膀胱小细胞癌1例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床诊断、病理特征、治疗及预后,提高对该病的认识和诊治水平.方法 回顾性分析1例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床资料,并复习相关文献,综合分析膀胱小细胞癌的诊断及治疗状况.结果 该患者行膀胱部分切除术,术后病理证实为膀胱小细胞神经内分泌癌,免疫组化染色显示肿瘤细胞表达神经内分泌标志物神经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）、突触素（Syn）、嗜铬颗粒蛋白A（CgA）.术后接受了4个疗程的化疗,死于癌复发和肺转移,术后生存时间为13个月.结论 膀胱小细胞癌罕见,恶性程度高,早期易发生转移,预后差,行根治性切除术加联合化疗或放疗可提高治愈率.     

膀胱憩室癌临床分析(附五例报告)

目的　探讨膀胱憩室癌的临床病理特点和诊治方法。　方法　膀胱憩室癌 5例。男 4例 ,女 1例 ;平均年龄 73岁。术前膀胱镜下活检确诊 3例 ,术中冰冻切片确诊 2例。其中移行细胞癌2例 ,行膀胱部分切除术 ;鳞状细胞癌、腺癌和混合性癌 (鳞状细胞癌和移行细胞癌 )各 1例 ,均行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术。术后辅以化疗 3例 ,化疗加放疗 1例。　结果　 5例随访 6～ 72个月 ,平均 2 3个月。 2例移行细胞癌分别于术后 6、8个月局部复发 ,行根治性膀胱全切加回肠膀胱术 ,术后 1例死于肿瘤转移 ,1例随访 6年无瘤存活。鳞癌者术后 14个月死于多器官转移。腺癌者术后 11个月死于心肌梗死。混合性癌者目前术后 6个月无瘤存活。　结论　膀胱憩室癌的诊断以膀胱镜和影像学检查为主 ,治疗应采取外科手术特别是根治性膀胱全切术 ,必要时辅以放、化疗。     

膀胱小细胞癌(附4例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱小细胞癌（SCC）的诊断和治疗。方法：对4例膀胱SCC的病理及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：男3例，女1例，平均66.5岁。分期：T4N0M01例，T4N1M02例，T4N4M11例。根治性膀胱切除术加放疗2例，膀胱部分切除术1例，肿瘤无法切除而行右输尿管皮肤造瘘术1例。2例死于肿瘤复发或转移，平均生存时间6.5个月，另2例已分别生存6个月和3个月，仍在随访中。结论：膀胱SCC预后极差，行根治性切除术加联合化疗或放疗可提高治愈率。     

13例膀胱小细胞癌的诊疗体会并文献复习

目的通过分析临床病例诊疗数据及文献回顾,探讨膀胱小细胞癌治疗方案的选择。方法回顾性分析山东大学附属省立医院自1997年至2016年间收治的13例膀胱小细胞癌(small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder,SCCB)患者临床资料,包括患病年龄、首发症状、疾病分期及治疗方式,采用Kaplan-Meier法统计患者1年、3年及5年生存率。结果 13位患者平均年龄(71±10.12)岁。血尿为首发症状占92.31%。Ⅰ期(T_1N_0M_0)1例,Ⅱ期(T_2N_0M_0)5例,Ⅲ期(T_3N_0M_0,T_(4a)N_0M_0)3例,Ⅳ期(T_(4b)N_xM_x)4例。共随访12例患者,1例失访。患者1年总生存率为66.67%,3年总生存率33.33%,5年总生存率33.33%。保留膀胱手术联合PE(依托泊苷+铂类)化疗者,1年的生存率88.89%,3年的生存率44.44%,5年的生存率44.44%。结论 SCCB作为一种罕见的高侵袭性恶性肿瘤,预后普遍较差。综合文献及本研究,对于局限无进展期疾病,根治性膀胱手术加PE化疗治疗效果较好,新辅助化疗联合手术似乎更具优势,对于高龄、不能耐受根治性手术、及保留膀胱意愿强烈的患者可采取保留膀胱的手术联合全身PE化疗,但需要注意随访。     

原发性膀胱类癌瘤(附四例报告)

目的　探讨原发性膀胱类癌瘤的临床特征、诊断和处理方法。　方法　对 4例原发性膀胱类癌瘤的病理和临床资料进行回顾性分析。男 3例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 58岁。患者均有肉眼或镜下血尿 ,但无类癌综合征表现 ,其中尿脱落细胞检查癌细胞阳性 1例 ,KUB加IVU检查发现膀胱腔内充盈缺损 1例 ,B超检查发现膀胱腔内新生物 3例 ,膀胱镜检查均发现息肉样新生物 ,大小为 0 .5cm× 0 .5cm～ 4.0cm× 3 .0cm ,1例伴盆腔淋巴结肿大。　结果　 3例行经尿道电切除术者 (膀胱类瘤2例 ,膀胱类癌 1例 ) ,分别随访 1、2、3年 ,未见复发。 1例晚期膀胱类癌患者行根治性膀胱切除、回肠代膀胱术 ,术后 3个月胸片示双肺转移 ,辅以放疗和化疗 2个疗程 ,2个月后死亡。　结论　原发性膀胱类癌瘤无明显特异性症状 ,确诊依靠病理。手术切除是治疗该病的主要方法 ,膀胱类瘤预后良好 ,类癌预后较差     

同侧肾盂尿路上皮癌并发鳞状细胞癌的诊疗分析

目的探讨同侧肾盂尿路上皮癌并发鳞状细胞癌的临床特点及诊疗经验。方法回顾性分析4例该病患者的临床资料:3例临床表现为腰部或胁肋部不适、隐痛或胀痛,1例因血尿发现,4例均有患侧肾结石病史(20~45年,平均30年);伴发热者2例,左侧骶髂关节疼痛者1例,右侧第6肋骨疼痛者1例;血清结核DNA均1000IU/ml;行CT检查4例,IVU检查3例,B超检查3例,KUB检查1例,全身骨扫描2例。术前诊断为肿瘤1例,误诊为结核1例,诊断为肾多发结石2例;肾结石术中发现肿瘤并经快速冰冻病理确诊2例。4例患者均经手术治疗,行根治性肾输尿管全切除者3例,根治性肾切除者1例。结果 4例患者病理诊断均为尿路上皮癌并发鳞状细胞癌,其中低分化3例、中分化1例,T_3N_1M_0者2例、T_3N_1M_1者1例、T_4N_2M_1者1例。术后均获随访,生存时间50天~14个月,中位生存时间5个月,患者均死于肿瘤复发及转移。结论 CT、IVU检测对于肾盂尿路上皮癌并发鳞状细胞癌的诊断具有重要意义,根治性肾输尿管全切除术是治疗本病的较好方法,但本病预后极差。     

膀胱根治性切除术后继发尿道癌的临床分析

目的总结膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的临床特点,以提高诊治能力。方法回顾性分析2000年至2014年98例膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌6例的临床资料,其中3例行可控回结肠代膀胱术,1例行原位膀胱术,2例行回肠膀胱术。发生尿道癌时间为术后5~36个月。行尿道膀胱镜检查4例位于后尿道残端,2例位于前尿道,活检证实均为尿道尿路上皮癌,1例CT发现后尿道癌浸润周围组织及盆腔和腹股沟淋巴结的转移。4例行经会阴全尿道切除术,1例行经尿道肿瘤电切术,6例均行化疗或辅助性化疗。结果本组根治性膀胱切除术后尿道癌的发生率为6.1%,手术过程顺利。1例出现切口感染,经治疗后愈合。随访8~60个月,1例出现全身骨转移,1例出现双侧腹股沟淋巴结转移(经淋巴结活检证实),另4例未发现远处转移。结论根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌发生率较低。尿道血性分泌物及肉眼血尿是尿道癌的主要临床表现。尿道膀胱镜检查是诊断尿道癌的重要手段,活检能够明确诊断,利用输尿管镜能提高活检的阳性率。CT和MR能明确肿瘤浸润的深度,并明确有无腹股沟及盆腔淋巴结的转移。全尿道切除术辅助化疗能提高膀胱癌行根治性膀胱切除术后继发尿道癌的生存期。     

泌尿系小细胞癌的诊断及治疗（附11例报告）

目的：探讨泌尿系小细胞癌的诊治方法、疗效及预后。方法：回顾性分析我院2003年1月～2012年12月收治的t1例泌尿系小细胞癌的病理、临床特征、诊断方法、治疗方法等资料,并对患者治疗效果、生存期等进行分析。结果：11例患者,男9例,女2例,平均年龄66．9（57～83）岁,肿瘤位于膀胱5例（1例为女性）,右肾3例（1例为女性）,左肾1例,前列腺2例。按TNM分期,膀胱肿瘤：T2bNnM01例,T2bN1M0 1例,2例均行根治性膀胱全切＋肠代膀胱术,分别于术后24个月及13个月死亡;T2bN2M1 1例,T3bN2M1 1例,此2例行根治性膀胱全切＋放疗＋化疗,分别于术后9个月、12个月死亡;T4N2M1 1例,行放疗＋化疗,3个月后死亡。肾脏肿瘤：T1aN0M01例,T1nN0M0 1例,T2bN1M0 1例,T3bN2M1 1例,均行根治性肾切除术＋放疗＋化疗,3例于术后6个月、13个月、24个月死亡,1例至今4年尚存活。前列腺肿瘤：T1cN0M1b 1例,行前列腺电切＋放疗＋化疗;T3bN1M1c 1例,行放疗＋化疗,随访时分别死于术后25个月及15个月。11例患者生存期最短3个月,目前最长48个月,平均17．5个月;1年生存率63．6％（7／11）,5年生存率目前为0。结论：泌尿系小细胞癌恶性度高,预后差,手术联合放化疗可能会延长患者生存期、改善其生活质量。     

部分肾切除术与根治性肾切除术对较大肾细胞癌预后的对比研究

目的:比较部分肾切除术与根治性肾切除术对较大肾细胞癌(4cm)患者预后的影响。方法:选取2010年1月～2013年12月于我院就诊并行手术治疗的肾细胞癌患者为研究对象,肿瘤临床分期为T_(1b)N_0M_0或T_2N_0M_0期,按照手术方式分为部分肾切除术组与根治性肾切除术组,病例数1∶1,全部为开放性手术,比较患者术后截至2017年12月的总生存率(OS)、术后1个月内再入院率及术后1、3个月手术相关死亡率。结果:共计118例患者纳入研究,多变量分析显示部分肾切除术组患者中T_(1b)期与较好的总生存预后相关(HR=0.82,95%CI:0.72～0.88,P0.001);T_2期中部分肾切除术组对患者的生存有利,但差异无统计学意义(HR=0.84,95%CI:0.70～1.11,P=0.313);部分肾切除术组患者术后1个月内因出血、尿漏等再入院率显著高于根治性肾切除术组(5.1%vs.3.4%,P0.05),但两组术后1、3个月相关死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:对于较大的肾细胞癌,T_(1b)期患者行部分肾切除术较根治性肾切除术更有利于患者的生存预后,但T_2期患者2种手术方式对生存预后无显著性差异,≥T_(1b)期患者部分切除术后1个月内再入院率较根治性手术者显著升高。     

膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会(附六例报告)

目的　提高对膀胱小细胞癌的认识。　方法　回顾性分析 6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的病理及临床资料。男 4例 ,女 2例 ,平均年龄 5 1岁。其中 2例膀胱小细胞癌含有移行细胞癌和 (或 )腺癌成分。行膀胱部分切除术 2例 ,行膀胱全切术 4例。 5例患者接受 2～ 6疗程化疗。　结果　 6例患者随访 12～ 6 0个月 ,均因肿瘤复发死亡。平均生存时间 2 8个月。　结论　膀胱小细胞癌占原发膀胱恶性肿瘤的 0 .4 4 % ,恶性程度高 ,易发生淋巴结、肝、骨等转移 ,预后差 ,根治性膀胱全切加联合化疗可获得较好疗效。     

膀胱小细胞癌(附五例报告)

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的诊治疗效。方法 对5例膀胱小细胞癌的病理及临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 5例患者,男4例,女1例,平均年龄67岁。分期T2N0M01例,T3N0M02例,T4N0M01例,T4N3M01例。根治性膀胱切除1例,根治性膀胱切除加放疖例,动脉导管化疗1例,动脉导管化疗、术前疗加姑息膀胱切除1例。3例死于肿瘤复发,平均生存时间17个月,2例存活7年。结论 膀胱小细胞癌预后差,手术加联合化疗可提高治愈率。     

Primary Small Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: A Report of 25 Cases

Primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare condition with approximately 100 cases reported to date. An incidence of 0.7 percent small cell carcinoma was found in a total series of bladder tumors diagnosed in Western Sweden during a 2-year period. We describe 22 patients with primary small cell carcinoma followed to death or for at least 6 years. Three additional cases were diagnosed at autopsy. Of 18 patients with stages T2M0 to T4M0 cancer treated with locoregional therapy 5 (28 percent) had no evidence of disease after a median observation of 10 years (range 6 to 18) and 13 died of disease after 0.5 to 19 months (median 7.3). Two patients with metastatic disease were treated with systemic chemotherapy but died within 15 months. Two patients died shortly after the diagnostic biopsy. Our study and a review of the literature indicate that primary small cell carcinoma of the bladder is less aggressive than its pulmonary counterpart and that some patients can be cured by transurethral resection, or partial or radical cystectomy combined with radiotherapy.     

Spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the bladder. Report of 3 cases

3 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma are reported. 2 patients with T3N0M0 and T3N1M0 tumors underwent radical cystectomy. They died 8 and 9 months after cystectomy for local recurrence and tumor metastases. Neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy were effective in these 2 patients. 1 patient with T1NXM0 disease underwent resection of the tumor through cystotomy. Although she had neither adjuvant chemotherapy nor radiotherapy, she is well without recurrence 6 years after surgery. Early surgical resection of the tumor may be the only currently accepted therapy of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the bladder.     

原发性膀胱小细胞癌诊治体会

目的 探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床及病理特点.方法 回顾性分析9例膀胱小细胞癌的基本资料.男6例,女3例.年龄45～79岁,平均62岁.临床表现为肉眼血尿7例,排尿困难及下腹部疼痛2例.肿瘤直径0.5～7.0 cm,平均2.0 cm;多发2例,单发5例,全膀胱弥漫性生长2例.7例行尿脱落细胞学检查,阳性4例.9例均行手术治疗,其中4例术前诊断为浅表性者行TURBt,术后均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗3个周期;膀胱部分切除2例,均定期行吡柔比星膀胱灌注,1例化疗2个周期;根治性膀胱全切3例,静脉化疗2例.结果 术后病理检查:肿瘤细胞体积小,呈圆形,胞质稀少,核浓染,缺乏巢状结构.免疫组化染色:嗜铬素A(+)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(+).诊断为小细胞癌,其中1例含移行细胞癌成分,1例合并前列腺癌.1例术前检查显示高血钙(3.15 mmol/L)和低血磷(0.61 mmol/L),术后1个月血钙及血磷恢复正常.保留膀胱者随访4例,3例分别于术后4、9、25个月死于转移,1例术后化疗者随访24个月未见复发及转移.膀胱全切3例中2例分别于术后2、28个月死亡,1例术后随访32个月未见肿瘤复发及转移.结论膀胱小细胞癌恶性程度高,预后差,根治性膀胱全切加全身化疗是主要的治疗方法,保留膀胱的手术应配合全身化疗.决定预后的是肿瘤的临床分期及治疗方法.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical and pathological features of small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Methods The pathological and clinical data of 9 cases of small cell carcinoma were analyzed retrospectively. There were 6 males and 3 females, ages 45 to 79 years (mean age, 62 years). Clinical manifestations of 7 cases included gross hematuria and dysuria, the other 2 cases experienced lower abdominal pain. The mean tumor size was 2.0 cm (ranged, 0.5 to 7.0 cm). Two cases had multiple tumors and 5 cases had single tumors. The growth pattern in 2 cases was diffuse growth in the whole bladder. In 4 cases tumor cells were found in urine cytology. All 9 patients underwent surgical treatment, including TURBt. Four patients were diagnosed as superficial tumors before operation. All the patients underwent regular theprubicine irrigation in the bladder. One case underwent additional intravenous chemotherapy for 3 cycles. Partial cystectomy was performed in 2 cases, with regular theprubicine irrigation in bladder and 1 case underwent intravenous chemotherapy for 2 cycles. Radical cystectomy was performed in 3 cases, with 2 cases undergoing intravenous chemotherapy after operation. Results Pathological findings showed that tumor cells were small and round in shape. These hyperchromatic nuclei showed limited cytoplasm with lack of nesting characters. CgA and NSE were positive in immunohistochemistry. The final diagnosis was small cell carcinoma, with 1 case accompanied with transitional cell carcinoma and 1 case accompanied with prostate cancer. One case showed high preoperative serum calcium (3.15 mmol/L) and low serum phosphate (0.61 mmol/L), which returned to normal 1 month after operation. Four cases who′s bladder was preserved were followed up, 3 cases were alive for 4, 9 and 25 months after operation. The 1 case who underwent intravenous chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months and there was no sign of relapse or metastasis. In all the 3 cases with radical cystectomy, 2 cases died 2 and 28 months postoperativly. Another case with adjuvant chemotherapy was followed up for 24 months without recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder is highly malignant with poor prognosis. Radical cystectomy in combination with systemic chemotherapy has better efficacy. Retained bladder surgery with systemic chemotherapy is an alternative choice. The most important factors which influence the prognosis of the tumor are clinical stage and therapeutic methods.     

膀胱非上皮性肿瘤

目的：提高膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的诊治效果。方法：回顾性分析1990／2002年收治的11例膀胱非上皮性肿瘤的临床资料。结果：膀胱平滑肌瘤、血管瘤及副神经节瘤各1例,行膀胱部分切除,术后无复发;膀胱小细胞癌3例,其中1例仅作探查活检术,术后行髂内动脉插管化疗,于术后18月死亡;另外2例作膀胱部分切除术,分别于术后3月和7月死亡;膀胱横纹肉瘤2例,1例仅作根治性膀胱全切 原位回肠膀胱术,于术后6月死亡,另1例行膀胱部分切除术后失访;恶性副神经节瘤1例,行膀胱部分切除术后9年出现广泛转移;肉瘤样癌2例,1例仅作探查活检术,另1例仅作膀胱部分切除术,均于术后6月内死亡。结论：膀胱非上皮性肿瘤少见,良性肿瘤预后好;恶性肿瘤预后差,须行综合治疗,并作密切随访。     

Small cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder treated with chemotherapy and radiotherapy: results in five cases

Small cell carcinoma of the bladder is a rare and highly aggressive tumor. We report our experience with 5 consecutive patients treated with systemic chemotherapy and adjuvant radiotherapy. TNM stages were T2N0M0 (1 patient), T3aN0M0 (3 patients) and T3bN1M0 (1 patient). The chemotherapy protocol was the one used with small cell lung cancer patients at our hospital: six cycles of alternating PE/CAV (PE: cisplatin, etoposide; CAV: cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine). Cystoscopy was performed after the third cycle. Four out of 5 patients were free of macroscopic disease. The fifth patient had persistent lesions and was treated by cystectomy. This patient developed a local-regional recurrence 4 months later and died shortly afterwards. Four patients completed the planned six cycles. Cystoscopy with bladder biopsy was then performed on each, and all had complete remission. They were treated with external radiotherapy (45 Gy pelvis, 60 Gy bladder). One patient had invasive bladder recurrence 12 months later and cystectomy was performed. At the last follow-up 42 months later, he was alive and well. The other 3 patients were alive and free of disease 60, 48 and 27 months after diagnosis, respectively. These results are clearly more favorable than previous reports. Cystectomy might, therefore, be unnecessary in some patients.     

膀胱小细胞癌的诊断与治疗(附6例报告)

目的：探讨膀胱小细胞癌的临床特点及诊治疗效。方法：对6例膀胱小细胞癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：6例患者，男4例，女2例，平均年龄63岁（51～71岁）。肿瘤分期T2N0M02例，T3N0M0 1例，T4N0M0 2例，T4N2M1 1例。肿瘤电切加化疗1例，根治性膀胱全切2例，姑息膀胱切除加化疗2例，肿瘤电切、髂动脉栓塞及全身化疗1例。4例死于肿瘤复发或转移，平均存活时间7个月（2～15个月），2例分别随访18个月及21个月仍存活。结论：膀胱小细胞癌预后差，治疗应以手术结合放化疗。     

泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤八例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤的组织学特点、临床表现、治疗和预后.方法 泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤8例.其中膀胱肉瘤样癌4例,男3例,女1例,年龄58、63、78、79岁,均因无痛性肉眼血尿就诊,肿瘤直径平均4.5(1.5～6.7)cm,为不规则、广基的浸润性肿物.行膀胱部分切除术2例,TURBt 1例,膀胱癌根治术1例.肾肉瘤样癌1例,男,64岁,因肉眼血尿就诊,伴同侧肾上腺和胰腺转移,行肾癌根治术和胰腺体尾切除术.转移性右肾上腺肉瘤样癌1例,男,47岁,原发灶为左肺肉瘤样癌,行左肺下叶和右肾上腺切除术.肾盂癌肉瘤1例,女,64岁,表现为无痛性肉眼血尿,行左肾、输尿管及部分膀胱切除术.膀胱癌肉瘤1例,男,77岁,无痛性肉眼血尿,肿瘤直径2.5～3.0 cm,行TURBt术.8例均经病理检查确诊.8例均获随访,随访时间36～96个月.结果 膀胱肉瘤样癌4例中:1例G_3、T_(2a)者行TURBt,术后行丝裂霉素膀胱灌注化疗,随访96个月无瘤生存;1例63岁女性先行TURBt,术后病理为肉瘤样癌、T_1伴有原位癌(T_m),1个月后行膀胱癌根治切除术.随访36个月无瘤生存;1例T3a者行膀胱部分切除术,术后辅以放疗,随访36个月无瘤生存;1例T4a者行姑息性膀胱部分切除术,术后病理切缘阳性,术后2个月死于肿瘤多脏器转移.肾肉瘤样癌患者术后2个月开始化疗(盐酸吉西他滨加卡铂),又出现肝、肺转移,术后5个月死亡.转移性右肾上腺肉瘤样癌患者术后在外院行3个疗程化疗(顺铂加依托泊苷),5个月后出现左肾上腺转移,术后7个月死亡.肾盂癌肉瘤患者的肿瘤以软骨肉瘤为主,伴少许鳞状细胞癌及未分化癌,随访60个月无瘤生存.膀胱癌肉瘤患者肿瘤病理分期为T2a,主要是平滑肌肉瘤,伴有鳞状细胞痛和腺癌,术后予以全身化疗(盐酸吉西他滨加卡铂),随访12个月死于慢性阻塞性肺气肿、肺部感染.结论 泌尿系统肉瘤样癌和癌肉瘤少见,多见于老年男性,恶性程度高,浸润性强,预后差.肿瘤的病理分期和治疗是影响预后的因素,早期诊断和积极的综合治疗可望获得较好的治疗结果、延长患者生存期.