树Qu对人乙型肝炎病毒实验感染的量反应

50只树Qu分成5组。将HBV含量为10^8CID/ml的美国NIH提供的标准血清稀释成10^-6--10^-10等5个浓度，先经股静脉分别给各组每只动物接种0.5ml，3天后，经腹腔再注射等量同样稀释血清一次。实验观察16周，经血清学及免疫组织化学检测，5个稀释度的血清引起树Qu实验感染率依次为80．1％，88．8％，66．67％，55．56％及42．8％。表明，树Qu对人HBV的易感性与黑猩猩近似。由于其体形小，易于饲养管理，是研究与HBV感染有关的疾病，治疗药物及疫苗质量检测的较好的实验动物。     

树鼩实验感染乙型肝炎病毒的再评价

目的评价乙肝病毒（ＨＢＶ）实验感染树的稳定性与实用性。方法用含ＨＢＶ的２．２．１５细胞或乙肝患者混合血清以不同剂量、经不同途径接种６０只健康树。观察其临床表现，检测血清ＡＬＴ、ＨＢｓＡｇ．ＨＢｅＡｇ及ＨＢＶ－ＤＮＡ。肝组织行ＨＥ及免疫组织化学染色，结果部分树出现一过性食欲不振、稀便；６０只树不同时相ＡＬＡ水平均在正常范围；８只树ＨＢＶ标志物一过性阳性；肝组织未见类似于人乙型肝炎的典型病理改变；免疫组织化学染色为阴性。结论树不能持续稳定感染ＨＢＶ     

树鼩实验感染丁型肝炎病毒后肝内抗原表达状态

目的 研究树鼩实验感染人丁型肝炎病毒的可能性。方法 用免疫组化方法,检测树鼩肝组织丁型肝炎病毒抗原(HDAg),乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原HBsAg),采用原位杂交方法检测部分动物肝内HDV RNA。结果 35只动物,HDV/HBV同时感染组和重叠感染组HDAg阳性率分别为94.5％(21╱22)和84.6％(11/13);HDAg在肝内主要定位于肝细胞,在肝小叶呈灶状或片状分布,肝内持续时间在同时感染组和重叠感染组稍有不同,前者多持续3～4周,后者则可长达12周以上;部分动物肝组织细胞浆或细胞核HDV RNA阳性。结论 人HDV可感染树鼩,树鼩可成为丁型肝炎研究的动物模型。     

丙型肝炎病毒体外可感染树鼩肝细胞

目的 探讨丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）体外感染树目句原代肝细胞。方法 用HCV RNA阳性血清感染原代树鼩肝细胞，并用感染后细胞培养上清液进行传代感染，通过检测受染肝细胞正、负链HCV RNA、培养上清液中包装后HCV RNA，并对比分析感染前后病毒准种变化等指标，评价感染是否成功。结果 受染树鼩肝细胞自第5～10天可检出负链HCV RNA，而正链RNA至感染后第14天仍可检出；感染后3～14d培养上清液中可检出HCV RNA，且呈RNA酶抗性；培养上清液中病毒可传代感染新的树鼩肝细胞；感染前后HCV准种分析显示树鼩肝细胞可被特定的准种选择性感染，而传代感染后肝细胞可检出新的准种。结论 原代树鼩肝细胞体外可被HCV感染且支持病毒复制。     

新生期树鼩接种人乙型肝炎病毒的长期实验观察

目的 观察新生期树鼩接种HBV后体内HBV感染标志物的长期动态.方法 6只树鼩于新生期接种人HBV DNA阳性血清,每4-6周抽血1次和每6～12周做肝活体组织检查1次,应用巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)、荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)、Southern blot、酶联免疫吸附试验和免疫组织化学染色等方法动态观察血清和肝组织中HBV感染标志物的消长,用电镜寻找肝组织内的HBV颗粒和用光镜观察肝组织病理变化.结果 新生期树鼩接种后48周,3只动物(1、2和6号)血清和肝组织标本经多对引物进行的nPCR,均稳定显示HBV DNA阳性,肝组织HBVcccDNA阳性;FQ-PCR显示血清和肝组织HBV DNA的拷贝数分别为103-104/ml和每微克肝组织总DNA 107～108拷贝;Southern blot检测显示肝组织存在HBV复制中间体HBV cccDNA和HBV单链DNA;酶联免疫吸附试验检测显示血清HBsAg持续阳性;免疫组织化学染色可见数量逐步增多的HBsAg阳性肝细胞.其中的1号动物至接种后2年每微克肝组织总DNA仍可测得107～108拷贝的HBV DNA,电镜下可见疑似HBV颗粒.另3只动物除nPCR显示肝组织HBV DNA阳性条带和FQ-PCR显示低拷贝数(每微克肝组织总DNA103拷贝)HBV DNA外,其余的HBV感染标志物均为阴性或一过性阳性.结论 新生树鼩能够长期感染HBV,并且HBV能够在树鼩体内稳定复制和长期存在.     

丙型肝炎病毒感染树鼩的研究进展

丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染是世界范围内肝病流行的主要病因,是当前全球关注的严重的公共健康问题之一。建立适用、可靠的HCV感染动物模型,是推动研究HCV感染和慢性化机制、研制HCV疫苗和防治药物所必需。但HCV像其他嗜肝病毒一样具有非常严格的种属特异性,目前除     

乙型肝炎病毒隐匿型感染

乙型肝炎病毒 (ＨＢＶ)感染是一个全球性的公共健康问题。多数感染是没有症状的 ,而且病毒标志很快转阴。幼儿期间感染ＨＢＶ容易演变为慢性病毒携带状态 (危险性 >5 0 % ) ,而成人型感染慢性化的危险性较低 (3 %～ 8% )。血清中乙型肝炎表面抗原 (ＨＢｓＡｇ)阳性持续达 6个月者为ＨＢＶ慢性感染。ＨＢＶ慢性感染可分为早期的高复制期和以后的低复制期 ,可能还有非复制期。这种慢性感染可在某些患者引起持续性的肝实质损伤 ,即慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化 ;也可能不引起明显肝损害 ,称为无症状携带者。但两者都能使肝细胞癌 (ＨＣＣ)发生危险性显…     

甲型与乙型肝炎病毒双重感染的临床分析

作者对比分析３０例ＨＡＶ与ＨＢＶ双重感染病例与２０例单纯甲型肝炎（甲肝）病例，结果示两组病情无显著性差异。仅１例慢活肝合并甲肝病例的临床表现较重，提示双重感染的结局与原患乙肝的病例有明显关系。     

乙型和丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染的临床分析

对20例乙型和丙型肝炎病毒重叠感染患者进行临床分析,表明重叠感染与单纯乙型肝炎病毒感染两者主要生化指标 ALT 和血胆红素无显著性差异,重叠感染丙型肝炎病毒对乙型肝炎病毒并无抑制现象,重叠感染的慢性肝炎好转治愈率比单纯乙型肝炎,病毒感染者低(P<0.01);重症肝炎重叠感染者预后差;肝硬化重叠感染者好转率比单纯乙型肝炎病毒感染者低,但两者相比无显著性差异(P>0.15)。     

人乙型肝炎病毒血清实验感染树鼩的研究

本文研究树鼩对人乙型肝炎病毒(HHBV)的易感性。云南树鼩95只,随机分成4组。A组肌注HHBV血清0.1ml,同时使用环磷酰胺抑制其抗病毒免疫。B组于相应时间肌注HHBV血清0.1ml,不用环磷酰胺。C组肌注正常人血清0.1ml,D组作正常对照。A、B两组动物在注射HHBV血清后,血清HBsAg几何平均滴度逐渐增高,在第8周时,部分动物的血清HBsAg     

Lower Hepatitis G Virus Infection Prevalence Compared to Hepatitis B and C Virus Infection Prevalences

To more accurately determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection, we surveyed antibody to HGV (anti-E2) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and HGV RNA by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 298 residents of a hepatitis C virus (HCV)-endemic area of Japan and in 225 hemodialysis patients. We then compared these findings with known HCV and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection prevalences. Anti-E2 and HGV RNA prevalences were 32 (10.7%) and 5 (1.7%) in the residents and 24 (10.7%) and 10 (4.4%) in the hemodialysis patients, respectively. Anti-E2 and HGV RNA concurrence was found in two of the hemodialysis patients. Total HGV marker (anti-E2 and/or HGV RNA) prevalences [37 (12.4%) in residents and 32 (14.2%) in hemodialysis patients], were significantly lower than the prevalences of antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) by ELISA [59 (19.8%) and 96 (42.7%)], and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc) by radioimmunoassay (RIA) [87 (29.2%) and 101 (44.9%)] (P < 0.05). The anti-HCV prevalence in subjects with total HGV marker was significantly higher than in those without total HGV marker. There was no significant difference in anti-HBc prevalence between those with and without total HGV marker. The viremic rate was highest in HCV infection (HCV RNA by PCR/anti-HCV) (83.2%), with HGV infection (HGV RNA/total HGV marker) (21.7%) intermediate, and HBV infection (hepatitis B surface antigen by RIA/anti-HBc) (5.3%) lowest (P < 0.05). These findings indicate that HGV infection was less endemic than HCV and HBV. HGV was eliminated naturally more frequently than HCV infection and less frequently than HBV infection.     

Previous or Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Without Hepatic Fibrosis

We investigated the role of hepatitis B virus infection in development of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis C virus-infected patients without hepatic fibrosis. Of 253 patients, 8 lacked hepatic fibrosis (group 1); group 2 included the remaining 245 patients. Clinicopathologic findings were compared between the groups. Hepatitis B x gene was sought in cancers and adjoining noncancerous liver. Group 1 showed better liver function parameters and milder active hepatitis than group 2. The proportion of patients with anti-hepatitis B virus antibody tended to be higher in group 1 than in group 2. The proportion of patients with hepatitis B x RNA in cancers was significantly higher in group 1 than in group 2. All group 1 patients had previous or occult hepatitis B virus infection. Previous or occult hepatitis B virus infection may be critical in development of hepatocellular carcinomas in hepatitis C virus-infected patients without hepatic fibrosis.     

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hemodialysis Patients in Japan

Hepatitis B surface antigen is widely used in hepatitis B virus surveillance; patients who test negative for the antigen are judged to be uninfected. However, occult hepatitis B virus infection has been confirmed with hepatitis B virus DNA at low levels in the liver and peripheral blood in patients positive for hepatitis B core antibody or hepatitis B surface antibody, even if they test negative for hepatitis B surface antigen. To investigate the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus in hemodialysis patients, we performed cross‐sectional analysis of 161 hemodialysis patients in two related institutions for hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antibody, and hepatitis B surface antibody. Hepatitis B surface antigen, hepatitis B core antibody, or hepatitis B surface antibody was present in 45 patients (28.0%). Hepatitis B virus DNA was present in six patients (3.7%), all of whom also tested positive for hepatitis B core antibody. Hepatitis B surface antibody positivity was unrelated in only one of the six patients. Four of the six patients were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen; however, two (1.3%) of these with occult hepatitis B virus infection were found to be hepatitis B surface antigen negative. Occult hepatitis B virus infection may be missed in hepatitis B virus surveillance using hepatitis B surface antigen alone; therefore, routine hepatitis B core antibody screening is necessary. Patients who test positive for hepatitis B core antibody should undergo further hepatitis B virus DNA testing to enable accurate hepatitis B virus screening.     

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Hemodialysis Patients: A Concept for Consideration

Hemodialysis patients potentially have an increased risk of infection with parenterally transmitted viral agents due to an impaired host immune response and multiple transfusion requirements. Viral hepatitis is considered as a problem for hemodialysis patients because 1.9% of all deaths among this population are related to the consequence of viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most important causes of transmitted infections by the parenteral route in hemodialysis patients. Occult HBV infection is characterized by presence of HBV infection without detectable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), which harbors potential risk of HBV transmission through hemodialysis. There are conflicting reports on the prevalence of occult HBV infection (OBI) in hemodialysis patients. Considering the importance of occult HBV infection in hemodialysis patients and the growing evidence on this subject, the purpose of this review is to provide comprehensive information on OBI prevalence in hemodialysis patients and highlight the most important points in this issue.     

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Japanese Chronic Hemodialysis Patients

We investigated the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in Japanese chronic hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis patients (n = 1041) were screened for occult HBV. The presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hepatitis B surface antibody, and hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc) was determined by various chemiluminescent immunoassays. HBV‐DNA was quantified in patients positive for anti‐HBc using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Among the 1041 patients, six (0.6%) were HBsAg‐positive and 218 (20.9%) were anti‐HBc‐positive. All HBsAg‐positive patients also tested positive for the presence of HBV DNA. Of 212 HBsAg‐negative and anti‐HBc‐positive patients, three were positive for HBV DNA. Our study showed that the prevalence of occult HBV infection in chronic hemodialysis patients from eastern Japan was 0.3%.     

慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染的临床研究

目的进一步了解慢性乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)感染重叠戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)感染的临床特点及转归。方法对慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染与单纯戊型肝炎进行临床对照研究。结果167例戊型肝炎均为散发型,发病无明显季节性,以40岁以上成人发病为主,平均年龄为42.12±14.06岁,男女比例为2.71∶1。其中,慢性HBV感染重叠HEV感染(简称乙戊肝)79例(47.31%),单纯戊型肝炎88例(52.69%)。乙戊肝组重度黄疸(TB>280μmol/L)、严重凝血功能异常(PTA<40%)和低蛋白血症的发生率明显高于单纯戊型肝炎组(P<0.01)。结论重叠戊型肝炎病毒感染是导致慢性HBV感染者病情急性加重和重症化,甚至发展成致死性重型肝炎的重要原因之一。     

Kidney Transplantation in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection on the long-term outcome of kidney transplant patients is controversial. A total of 34 chronic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers among 143 renal allograft recipients were identified in this study (mean follow-up period: 5.6 ± 3.3 years; range: 1–13 years). During the follow-up, one HBsAg-positive recipient with preexisting cirrhosis died of liver failure, and seven (21%) others developed serious HBV-related complications (four fulminant hepatitis, two hepatocellular carcinoma, one cirrhosis), and four died. Although HBsAg-positive recipients had a higher rate of liver-related complications and deaths than HBsAg-negative recipients did, there were no significant differences in the long-term graft and patient survival between the two groups. The survival rates, liver-related complications, and deaths in HBsAg-positive allograft recipients and 28 HBsAg-positive uremic patients under dialysis were similar. In conclusion, HBV infection is not a contraindication to kidney transplantation. However, pretransplant candidates should be warned of potentially serious liver-related complications.     

Roles of micrornas in the Hepatitis B Virus Infection and Related Diseases

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus that belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. HBV can cause acute and persistent infection which can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a crucial role in the main cellular events. The dysregulation of their expression has been linked to the development of the cancer as well as to viral interference. This chapter will describe the involvement of miRNAs in the case of HBV infection and their implication in the development of the HBV-related diseases.     

Significance of Prior Hepatitis B Virus Infection in the Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C

To clarify the clinical significance of prior hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in the development of C-viral hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), we conducted two studies: (1) Two hundred thirty-four patients with C-viral HCC and 320 patients with C-viral chronic liver disease without HCC admitted to our hospital between 1990 and 1994 were analyzed for the association of hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb) positivity with HCC by multivariate logistic regression analysis, and this revealed HBcAb positivity as an independent risk factor for development of HCC adjusted for age and sex. (2) Four hundred fifty-nine patients with biopsy-proven hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease between 1986 and 1998 were enrolled in the cohort study and followed for the development of HCC. During an average follow-up of 6.6 ± 3.3 years, HCC developed in 63 patients, 37 of 160 patients positive for HBcAb and 26 of 299 patients negative for HBcAb. Multivariate Cox proportional regression analysis showed that the incidence of HCC increased by age, advanced stage of liver fibrosis, mean alanine aminotransferase value of more than 80 IU/liter, and positivity of HBcAb. Sustained virological responders after interferon therapy revealed a reduced risk for HCC development. In conclusion, prior HBV infection was shown to be one of the independent risk factors for development of HCC in C-viral chronic liver disease.     

Occult Hepatitis B Virus Infection: An Update

Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) refers to a condition in which replication-competent viral DNA is present in the liver (with detectable or undetectable HBV DNA in the serum) of individuals testing negative for the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg). In this peculiar phase of HBV infection, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) is in a low state of replication. Many advances have been made in clarifying the mechanisms involved in such a suppression of viral activity, which seems to be mainly related to the host’s immune control and epigenetic factors. OBI is diffused worldwide, but its prevalence is highly variable among patient populations. This depends on different geographic areas, risk factors for parenteral infections, and assays used for HBsAg and HBV DNA detection. OBI has an impact in several clinical contexts: (a) it can be transmitted, causing a classic form of hepatitis B, through blood transfusion or liver transplantation; (b) it may reactivate in the case of immunosuppression, leading to the possible development of even fulminant hepatitis; (c) it may accelerate the progression of chronic liver disease due to different causes toward cirrhosis; (d) it maintains the pro-oncogenic properties of the “overt” infection, favoring the development of hepatocellular carcinoma.