男性假两性畸形的诊断和治疗

目的分析男性假两性畸形的临床特征,提高对男性假两性畸形的诊断和治疗水平。方法回顾性分析6例男性假两性畸形患者的临床资料。结果4例Leydig细胞不发育或发育不全（或睾丸对LH不反应症）患者术后性别为女性,其中1例行人工阴道形成术;3例行腹股沟隐睾摘除术。1例5α-还原酶缺陷症患者行两性畸形纠正＋尿道形成术＋阴茎弯曲纠正术,术后性别为男性;1例完全雄激素不敏感综合征患者未进一步治疗。结论男性假两性畸形疾病应早期诊断、早期治疗,患者的性别应根据诊断作出选择。     

138例两性畸形的临床诊治分析

目的 提高两性畸形的临床诊治水平.方法 对138例两性畸形患者的诊断及治疗方法进行总结并结合相关文献分析.结果 住院患者138例(年龄2～36岁,平均17岁)社会性别男性42例,女性96例.人院后经体格榆查,完善实验室、超声、放射及病理活检等相关检查明确诊断.138例中女性假两性畸形54例,男性假两性畸形66例,真两性畸形10例,纯性腺发育不全2例,无睾丸综合征2例,先天性睾丸发育不全症4例.132例行手术治疗,76例行腹腔镜探查术;术后121例保留女性性别,11例保留男性性别.女性假两性畸形皆保留女性性别;男性假两性畸形59例保留女性性别,4例保留男性性别,3例未行手术治疗;真两性畸形中8例维持女性性别,2例保留男性性别.结论 正确及时的性别确定是治疗的关键.病因诊断对治疗有一定指导意义,虽然两性畸形按女性抚养较为适宜,但仍应综合考虑患者及家属的意愿.     

两性畸形的诊治（附52例报告）

目的：探讨小儿两性畸形的诊断和治疗。方法：总结1991年1月1日-2001年3月1日我院52例两性畸形患的临床资料，其中男性假两性畸形20例，女性假两性畸形14例，真两性畸形9例，46XX男性综合征4例，染色体性别异常(未能分类)3例和混合性腺发育不良2例。40例行性腺探查。结果：最终性别32例定为男性，20例定为女性。结论：对外阴模棱两可合并性腺未降的患儿应行性腺探查、活检，有阴道的性别定为男性应行阴道切除。     

180例性分化异常患者的临床和细胞遗传学分析

筛选性分化异常患者180例行细胞遗传学检查。结果检出：性腺发育不全64例；性染色体异常55例（检出率31％）。其中表型与核型不一致24例，包括睾丸女性化17例，性反转综合征7例；男性性染色体数目异常31例，包括先天性小睾丸征30例，XYY综合征1例；女性假两性畸形28例，尿道下裂22例，包括男性19例，女性3例。文章就各类型性分化异常的临床特征，性腺功能及细胞遗传学进行了讨论。     

女性假两性畸形三例报告

报道3例女性假两性畸形患者，均为单纯男性化型，系21-羟化酶缺陷所致，先天性肾上腺皮质增生引起，并综合国内报道的49例，对该症临床表现及诊断，治疗作了讨论。     

17α-羟化酶缺陷症的早期诊断与干预

目的 分析17α-羟化酶缺陷症患者的发病特点,探讨其早期诊断与干预措施.方法 选择2000-2012年我院收治的13例17α-羟化酶缺陷症患者的临床诊治资料,分析其特点.结果 13例患者均为女性,初诊年龄4~29岁.均存在低血钾、高血压,9例＞13岁者均缺乏青春期性腺发育;2例于4岁时明确诊断,其余患者平均诊断年龄为16.3岁.以发现血钾异常为起点,17α-羟化酶缺陷症的确诊时间为(58.2±38.5)个月.结论 该病发生率较低,临床表现复杂,漏诊率高,对高血压、低血钾的患者,特别是伴有性腺发育异常者,应注意鉴别17α-羟化酶缺陷症,力争早期干预.     

女性假两性畸形三例报告

报道3例女性假两性畸形患者,均为单纯男性化型,系21-羟化酶缺陷所致,先天性肾上腺皮质增生引起。并综合了国内报道的49例,对该症临床表现及诊断、治疗作了讨论。     

女性假两性畸形4例病因及临床分析

目的探讨女性假两性畸形病因及临床分析。方法回顾性分析14年间收治的4例女性假两性畸形的病因、诊断，结合文献对治疗方面进行探讨。结果女性假两性畸形的病因复杂、临床表现各异、类型多样。结论诊断和治疗女性假两性畸形时应全面考虑，采取综合措施。     

两性畸形的治疗

两性畸形根据其体内存在二种性腺或单一性腺,可分为真两性畸形和假两性畸形,假两性畸形又可分为男性假两性畸形,女性假两性畸形和睾丸女性化综合征三种。两性畸形发生率极低,真两性畸形更属罕见。临床资料我科自1986年11月至1989年3月,共收住五例两性畸形患者,社会性别均为女性,年龄4～25岁,平均17.6岁,三例是“女假”,性染色体为46XX;二例是“男假”,性染色体为46     

男性假两性畸形的临床特点:附病例报道

目的 总结男性假两性畸形的临床特点.方法 对1例男性假两性畸形患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,并对患者及其母亲、姐姐进行相关基因分析.结果 患者为女性外观,青春期性腺发育不良,同时伴有高血压、低血钾.B超证实存在双侧隐睾;染色体为(46,XY);血、尿皮质醇水平明显降低,促肾上腺皮质激素(ACTH)水平升高;性激素水平明显降低,促性激素水平升高;血浆醛固酮水平轻度升高,肾素活性受到抑制;基因分析见CYP17第6号外显子329密码子发生纯合突变(TAC→AA),明确诊断为17α-羟化酶缺陷症(17α-OHD).小剂量地塞米松治疗使血压、血钾恢复正常后,行双侧隐睾切除术.术后维持地塞米松治疗,血压、血钾保持正常;给予雌激素替代治疗维持女性特征.结论 对于男性假两性畸形同时伴有高血压、低血钾的患者,应警惕17α-OHD的可能.除外科手术切除隐睾外,需内科随诊,长期给予糖皮质激素治疗,可良好控制血压并纠正低血钾.     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.