合理的选择。     

徒手TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检的临床应用探讨

目的:探讨徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床应用价值。方法:2014年12月~2015年12月,对74例可疑前列腺癌患者行经直肠B超引导下18G自动穿刺活检针行双侧外周带12点法系统穿刺,其中直肠指诊(DRE)触及结节24例,超声提示异常回声14例,前列腺核磁提示异常信号30例;前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)<4ng/ml者14例,PSA 4~10ng/ml 25例,PSA>10ng/ml者35例。同时对每个可疑病灶进行1~2针靶向穿刺。回顾性分析穿刺的阳性率和并发症。结果:成功对74例患者进行徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检术。年龄43~81岁,中位年龄72岁;PSA 1.9~500ng/ml,中位PSA17.8ng/ml。经病理诊断,前列腺癌23例,阳性率31.1%,穿刺阴性病例中3例TURP术后病理诊断结果为前列腺癌;2例首次穿刺阴性,6个月后重复穿刺时发现前列腺癌。低危前列腺癌(Gleason≤6分)、中危前列腺癌(Gleason=7分)和高危前列腺癌(Gleason≥8分)分别为13.1%、30.4%和56.5%。其余51例为良性前列腺增生或合并前列腺炎症。术后短暂和轻度的肉眼血尿6例(8.1%),均在1~3d后缓解,5例(6.8%)轻度发热,2例(2.7%)会阴部轻度不适。无脓毒症、急性尿潴留等严重并发症的发生。结论:徒手"12+X"法TRUS引导下经会阴前列腺活检安全可行,阳性率稳定,值得在临床上进一步推广。     

超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠系统性12＋1针前列腺穿刺活检术诊断前列腺癌的临床价值。方法回顾性分析816例经直肠前列腺系统性12＋1针穿刺活检的可疑前列腺癌患者。其中PSA＜4ng／ml、直肠指诊发现结节者66例;PSA介于4～10ng／ml、f／tPSA值异常、PSAD值异常者190例;PSA〉10ng／ml、任何f／tPSA、PSAD值者560例。结果816例患者中活检病理确诊为前列腺癌者358例,总阳性率为43．9％（358／816）。其中位于前列腺尖部阳性者235例,占确诊病例总数的65．6％（235／358）。术后发热9例（1．0％,9／816）,并发血尿49例（6．0％,49／816）。几乎所有患者皆有短时大便带血。无其他严重并发症发生。结论超声引导下经直肠系统性前列腺12＋1针穿刺活检术定位准确,创伤较小,并发症较少。可以随机增加穿刺点,利于提高前列腺癌检出率。     

超声造影检查在经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声造影检查在经直肠超声引导下(CE-TRUS)经会阴前列腺穿刺活检中的临床应用价值.方法 病例选择标准:①直肠指检异常;②PSA>10 ng/ml;③PSA 4～10 ng/ml,f/t PSA异常或PSAD值异常,符合以上之一者即入围此研究.共116例入选者,年龄50～84岁,既往均无前列腺手术病史.行6点系统加异常回声处活检,其中PSA＜10ng/ml者25例,10 ng/ml～者25例,20 ng/ml～者11例,>30 ng/ml者55例.行CF-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检,彩色多普勒超声检查并记录前列腺局灶性病变部位、回声特征及彩色多普勒血流等情况,其中43例行前列腺超声造影,了解并记录异常血流部位.结果 116例患者穿刺活检证实前列腺癌64例,BPH 52例.43例行超声造影检查后活检者,前列腺癌和BPH分别为25及18例,造影组和非造影组前列腺癌穿刺阳性率比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.622).PSA≤30ng/ml组共61例,其中行超声造影23例,发现前列腺癌8例,未造影组38例中发现前列腺癌5例,造影组穿刺阳性率高于非造影组,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.046);PSA>30 ng/ml患者造影和非造影穿刺阳性率(97.1%与85.0%)比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.095). 结论与B超引导下经直肠前列腺活检相比,CE-TRUS经会阴前列腺穿刺活检并发症少而轻.PSA≤30ng/ml患者结合超声造影检查能提高前列腺癌穿刺阳性率.     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺饱和穿刺在首次活检阴性人群中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠饱和穿刺在临床疑诊为前列腺癌但首次活检阴性患者中的诊断价值,评价其有效性和安全性。方法将120例因前列腺特异抗原（PSA）和（或）直肠指检异常而接受前列腺12针穿刺活检、且结果为阴性的患者纳入研究,随机分为扩大穿刺组（采用12针扩大穿刺法）和饱和穿刺组（采用24针饱和穿刺法）,行超声引导下经直肠重复穿刺活检。对两组患者均行前列腺周围神经阻滞术,穿刺活检过程中观察患者情况,并采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估疼痛程度。结果两组患者年龄、总PSA水平、PSA密度、前列腺总体积及移行区体积、首次穿刺病理、直肠指诊情况、穿刺活检过程中患者VAS和术后并发症差异均无统计学意义（P均＞O．05）。饱和穿刺组前列腺体积＞60ml者的穿刺阳性率高于扩大穿刺组（P-0．033）,其穿刺总体阳性率亦高于扩大穿刺组（31．67％VS15．00％,P-0．031）。结论经直肠饱和穿刺活检可以提高临床疑诊前列腺癌但首次活检阴性者的前列腺癌检出率,且不增加并发症发生率。     

累及移行带前列腺癌的诊断分析

目的分析累及移行带前列腺癌的临床特征,提高移行带前列腺癌的诊断率。方法回顾我院收治的77例前列腺癌患者,一组44例仅限于外周带;另一组33例已累及移行带。分析两组的临床表现、直肠指检、移行指数、前列腺移行带特异性抗原密度、前列腺特异性抗原、经直肠前列腺超声以及前列腺穿刺活检。结果两组患者的年龄、排尿期和储尿期症状、直肠指检阳性率、移行指数、前列腺移行带特异性抗原密度、前列腺特异性抗原以及病理分级没有显著性差异。移行带肿瘤存在泌尿系转移的风险。经直肠超声为移行带可疑病灶的定位提供了重要的参考,而对可疑病灶穿刺活检则能提高累及移行带前列腺癌的诊断率。结论经直肠超声行移行带可疑病灶的穿刺活检是诊断累及移行带前列腺癌的有效手段。     

超声引导下经不同针数直肠前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的早期诊断效果对比

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在诊断前列腺癌的价值。方法选取2013年1月至2016年12月在本院就诊的疑似前列腺癌患者62例，均超声引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺活检，分析不同穿刺法的阳性检出情况。结果本组研究62例患者，穿刺活检病理结果为前列腺癌患者25例（40.32%），其中34例接受10针法穿刺，28例接受12+1针法穿刺，两种穿刺的阳性率分别为35.29%（12/34）和46.43%（13/28），差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；前列腺体积≥90 mL患者10针法阳性检出率为33.33%（5/15），明显低于12+1针法的87.50%（7/8），差异比较有统计学意义（P＜0.05）；10针法和12+1针法在不同年龄、前列腺特异性抗原（PSA）及指诊情况下阳性检测率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）；10针法和12+1针法穿刺后血尿、血便、疼痛、尿潴留及感染发生比例差异比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论 应根据患者具体情况选取穿刺方法，当患者前列腺体积超过90 mL时，应采取12+1针法穿刺，有助于前列腺癌的检出，而当＜90 mL时，选取10针法穿刺较适宜。     

血清PSA〈4．0ng/ml的人群中前列腺癌集团筛查的病理学特征

目的探讨血清PSA<4.0ng/ml的人群中前列腺癌的病理学特征。方法对长春市15192名男性进行血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)检测,其中46名血清PSA<4.0ng/ml伴有直肠指诊检查异常者接受了经直肠超声引导下前列腺6点活检穿刺,并应用组织病理学、免疫组织化学及统计学等方法进行系统的病理学研究和分析。结果(1)血清PSA<4.0ng/ml者有13886名,46人进行了前列腺活检穿刺,活检率为0.33%(46/13886)。(2)46名男性血清PSA值在0.03～3.84ng/ml之间,主要分布在0～1.9ng/ml间,占60.9%。(3)46例前列腺活检病理诊断:良性前列腺增生29例,占63.1%;前列腺癌10例,占21.7%;炎症性病变与肉瘤各3例,分别占6.5%;转移癌1例占2.2%。10例血清PSA<4.0ng/ml的前列腺癌中普通型腺癌5例,以中分化(3/5)、器官内癌(4/5)为主,且血清PSA值较靠近4ng/ml;特殊类型前列腺癌5例,占50%,均为进展期癌,血清PSA值相对较低。结论(1)血清PSA<4.0ng/ml的人群中有前列腺癌存在。(2)血清PSA<4.0ng/ml的人群中前列腺癌以中分化器官内腺癌和特殊类型进展期前列腺癌为主。(3)应用直肠指诊检查(DRE)能检出血清PSA<4.0ng/ml的前列腺癌,且检出率与血清PSA值成正相关,两者联合应用可以提高前列腺癌的检出率。     

前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术的临床价值

目的探讨前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术的临床价值。方法对214例直肠指诊阳性或PSA>4.0 ng/ml及B超提示有异常回声结节的病例行经直肠B超引导下前列腺穿刺活检术(采用前列腺系统10点穿刺活检术,同时对可疑回声区随机增加穿刺点)。结果共检出前列腺癌76例,占35.51%,良性前列腺增生126例,占58.88%。慢性前列腺炎13例,占6.07%。前列腺囊肿3例,占1.40%。随机增加穿刺点检出32例,占15%。术后血尿者58例,占27.10%,血便6例,占2.80%,无一例出现前列腺脓肿、高热、败血症等严重并发症。结论前列腺穿刺活检是诊断前腺癌的重要手段,经直肠B超定位下系统10点穿刺法可以提高检出率,无严重并发症。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.