经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻64例

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的经验，探讨其临床疗效及价值。方法：64例患者均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疽。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：64例患者中，50例植入单支支架于肝总管或(和)胆总管，14例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管，其中2例肝内胆管支架的桥接通过肝实质。58例患者2周内血清胆红素降低75％以上。结论：经皮肝穿刺刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

内镜下胆道支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻122例

目的:探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影技术(ERCP)在恶性胆道梗阻中的应用.方法:收集2003-07/2007-12临床确诊为恶性胆道梗阻患者122例,均采用ERCP及留置内支架,比较手术前后血清总胆红素变化情况.结果:全组122例胆管恶性梗阻中,行ERCP操作138例次,置管成功128例次,操作成功率92.75%.消除黄疸总有效率96.88%,并发症发生率为7.97%.108例置管成功且治疗有效者全部跟踪随访,其中86例在随访期内死亡,存活期为7.14±5.13 mo,22例至今仍存活,全组生存中位时间7.2 mo.结论:胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效确切,安全性高,能提高患者生活质量.     

恶性胆管梗阻内支架置入后再梗阻的研究现状

通过内镜置入胆道内支架引流是目前治疗恶性胆管梗阻的首选措施,然而内支架再梗阻却是当前困扰临床的主要问题.近年来,国内外在探讨支架阻塞的机制,通过多种方法防治以延长引流时间等方面进行了广泛而深入的研究,此文就此作一综述.     

内镜下胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻124例

恶性胆道梗阻是指由肝门部胆管癌、肝外胆管癌、壶腹癌、胰头癌或其他部位肿瘤转移的淋巴结压迫胆道以及肝癌、胆管癌癌栓等引起的梗阻性黄疸,它可引起进行性加重的黄疽,导致肝脏功能迅速恶化⑴。经十二指肠镜胆管引流术是胆管梗阻的重要治疗手段,     

内镜与超声联合经皮肝穿胆道引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

对于晚期不能进行手术切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,主要需解决的是胆管减压的问题。自1998年至2005年,我们治疗恶性胆道梗阻患者106例,行内镜下胆管内支架置入术,不成功者22例,成功率80％。其中8例行超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺内镜内置管引流,7例疗效确切,未发现与操作相关的特殊并发症,现报道如下。     

胆管内支架引流治疗良恶性胆管梗阻

我院于2000年10月对2003年5月对36例胆管梗阻患者采取胆管内支架引流，取得较好效果，报告如下。     

内镜下胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻85例

目的探讨内镜下胆道支架对恶性梗阻性黄疸的治疗效果和临床应用价值。方法选择85例无法手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,内镜下放置胆道支架。结果85例胆管恶性梗阻患者中,行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）操作115例次,胆道支架放置成功109例次,操作成功率为94．78％,消除黄疸总有效率为95．41％,并发症发生率为8．26％,平均存活期约为7．4个月。结论胆道支架置入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效确切,具有创伤小、并发症少、符合生理等特点,对无法手术根治性切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,镜下放置胆道支架是最佳的首选治疗方法。     

经皮经肝置放胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

经皮经肝穿刺胆道内置放记忆合金支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸，其操作技术安全、有效，能明显提高患者的生活质量，延长患者的生存期。我科自2005年3月至2007年8月对10例恶性胆道梗阻患者，采用经皮经肝置放胆道支架进行治疗，取得了较好的临床效果，现报道如下。     

经内镜置放胆道支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻36例分析

恶性胆管梗阻继发梗阻性黄疸及化脓性胆管炎是临床重症 ,治疗较棘手 ,死亡率高。胆道梗阻引起胆汁淤积继发肝功能不全 ,消化吸收功能减退等是致使恶性梗阻性黄疸者死亡的主要原因 ,因此对不能手术切除的梗阻性黄疸采用非手术减黄治疗有重要的临床意义。内镜下胆道支架置入术自 1979年首次应用于临床以来 ,以其安全、方便、经济和确切的胆汁引流效果 ,确定了其在梗阻性黄疸治疗中的地位。我院1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 6月共放置胆道支架治疗恶性胆管梗阻 38例次 ,现报告如下。1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　共选择 36例患者 ,男 2 1例 ,女 15例 ,…     

恶性胆总管梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的内镜治疗价值分析

目的 探讨经内镜置入胆管及肠道支架联合治疗胆总管恶性梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的临床价值.方法 对17例同时存在胆管及胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的恶性肿瘤患者在完成胆管金属支架置入术后再行肠道金属支架置入.观察操作成功率、胆管及消化道梗阻缓解情况、并发症发生情况、支架再阻塞情况以及患者生存期.结果 17例患者经内镜下置入胆管支架和肠道支架,成功率100％;术后7天患者血清总胆红素[(263.4±62.5)μmol/L降至(157.6±25.1)μmol/L]、直接胆红素[(233.2±66.5)μmol/L降至(130.9±27.7) μmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶[(534.2±78.7)IU/L降至(216.3±23.3)IU/L]均明显下降(P＜0.O1),胃出口梗阻评分[(0.9±1.1)分升至(2.1±0.7)分]明显上升(P＜0.01).所有患者均未出现严重并发症,生存70～332 d,中位生存时间192 d.结论 联合双支架置入是治疗胆管合并胃出口-十二指肠恶性梗阻的安全有效的方法.     

肝门部胆管恶性梗阻双支架引流22例临床应用

目的探讨肝门部胆管恶性梗阻双侧支架引流的疗效、安全性。方法回顾性分析首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院、北京市消化疾病中心2002年10月至2003年12月肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者22例双侧支架引流的有效率、并发症发生率、支架畅通时间及生存时间。结果22例肝门部胆管恶性梗阻患者均一次置入双侧支架成功,引流有效率81.8%(18/22),并发症发生率22.7%,其中胆管炎4例、胰腺炎1例,中位支架畅通时间113d,中位生存时间138d。结论对于BismuthⅡ、Ⅲ型肝门部恶性梗阻,双侧支架引流是安全有效的;对于BismuthⅣ型,双侧支架引流需慎重。     

Partially covered self-expandable metal stents versus polyethylene stents for malignant biliary obstruction: A cost-effectiveness analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:

Partially covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) and polyethylene stents (PES) are both commonly used in the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Although SEMS are significantly more expensive, they are more efficacious than PES. Accordingly, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed.

METHODS:

A cost-effectiveness analysis compared the approach of initial placement of PES versus SEMS for the study population. Patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to insert the initial stent. If the insertion failed, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram was performed. If stent occlusion occurred, a PES was inserted at repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, either in an outpatient setting or after admission to hospital if cholangitis was present. A third-party payer perspective was adopted. Effectiveness was expressed as the likelihood of no occlusion over the one-year adopted time horizon. Probabilities were based on a contemporary randomized clinical trial, and costs were issued from national references. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS:

A PES-first strategy was both more expensive and less efficacious than an SEMS-first approach. The mean per-patient costs were US$6,701 for initial SEMS and US$20,671 for initial PES, which were associated with effectiveness probabilities of 65.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results.

CONCLUSION:

At the time of initial endoscopic drainage for patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing palliative stenting, an initial SEMS insertion approach was both more effective and less costly than a PES-first strategy.     

Predictors of the patency of self-expandable metallic stents in malignant gastroduodenal obstruction

AIM: To investigate the predictive factors of self-expandable metallic stent patency after stent placement in patients with inoperable malignant gastroduodenal obstruction.METHODS: A total of 116 patients underwent stent placements for inoperable malignant gastroduodenal obstruction at a tertiary academic center. Clinical success was defined as acceptable decompression of the obstructive lesion within the malignant gastroduodenal neoplasm. We evaluated patient comorbidities and clinical statuses using the World Health Organization’s scoring system and categorized patient responses to chemotherapy using the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors criteria. We analyzed the relationships between possible predictive factors and stent patency.RESULTS: Self-expandable metallic stent placement was technically successful in all patients (100%), and the clinical success rate was 84.2%. In a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were correlated with a reduction in stent patency [P = 0.006; adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 2.92, 95%CI: 1.36-6.25]. Palliative chemotherapy was statistically associated with an increase in stent patency (P = 0.009; aHR = 0.27, 95%CI: 0.10-0.72).CONCLUSION: CEA levels can easily be measured at the time of stent placement and may help clinicians to predict stent patency and determine the appropriate stent procedure.     

Endoscopic stenting for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction.METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials(RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL(EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL(BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES(Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, complication and reintervention rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The bias was mainly assessed through the JADAD scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software Rev Man, by computing risk differences(RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences(MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the MantelHaenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in χ2 and the Higgins method(I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%, a subsequent assay was done and other findings were compiled. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes.RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title, repetition, and/or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) and plastic stents(PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected, with 13 articles and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct(proximal) and pancreatic tumors(distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm(30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the metaanalysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS(21.6% vs 46.8%, P 0.00001) and fewer re-interventions(21.6% vs 56.6%, P 0.00001), with no difference in complications(13.7% vs 15.9%, P = 0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group(182 d vs 150 d, P 0.0001), with a higher patency period(250 d vs 124 d, P 0.0001) and a lower cost per patient(4193.98 vs 4728.65 Euros, P 0.0985).CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower re-intervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs showed no difference.     

经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流治疗恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨经内镜放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流对恶性胆管梗阻的治疗效果。方法 115例失去手术机会的恶性胆管梗阻患者行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管支架,其中48例行胆管塑料支架引流术,30例行胆管金属支架引流术,37例行胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管引流术;分析各组引流效果、成功率、早期并发症和胆管再堵塞发生情况。结果塑料支架组、金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组的谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)和碱性磷酸酶(AKP)在手术后均有明显降低(P0.05);手术后1周金属支架联合鼻胆管组的TBIL和DBIL明显低于塑料支架组、金属支架组(P0.05),塑料支架组和金属支架组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后3个月内金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组再堵塞的发生率明显低于塑料支架组(P0.05),金属支架组和金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);塑料支架组的手术成功率与金属支架组及金属支架联合鼻胆管组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),塑料支架组的早期并发症发生率明显高于金属支架联合鼻胆管组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经内镜逆行胰胆管造影下放置胆管金属支架联合鼻胆管对于恶性胆管梗阻有确切的引流效果。     

镍钛支架治疗癌性肺不张的疗效评价

目的 研究镍钛支架植入对癌性肺不张的治疗价值。方法 对83例主支气管内肿瘤阻塞所致一侧全肺不张的患,进行镍钛合金支架植入治疗,观察其近远期疗效。结果 不张的肺完全复张率为100％,复发率为2.4%。结论 镍钛支架气道植入术对癌性肺不张是一项新的、疗效满意的治疗方法。     

Biliary stenting with or without sphincterotomy for malignant biliary obstruction: A meta-analysis

AIM: To investigate the benefits of endoscopic sphincterotomy (EST) before stent placement by meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Science Citation Index databases up to March 2014 were searched. The primary outcome was incidence of post-endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) pancreatitis (PEP) and successful stent insertion rate. The secondary outcomes were the incidence of post-ERCP bleeding, stent migration and occlusion. The free software Review Manager was used to perform the meta-analysis.RESULTS: Three studies (n = 338 patients, 170 in the EST group and 168 in the non-EST group) were included. All three studies described a comparison of baseline patient characteristics and showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Three RCTs, including 338 patients, were included in this meta-analysis. Most of the analyzed outcomes were similar between the groups. Although EST reduced the incidence of PEP, it also led to a higher incidence of post-ERCP bleeding (OR = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.12-0.93, P = 0.04; OR = 9.70, 95%CI: 1.21-77.75, P = 0.03, respectively).CONCLUSION: EST before stent placement may be useful in reducing the incidence of PEP. However, EST-related complications, such as bleeding and perforation, may offset this effect.