恶性胆总管梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的内镜治疗价值分析

目的 探讨经内镜置入胆管及肠道支架联合治疗胆总管恶性梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的临床价值.方法 对17例同时存在胆管及胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的恶性肿瘤患者在完成胆管金属支架置入术后再行肠道金属支架置入.观察操作成功率、胆管及消化道梗阻缓解情况、并发症发生情况、支架再阻塞情况以及患者生存期.结果 17例患者经内镜下置入胆管支架和肠道支架,成功率100％;术后7天患者血清总胆红素[(263.4±62.5)μmol/L降至(157.6±25.1)μmol/L]、直接胆红素[(233.2±66.5)μmol/L降至(130.9±27.7) μmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶[(534.2±78.7)IU/L降至(216.3±23.3)IU/L]均明显下降(P＜0.O1),胃出口梗阻评分[(0.9±1.1)分升至(2.1±0.7)分]明显上升(P＜0.01).所有患者均未出现严重并发症,生存70～332 d,中位生存时间192 d.结论 联合双支架置入是治疗胆管合并胃出口-十二指肠恶性梗阻的安全有效的方法.     

胆管内支架置入治疗恶性胆道狭窄(附26例分析)

目的观察胆管内支架置入治疗胆道恶性狭窄的疗效。方法对26例恶性胆道恶性梗阻患者行胆管内支架置入治疗。结果患者术后黄疸逐步减退,情况良好。结论胆管内支架置入治疗胆道恶性梗阻疗效满意,但必须结合病因治疗,方能提高疗效。     

经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻64例

目的：总结经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的经验，探讨其临床疗效及价值。方法：64例患者均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疽。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：64例患者中，50例植入单支支架于肝总管或(和)胆总管，14例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管，其中2例肝内胆管支架的桥接通过肝实质。58例患者2周内血清胆红素降低75％以上。结论：经皮肝穿刺刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

肝门部高位恶性胆管梗阻的多支架引流治疗

目的探讨多支架植入技术治疗肝门部高位多发性恶性胆道梗阻的治疗方法及临床应用价值。方法高位胆管梗阻127例。梗阻部位：肝总管上端距左、右肝管汇合部1cm以内66例，左、右肝管及肝总管上端同时梗阻45例．肝内右肝管多发性梗阻5例，肝内左、右肝管梗阻11例。采用五种支架植入方法。66例经右腋中线右肝管一胆总管途径植入支架；37例经腋中线和剑突下’分别穿刺左、右肝管。植入2个支架呈“Y”型排列。7例左肝管一右盯管问植入支架，再在右肝管一胆总管间植入支架．2支架呈“Г”行排列。3例右肝内肝管多发梗阻。先存右肝内盯管问放置支架，再在右肝管-肝总管问放置支架。12例右盯管放置支架．左肝管放置外引流。2例右盯内肝管多发梗阻病例，单纯放置多点位外引流。测定术前、术后血清总胆红素水平。结果127例高他胆管梗阻患者经植入支架。实现胆汁内引流。J2J例患者的总胆红素由术前平均（283．4±175．4）μmol，／L下降至（63．2±111．8）／μmol／L．差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后随访1～28个月．患者生存率大于6个月者占67．3％（85/127）。1年者占46．5％（59／127）。结论对无法手术治疗的肝门部高位多部位恶性胆管梗阻．采用双点传双通道双支架植入或单点位单通道双支架植入,能有效实现胆汁的全面充分内引流．临床效果显著。     

经内镜胆道支架置入治疗35例恶性梗阻性黄疸疗效分析

目的探讨经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影（ER-CP）置入胆道内支架治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床疗效。方法 35例恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者,均行ERCP（经内镜逆行胰胆管造影）术,根据情况置入不同规格支架,观察治疗效果和3个月、6个月生存率。结果 32例患者插管成功,插管成功率为91.43%,其中10例置入金属支架,22例置入塑料支架。术后并发急性胰腺炎2例（6.25%）,经治疗后痊愈。成功置入支架的32例患者术后黄疸逐渐消退,皮肤瘙痒等症状明显缓解或消失,血清总胆红素从（230.85±83.81）μmol/L下降到术后1周（121.88±52.27）μmol/L（P〈0.01）,支架组随访26例中总体3个月、6个月存活分别达到92.30%及76.92%。结论经十二指肠镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）置入胆道内支架治疗恶性胆道梗阻疗效确切,对于解除恶性梗阻性黄疽、缓解症状、提高患者生存质量、延长生命具有较满意效果。     

ERCP放置胆管内支架姑息治疗难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻

目的探讨ERCP放置胆管内支架对难以切除的恶性胆管梗阻的临床治疗效果。方法对54例恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者,经ERCP将导丝插入胆管并超过梗阻部位,扩张狭窄处,用推送导管将已经选择合适的引流支架置于胆管适当部位,其两端均超过梗阻段2cm以上。结果54例患者中51例插管成功,3例插管不成功的患者中1例乳头开口于憩室内,另2例肿瘤完全阻塞导丝无法通过。成功率为94.44%(51/54)。34例胆管内放置8FZ型自膨胀式金属支架,其余20例行8～10F塑料内支架引流。术后黄疸逐渐消退,皮肤瘙痒等症状消失或减轻。其中39例2周内血清总胆红素下降50%以上,血清总胆红素退至34μmol/L以下。放置胆管内支架1周后,患者血清总胆红素由术前235.45±56.67μmol/L降至78.36±37.58μmol/L,肝功能较术前显著改善(P<0.05,P<0.01)。31例胆总管下段梗阻患者与12例肝门部胆管梗阻患者相比,放置胆管内支架引流治疗1周、2周后,其胆红素下降明显优于肝门部胆管梗阻患者(P<0.01)。34例放置胆管金属支架患者中,有12例于术后2个月发生支架阻塞,再次放置塑料内支架后引流通畅,1例放置金属支架术后患者第10个月出现支架阻塞予以再次植入金属支架。另外20例放置塑料内支架者,有3例于术后1～4周出现血清总胆红素再次上升,经ERCP检查发现支架移位和阻塞,予以更换内支架,其中1例植入塑料双支架。结论经ERCP内镜下胆管放置内支架,对解除恶性胆管梗阻性黄疸、缓解症状、提高患者生存质量具有满意疗效,对胆总管下段梗阻性黄疸的疗效优于肝门部胆管梗阻。     

原发性肝癌合并胆管梗阻的影像诊断与介入治疗

目的　探讨原发性肝癌合并胆管梗阻的影像诊断与介入治疗价值。方法　对 2 6例原发性肝癌合并胆管梗阻者进行回顾性分析 ,所有患者均行超声和CT检查 ,18例行MRI检查 ,11例行PTC检查 ,10例行ERCP检查 ,12例行胆道内支架置入术 ,2 2例经肝动脉化疗栓塞 (TACE)治疗。结果　 2 6例患者经超声、CT、MRI、PTC和ERCP等影像学检查后获得正确诊断。 12例患者分别置入了 4枚塑料内支架和 8枚金属支架 ,技术成功率为 10 0 % ,均有明显的减黄效果 ,患者术后 1周的血清胆红素水平由术前的 ( 2 96± 67) μmol/L降至 ( 10 4± 5 2 ) μmol/L(P <0 .0 5 )。 2 2例患者成功地进行了TACE治疗。结论　超声、CT、MRI和胆管造影检查对原发性肝癌合并胆管梗阻有较高的诊断价值 ,其相互补充有助于本病的正确诊断。胆道内支架置入术与TACE等介入治疗是其有效的治疗方法。     

经ERCP置入胆道金属支架与PTCD治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者临床疗效比较

目的观察比较经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)放置胆道金属支架与经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD治疗老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者的临床效果。方法 2014年10月～2017年10月我院收治的60例老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者,30接受PTCD治疗(对照组),另30例接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗(观察组)。随访1年。结果术后,观察组支架通畅时间为(225.4±52.6) d,显著长于对照组【(156.7±44.2) d,P0.05】,住院时间为(12.3±2.4)d,显著短于对照组【(19.9±4.1) d,P0.05】;观察组血清总胆红素为(110.2±60.1)μmol/L,显著低于对照组【(149.8±64.5)μmol/L,P0.05】,碱性磷酸酶为(216.8±127.6)IU/L,显著低于对照组【(312.9±149.5) I-U/L,P0.05】,谷氨酰转肽酶为(196.5±100.5) IU/L,显著低于对照组【(269.8±121.3) IU/L,P0.05】;观察组并发症发生率为10.0%,显著低于对照组的33.3%(P0.05);1 a生存率为30.0%,显著高于对照组的10.0%(x~2=3.922,P=0.045)。结论老年肝外胆道恶性梗阻患者接受经ERCP胆道金属支架置入治疗能短期降低黄疸,改善患者的肝功能指标,延长生存期。     

内镜与超声联合经皮肝穿胆道引流术治疗恶性胆道梗阻

对于晚期不能进行手术切除的恶性胆道梗阻患者,主要需解决的是胆管减压的问题。自1998年至2005年,我们治疗恶性胆道梗阻患者106例,行内镜下胆管内支架置入术,不成功者22例,成功率80％。其中8例行超声引导下经皮经肝穿刺内镜内置管引流,7例疗效确切,未发现与操作相关的特殊并发症,现报道如下。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸双介入疗法的临床应用

探讨经皮经肝胆道引流术 (PTCD)及胆道内支架置入术 (PTIBS)并结合动脉持续灌注化疗或栓塞术 (双介入 )治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床意义。 35例恶性梗阻性黄疸患者采用PTCD PTIBS ,置入内支架术后 2周行局部72小时持续性动脉灌注化疗术或化疗性栓塞术 ,每 4～ 6周一次。 35例采用PTCD PTIBS均获得成功 ,术后 2周总胆红素从术前 (4 85± 12 0 ) μmol/L降至 (5 4± 30 ) μmol/L ,AKP与ALT均下降明显。 35例患者共施行动脉持续灌注化疗或栓塞 85次 ,随访 10～ 2 4个月 ,半年以上生存率 94 2 % ,支架开通率 85 7% ;一年以上生存率 71 4 % ,支架开通率 74 2 %。PTCD PTIBS并结合动脉持续灌注化疗或栓塞治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸是安全有效的方法 ,能提高患者的生存质量及延长生存期     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.