经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术200例方法学探讨

本文报告200例经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术方法学总结.Ross方法穿刺房间隔成功率100%,198例只采用正位透视,仅2例需左侧位透视,100%病例穿刺左房有左房压力波形出现,本文对Inoue方法进行简化使球囊导管通过狭窄的二尖瓣口及扩张二尖瓣的操作时间缩短.严重并发症包括2例脑梗塞(死亡1例)、3例心包填塞、1例室颤和2例重度二尖瓣返流.8例房颤患者有左心耳血栓,在华法令抗凝治疗3～8个月后血栓消失而安全地施行了二尖瓣球囊成形术.     

重度二尖瓣狭窄球囊分离术42例分析

目的 探索重度二尖瓣狭窄球囊分离术治疗的新方法.方法 房间隔穿刺点定位,采用吞钡食管左心房压迹定位法,以压迹上下缘的中下1/4水平线为房间隔穿刺高度,与脊柱中右1/4垂线的交点为房间隔穿刺点,穿刺成功率100%.穿刺成功后于右前斜位25°下行直接左心房造影,根据二尖瓣口位置调整二尖瓣探条(stylet),引导Inoue球囊过二尖瓣口,必要时在超声心动图指导下进左心室,选用直径23～28mm球囊扩张.结果 全部患者均成功,跨二尖瓣压差自18～51(34±11)mmHg降至4～9(7±3)mmHg(t=2.623,P<0.01).左心房平均压自20～60(38±13)mmHg,降至6～13(8±3)mmHg,二尖瓣听诊区雷鸣样舒张期杂音明显减轻或消失,效果显著(t=2.714,P<0.01).结论 对于风湿性心脏病重度二尖瓣狭窄,食管左心房压迹定房间隔穿刺点,安全而方便.右前斜位25°下,直接左心房造影显示二尖瓣口,指导Inoue球囊导管进左心室成功率高.     

应用国产球囊导管经皮穿刺二尖瓣成形术(附五例报告)

本文报告应用国产球囊导管对5例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄病例实行经皮穿刺单球囊二尖瓣成形术的治疗效果,手术后二尖瓣口面积分别由1.33,1.05,0.95,0.90及1.07cm~3扩张至2.47,1.52,2.15,1.60及1.92cm~2;跨二尖瓣压力阶差也分别由1.73,0.93,2.79,3.06及2.93kPa(13.0,7.0,21.0,23.0及22.0mmHg)降至0,0.13,0.27,0.13及1.06kPa(0,1.0,2.0,1.0及8.0mmHg);舒张期杂音由Ⅲ～Ⅳ级减至0～Ⅱ级,自觉症状及心功能均明显改善。作者认为,应用国产球囊导管,适当地简化手术程序,经皮穿刺球囊二尖瓣成形术可以安全地在有条件的基层医院开展。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术临床应用体会

采用国产球囊导管及配套器械对１０２例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄（ＭＳ）患者行经皮球囊二尖瓣成形术（ＰＢＭＶ），１０１例手术成功；其中９０例术后随访２３±９个月，二尖瓣口面积（ＭＶＡ）为２．０５±０．４０ｃｍ２，４例发生再狭窄（占４．４％），无１例死亡。认为正确选择适应症、准确定位房间隔穿刺点、严格把握球囊扩张终点是保证手术成功的关键     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张成形术48例临床分析

报告４８例经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张成形术（ＰＢＭＶ）,均获成功。术中采用食管左房压迹定位法进行房间隔穿刺定位,全部成功,并缩短了球囊导管进入左房的时间（３．１±２．５分钟）。     

重度二尖瓣狭窄的球囊成形术

本文对22例重度二尖瓣狭窄患者进行PBMV治疗.采用改良Inoue法8例,成功6例,应用我们设计的球囊负压操作法14例,全部成功,总成功率91%(20/22).血流动力学显著改善;左心房平均压由术前的3.11±0.82下降至0.91±0.81kPa(P <0.01),肺动脉平均任由4.32±1.52下降至2.78士1.48kPa(P<0.05),二尖瓣跨瓣压差由术前2.35士0.66下降至0.27土0.65kPa(P<0.01),二尖瓣口面积由术前0.69士0.11增加到1.73士0.47cm~2(P<0.01),心功能均明显改善.本组结果显示;采用球囊负压操作法可缩短手术操作时间,减少术中并发症,提高手术成功率.PBMV不仅适用于轻～中度二尖瓣狭窄的患者,亦适用于部分重度MS的患者,且后者较前者疗效更满意.     

国产球囊导管与进口球囊导管行经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术的对比观察

比较国产球囊导管和进口Ｉｎｏｕｅ球囊导管对风湿性二瓣狭窄患者行经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术的效果。方法将２５７例行ＰＢＭＶ治疗患者承机分为两组,其中应用国产球囊导管组２０７例,应用进口Ｉｎｏｕｅ球囊导管组５０例。     

经皮二尖瓣球囊扩张术600例临床总结

对600例风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄患者进行了经皮二瓣球囊扩张术(PBMV).患者分为第一阶段(1990年4月～1991年2月)114例,用Inoue方法;第二阶段(1991年3月～1995年3月)486例,术前和术中对操作技术进行了改进,其中包括:房颤者均常规抗凝治疗;伴有冠心病或ST-T改变者行冠脉造影;依Wiltins法对瓣膜结构评分,大于8分者只要前瓣活动好即可入选;采用三法定位校正法行房间隔穿刺;穿刺针指向根据左房大小进行调整;穿刺针扩张管进入左房时严密观测左房压力曲线,且缓慢推进不超过0.5cm;球囊导管在心房内呈反“C”形,根据左房大小调整位置和方向进入二尖瓣口;调整球囊在左室内的方向和位置;逐次递增球囊直径扩张二尖瓣等.结果:第一阶段114例,成功率为92.1%,并发症为7.9%(9/114).第二阶段486例,成功率为100%,无并发症.表明术前准备和术中操作技术的改进,可显著提高PBMV成功率,减少并发症,有临床应用价值.     

老年患者二尖瓣狭窄球囊成形术并发症的防治

目的 降低老年患者二尖瓣球囊成形术的并发症.方法 对57例老年二尖瓣狭窄患者进行经皮二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV).将患者分为A组27例,男性11例,女性16例,年龄60～72(66±5)岁,采用传统的PBMV技术;B组30例,男性10例,女性20例,年龄60～70(64±5)岁,采用改进的PBMV技术,主要包括4种方法监控定位行房间隔穿刺;根据左心房大小调整二尖瓣导向探条前段的J形弧度;3种方法监控球囊导管是否已进入左心室并判断其未卡在腱索内;微级递增球囊直径扩张二尖瓣口等.结果 A组并发症为26%(7/27),其中中～重度二尖瓣关闭不全4例,缓慢性心律失常及低血压2例,心包填塞1例;B组仅3%(1/30)发生中度二尖瓣关闭不全,两组比较,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).超声心动图显示左心房内云雾状改变不是PBMV的禁忌证.结论 PBMV操作技术的改进可显著降低老年患者PBMV手术的并发症.     

经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术（附41例分析）

本文报道应用国产球囊对４１例风湿性二尖瓣狭窄患者，进行了经皮穿刺二尖瓣球囊成形术。经治疗后心功能显著改善，二尖瓣听诊区舒张期杂音消失，瓣口面积平均增加１．２ｃｍ￣２，左房压平均下降１．８５ｋＰａ，左方内径平均缩小２．２ｃｍ，结果满意，术中合并脑栓塞１例，二尖瓣返流加重２例。作者对其并发症及病例选择进行了讨论。     

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy and radiofrequency catheter ablation in patients with mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short- and long-term results of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with mitral stenosis (MS) following percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). METHODS AND RESULTS: Four patients (2 males, age 59+/-6 years) underwent simultaneous PTMC and pulmonary vein (PV) ablation. All patient had AF and MS (2 had persistent AF >1 month, 2 had paroxysmal AF), and the mean duration of AF was 3.4+/-3.3 years. The mean left atrial dimension was 47+/-7 mm and the mean ejection fraction was 58+/-4%. After PTMC, RFCA was performed in all patients (3 underwent PV isolation and 1 had PV focal ablation). The mitral valve area increased from 1.11 +/-0.19 to 1.90+/-0.20 cm(2) (p < 0.01). The frequency of AF episodes was dramatically reduced in the 2 patients with paroxysmal AF, and the 1 with persistent AF maintained sinus rhythm, but 1 patient with persistent AF developed recurrent AF. No complications or cardiac events occurred in any of the patients. CONCLUSION: The combination of RFCA and PTMC was safe and feasible, and may be useful in patients with MS and AF.     

Urgent/Emergent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy

Urgent/emergent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) was performed in 10 patients (two men and eight women, aged 21 to 60 yr). All patients had arterial hypoxemia and four required mechanical respirators. PTMC was performed in the semi-recumbent position in four patients. The seven patients with pliable valves (group 1) achieved good hemodynamic and echocardiographic results after PTMC, but one died 2 wk later because of sepsis complicating preexisting pneumonitis. The two pregnant patients uneventfully delivered normal babies at term. There was continued clinical improvement in the six surviving patients at last follow-up at 11 to 39 mon (median 26). Of the three patients with calcified valves and severe subvalvular lesions (group 2), the premoribund patient in whom last-resort PTMC created severe mitral regurgitation died 3 days later of multiple organ failure. The other two patients underwent mitral valve replacement 1–6 days later because of lack of clinical improvement due to creation of severe mitral regurgitation and ineffective mitral valve dilation, respectively. In conclusion, urgent/emergent PTMC is feasible and safe. However, its outcomes are dictated by the status of diseased mitral valve and coexisting illness.     

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in managing rheumatic mitral stenosis]

From April 1987 to October 1989, 32 patients with mitral stenosis (MS) were treated, of whom percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) was performed in 14. PTMC was indicated by the surgeons in 5 patients including 1) 2 patients who refused reoperation, 2) one with early gastric cancer, 3) one with severe hyperthyroidism and cardiac cachexia, and 4) one with acute renal failure and aortic stenosis. In the other 9 patients, PTMC was indicated by the cardiologists, because it is less invasive. Thirteen patients underwent open mitral commissurotomy (OMC) and 5 patients were treated with mitral valve replacement (MVR). PTMC group: Symptoms were alleviated in 10 of 14. The mitral valve areas (MVA) changed from 1.03 +/- 0.47 cm2 to 1.90 +/- 0.67 cm2 (p < 0.001), and the mean pressure gradient between the left atrium and left ventricle decreased from 10.2 +/- 3.6 mmHg to 4.9 +/- 1.7 mmHg (p < 0.001). No significant mitral valve regurgitation (MR) was induced by PTMC. OMC group: Symptomatic improvement was observed in all patients. The MVA changed from 1.54 +/- 0.46 cm2 to 3.06 +/- 1.34 cm2 (p < 0.001) and the mean left atrial pressures were reduced from 17.6 +/- 7.8 mmHg to 10.5 +/- 4.2 mmHg (p < 0.001). MVR group: There was one hospital death, and the other 4 patients were discharged with satisfactory results. It is concluded that although PTMC has been routinely performed for mild cases, this method is also very helpful in treating patients having various complications which impede open heart surgery.     

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy for significant calcific mitral stenosis: utility of the stepwise balloon dilatation technique and follow-up results

The present study examined the utility of the stepwise balloon dilatation technique in 41 patients with significant calcific mitral stenosis undergoing percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). Thirty-five patients (85.4%) had a successful procedure; one patient developed cardiac tamponade and underwent mitral valve replacement. The mitral valve area increased from 0.9 +/- 0.2 cm2 to 1.7 +/- 0.3 cm2 following PTMC. Increase in mitral regurgitation (MR) was seen in 11 patients (26.8%). All patients showed improvement in functional class of > or =1 level following PTMC, which was sustained in 34 patients at follow-up. At a mean follow-up period of 20 +/- 12 months (range 3-51 months) in 35 patients, 26 patients (74.3%) were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional Class I, 8 patients (22.9%) were in NYHA Class II, and 1 patient (2.8%) was in NYHA Class III. The cumulative 4-year cardiac event-free survival rate was 81.8%. However, patients with grade 4+ calcification had only 50% event-free survival rate. At follow-up, an increased incidence of cardiac events was seen in female patients as compared with male patients (83.3% versus 16.7%). Restenosis was seen in 3 patients (8.6%). One patient underwent repeat PTMC 37 months after the initial procedure. There was no incidence of death or mitral valve replacement at follow-up. We conclude that the stepwise balloon dilatation technique can be safely and effectively applied for patients with significant calcific mitral stenosis to achieve an optimal mitral valve area with low incidence of significant increase in MR. Favorable long-term benefits also accrue in the form of improved functional status and low incidence of repeat procedures (repeat PTMC or mitral valve replacement). The majority of patients (74.3%) were in NYHA functional class I without medication. Patients with grade 4+ calcification show less benefit from PTMC and may be considered for mitral valve replacement. Cardiac events occur more frequently in female patients than in male patients during follow-up.     

Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy for Post-Surgical Mitral Restenosis: Acute Outcome and Analysis of Factors Influencing Results

The present study examined the utility of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) for post-surgical mitral restenosis (Group I, n = 71 patients), and the factors influencing the outcome of the procedure. The results of PTMC were also compared with a group of patients (Group II, n = 70 patients), who underwent PTMC for de novo mitral stenosis. Both the groups were matched for age, pre-procedure mitral valve area and echocardiographic score. PTMC was successful in 60 patients (85%) in group I and in 68 patients (97%) in group II (p < 0.05). However, the final mitral valve area achieved was similar between the two groups (1.8 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.9 +/- 0.2 sq.cm, p = NS). Patients in group I had significantly greater mitral valve calcification (0.6 +/- 0.8 vs. 0.3 +/- 0.6, p < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis of results in patients with post-surgical restenosis revealed that only basal mean pulmonary artery pressure and basal cardiac index correlated significantly with increase in valve area. Mitral valve leaflet mobility, thickness and subvalvular deformity did not correlate significantly with the increase in mitral valve area. CONCLUSION: PTMC is a safe procedure for post-surgical mitral restenosis with negligible complication, with a higher success and significantly lower complication rate than that reported for repeat surgical commissurotomy. Although patients with surgical restenosis had a greater degree of calcification of mitral valve leaflets; only basal mean pulmonary artery pressure and cardiac index significantly influenced the increase in mitral valve area. Increased fibrosis of mitral leaflet following surgery probably adversely influences the results of PTMC for post-surgical mitral restenosis.     

Improvement in mitral flow dynamics during exercise after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy. Noninvasive evaluation using continuous wave Doppler technique

Evaluation of mitral flow dynamics during exercise is critically important in patients who receive percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) because limited mitral flow during exercise provokes hemodynamic deterioration and involves cardiogenic symptoms in patients with mitral stenosis. To examine mitral flow dynamics during exercise, we applied continuous wave Doppler technique in 20 patients with mitral stenosis. Exercise Doppler study was performed 2 days before and 5 days after PTMC. PTMC increased mitral valve area from 1.0 +/- 0.3 (mean +/- SD) to 1.9 +/- 0.5 cm2 and decreased mean transmitral pressure gradient from 8 +/- 2 to 4 +/- 1 mm Hg at rest. Moreover, PTMC decreased mean transmitral pressure gradient from 21 +/- 6 to 11 +/- 4 mm Hg at submaximal exercise. The extent of an increase in mitral valve area by PTMC correlated with a decrease in the mean transmitral pressure gradient at the submaximal exercise (r = -0.76, p less than 0.01) and that at rest (r = -0.52, p less than 0.05). Heart rate after PTMC during exercise was significantly lower than that before PTMC, indicating that the compensatory mechanism (tachycardia) to increase cardiac output during exercise is less necessary after PTMC. Thus, we conclude that the mitral flow dynamics during exercise is improved, as well as the resting mitral flow dynamics 5 days after PTMC, and that exercise Doppler study enabled us to make a noninvasive evaluation of the mitral flow dynamics in patients who receive PTMC.     

Effect of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy for the preservation of sinus rhythm in patients with mitral stenosis

OBJECTIVES: Atrial fibrillation is frequently associated with mitral stenosis and is considered to be an unfavorable factor for the long-term prognosis. The efficacy of percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy(PTMC) was examined for the preservation of sinus rhythm in patients with mitral stenosis after PTMC. METHODS: Long-term clinical data after PTMC were obtained from 71 patients who had undergone PTMC from March 1989 to September 1999. Eighteen patients in sinus rhythm before PTMC were divided into two groups: the SR group(n = 5) who remained in sinus rhythm, and the Af group(n = 13) who showed change from sinus rhythm to persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation after PTMC. RESULTS: Age, sex, mitral valve area(1.4 +/- 0.3 vs 1.2 +/- 0.3 cm2), mean mitral pressure gradient(14.3 +/- 5.5 vs 12.6 +/- 5.9 mmHg), mean left atrial pressure(15.9 +/- 7.6 vs 19.0 +/- 7.7 mmHg), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure(7.5 +/- 2.8 vs 9.3 +/- 3.9 mmHg), left ventricular end-diastolic volume index(77 +/- 13 vs 82 +/- 14 ml/m2), left ventricular ejection fraction(60 +/- 6% vs 55 +/- 4%) and cardiac output(5.1 +/- 0.4 vs 4.9 +/- 0.8 l/m2) before PTMC were not different between the two groups. Changes in mean mitral pressure gradient, mean left atrial pressure and cardiac output immediately after PTMC were not different statistically. Mitral valve area immediately after PTMC was significantly greater in the SR group compared to the Af group(2.3 +/- 0.3 vs 1.8 +/- 0.3 cm2, p < 0.05). The change in mitral valve area was also greater in the SR group(1.0 +/- 0.2 vs 0.6 +/- 0.4 cm2, p < 0.05), but there was no statistical difference in the percentage change of mitral valve area between before and immediately after PTMC(SR group 78 +/- 35% vs Af group 50 +/- 35%). End-diastolic pressure, end-diastolic volume index and ejection fraction immediately after PTMC were not statistically different. CONCLUSIONS: The final mitral valve area immediately after PTMC in the patients with mitral stenosis in sinus rhythm, but not the changes of mean mitral pressure gradient, mean left atrial pressure or cardiac output, is important for the maintenance of sinus rhythm.     

Influence of subvalvular fibrosis on results and complications of percutaneous mitral commissurotomy with use of the Inoue balloon

In 136 consecutive patients who underwent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) with use of the single rubber-nylon (Inoue) balloon Inoue ballon angiographically analyzed subvalvular fibrosis was assessed retrospectively with regard to results and complications. There were 53 males and 83 females, with a mean age of 22 ± 11 years (range 10 to 48 years). For the entire group, mitral valve area increased from 0.7 ± 0.3 to 2.1 ± 0.6 cm² (p < 0.001). Valve area increased from 0.7 ± 0.12 to 1.8 ± 0.14 cm² in patients with severe subvalvular fibrosis (n = 55) and from 0.8 ± 0.11 to 1.9 ± 0.12 cm² in cases with mild to moderate subvalvular fibrosis (n = 80; p = NS). The number of patients with 2+ or greater increase in mitral regurgitation was not different between the two groups (6% vs 5.5%, p = NS). None of the patients required mitral valve replacement immediately after PTMC. We conclude that, with use of the Inoue balloon, PTMC can be successfully performed in patients with severe subvalvular fibrosis.     

Short- and mid-term follow-up results after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy.

This study reports the clinical follow-up for 6 months of 52 patients who underwent percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). PTMC resulted in an increase in mitral valve area from 1.1 +/- 0.3 to 1.7 +/- 0.4 cm2 (p < 0.0001), a decrease in mean left atrial pressure from 16 +/- 7 to 13 +/- 5 mmHg (p < 0.0001), and an increase in exercise time from 4.6 +/- 2.1 to 6.3 +/- 2.3 min (p < 0.0001). At 6 months follow-up, mitral valve area was unchanged (1.7 +/- 0.4 cm2). Of 52 patients, 33 showed clinical improvement and 19 had no clinical improvement after PTMC. Univariate analysis showed (1) younger age, (2) echocardiographic score of 8 or less, (3) existence of mitral regurgitation of less than grade 2 after PTMC, and (4) amelioration in left atrial dimension, mean pulmonary artery pressure and exercise time after PTMC as correlative factors for clinical improvement. In conclusion, PTMC was an effective procedure for mitral stenosis, especially in younger patients with an echocardiographic score of 8 or less. Change in left atrial dimension was a good indicator of the effectiveness of PTMC.     

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy for restenosis after surgical mitral valvotomy

Percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC) was performed in 350 patients. Of these patients, 51 (15%) (30 women and 21 men, aged 32 ± 11 years) had restenosis 11 ± 4 years following surgical valvotomy. Forty (79%) patients were in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class III and 11 (21 %) were in class IV. PTMC resulted in an increase in mitral valve area from 0.82 ± 0.3 to 1.9 ± 0.2 cm² (p < 0.001), an increase in cardiac index from 1.9 ± 0.4 to 2.8 ± 0.51/min/m² (p < 0.001), and a decrease in mean transmitral gradients from 29 ± 4 to 6 ± 4 mmHg (p < 0.001). The results did not differ from those observed in 299 patients without prior surgical valvotomy. On univariate analysis, the subvalvular fibrosis, assessed angiographically, and the duration from prior surgery were not found to influence the overall outcome. At 24 weeks, 46 of 48 (96%) patients in whom clinical follow-up was available, were found to be in NYHA class I and 2 (4%) patients were in class II. Thus, PTMC is a safe and effective procedure for patients with mitral restenosis following surgical valvotomy.