IFNαA—HBV preS融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及生物…

本实验利用重组ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ融合基因ｐｌｙ５质粒大大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中表达ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ融合蛋白，该融合基因产物的分子量为３９ｋＤ左右，融合蛋白的表达率为１１．８％，对该融合蛋白的初步鉴定表明，该融合蛋白既具有ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ蛋白的免疫原性，又具备ＩＦＮα的生物学活性。     

IFNα A-HBV preS 融合蛋白在大肠杆菌中的表达及生物学活性的初步鉴定

本实验利用重组ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ融合基因ｐｌｙ５质粒在大肠杆菌ＤＨ５α中表达ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ融合蛋白。该融合基因产物的分子量为３９ｋＤ左右，融合蛋白的表达率为１１．８％。对该融合蛋白的初步鉴定表明：该融合蛋白既具有ＨＢＶｐｒｅＳ蛋白的免疫原性，又具备ＩＦＮα的生物学活性。     

HBV PreS2单链噬菌体抗体基因在噬菌体载体中的克隆及初步表达

ＨＢＶＰｒｅＳ２单链噬菌体抗体基因在噬菌体载体中的克隆及初步表达程云，罗清华，周继文，杨守纯，韩风连，戎广亚，曹阳，季伟３Ｂ９单抗是一株抗ＨＢｖＰｒｅＳ２抗原的单抗。作者利用基因重组技术，在成功构建抗ＨＢＶＰｒｅＳ２３Ｂ９单抗单链可变区抗体（ＳｃＦＶ...     

抗菌肽MagaininⅡ单链抗体基因的构建及其表达

目的 将克隆的抗体轻重链可变区基因拼接成单链抗体基因并将其在大肠杆菌中表达。方法 通过ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ从两株抗ＭａｇａｉｎｉｎⅡ杂交瘤细胞株（２Ｄ１,３Ｆ８）中克隆出ＶＨ和ＶＬ基因,然后利用重组ＰＣＲ技术,将ＶＨ和ＶＬ基因通过柔性肽段（ＧＬＹ４Ｓｅｒ）３的Ｌｉｎｋｅｒ拼接成单链抗体基因（ＳｃＦｖ）,将ＳｃＦｖ克隆到表达载体ｐＣＡＮＴＡＢ５Ｅ上并将其分别在大肠杆菌Ｅ．ｃｏｋｉ ＨＢ２１５１及ＴＧ１中进行     

CEA单链抗体基因在大肠杆菌中的克隆及表达

目的尝试将ＣＥＡ单链抗体在大肠杆菌中进行高效表达。方法以ＣＥＡ单链抗体基因为模板，设计４对引物，ＰＣＲ扩增，将４条ＤＮＡ扩增片段分别插入原核表达载体ｐＢＶ２２０中；重组质粒转染大肠杆菌ＴＧ１，４２℃热诱导外源蛋白的表达；包涵体经８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ脲溶解及谷胱甘肽系统复性；过离子交换柱进行纯化；ＥＬＩＳＡ夹心法测活性。结果得到了ＳＤ序列与起始密码ＡＴＧ分别相隔着５，６，７，８个核苷酸的重组质粒；ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ显示转染入重组质粒的ＴＧ１菌经热诱导后有分子量约为３×１０４的外源蛋白，表达量最高达９３０ｍｇ／Ｌ培养液，约占菌体总蛋白的５０％；ＥＬＩＳＡ活性测定结果表明复性后的ＳｃＦｖ有较高的抗原结合活性。结论ＣＥＡ单链抗体在大肠杆菌中获得了较高水平的表达，且经复性后有较高的抗原结合活性。     

人α—干扰素与乙型肝炎病毒前S2嵌合蛋白的表达？…

目的 重组表达人α－干扰素与乙型肝炎病毒前Ｓ２融合蛋白（ＩＦＮ－Ｐｒｅ Ｓ２）,探索治疗ＨＢＶ感染的特异性免疫药物。方法 采用聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ０技术扩增出人ＩＦＮ－α２ｂ和ＨＢＶ Ｐｒｅ Ｓ２基因片段,分步克隆获取融合基因,构建ｐＢＶ－ＩＦＮ－Ｐｒｅ Ｓ２重组表达载体,转化Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ后诱导表达ＩＦＮ－Ｐｒｅ Ｓ２融合蛋白。结果 在Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ中表达了相对分子质量为２７０００的目标蛋白,后者以     

抗登革3型病毒单链抗体的可溶性表达和鉴定

目的为解决鼠源性单克隆抗体用於临床会引起变态反应等负作用问题，试图从基因水平上对登革３型病毒鼠源性单抗进行人源化改造以减少其鼠源性。方法选用对登革病毒４个血清型及部分黄病毒具有中和活性的抗登革３型病毒单克隆抗体３Ｄ３的轻重链可变区基因，通过反转录和聚合酶链反应（ＰＣＲ）扩，扩增后的轻重链可变区ＰＣＲ产物通过连接引物连接成单链抗体基因，然后与噬菌体载体ｐＣＡＮＴＡＢ５Ｅ连接，转化大肠杆菌ＨＢ２１５１，使单链抗体以可溶性的形式表达在上清液中。结果通过免疫荧光和ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析表明，可溶性表达的单链抗体能与登革３型病毒抗原发生特异性结合，在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中在２８ｋＤ处有一条带和单链抗体的分子量大小一致。结论表达产物与原单抗３Ｄ３一样，具有与登革３型病毒抗原结合的特性。     

IFNαA－HBVPre－S融合基因的克隆及序列测定

乙型肝炎病毒（ＨＢＶ）Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ蛋白是ＨＢＶ与靶细胞结合的重要蛋白。ＩＦＮ是生物体内具有多种生物功能的细胞因子，ＩＦＮ在乙型肝炎的防治中具有重要意义。通过ＰＣＲ技术，我们在体外扩增了ＩＦＮαＡ基因的全序列和ＨＢＶＰｒｅ－Ｓ基因的全序列。为了便于融合基因的克隆和表达，我们在引物的５’端设计了相应的酶切位点，保护位点，起始密码和终止密码。通过基因克隆技术，我们构建了ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶＰｒｅ－Ｓ融合基因的克隆并进行了序列测定。大量研究表明，ＨＢＶ和靶细胞的结合可能是由ＨＢＶ包膜上的Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ蛋白表位介导的，因此带有附着位点的Ｐｒｅ－Ｓ蛋白，可能比ＨＢｓＡｇ疫苗保护效果好。另一方面，α－干扰素作为治疗乙型肝炎的重要生物制剂，也是乙肝免疫接种过程中良好的免疫性剂。ＩＦＮαＡ－ＨＢＶＰｒｅ－Ｓ融合基因克隆的成功，为表达同时具有ＩＦＮαＡ生物学活性以及ＨＢＶＰｒｅ－Ｓ蛋白免疫原性的双特性蛋白奠定了基础。     

SLE患者自身抗体单链噬菌体抗体库构建及抗体活性检测

本文用ＳＬＥ病人外周血淋巴细胞抽提ＲＮＡ,采用ＲＴ ＰＣＲ反应以人的特异性ＨｕＶＨＢＡＣＫ、ＨｕＪＨＦＯＲ和ＨｕＶＬＢＡＣＫ、ＨｕＶＬＦＯＲ引物扩增人抗体的ＶＨ和ＶＬ基因片段,并将其与ｌｉｎｋｅｒ拼接成ＳｃＦｖ片段克隆于大肠杆菌,使其与噬菌体基因Ⅲ的产物以融合蛋白的形式在噬菌体表面表达,从而构建了ＳＬＥ病人的单链噬菌体抗体库,ＥＬＩＳＡ检测证明ＳｃＦｖ基因产物具有抗体活性。ＳＬＥ噬菌体抗体库的构建为ＳＬＥ发病机理、诊断和治疗研究打下了良好的基础。     

从人源单链抗体库中筛出具有抗原结合活性的重链可变区和更 …

目的：用噬菌体呈现技术结合体外致敏法构建了人源单链抗体库,并用大肠癌相关抗原ＣＡ－Ｈｂ３筛选出抗大肠癌噬菌体抗体克隆ＥＬ５Ｄ、ＥＬ６Ｄ和Ｃａｌ２,测定３个克隆的核苷酸序列,并研究其免疫活性。方法：采用抗体克隆扩增、测序分析、免疫组化法测定活性。结果：抗体基因插入片段分别为２２０、５００、５００ｂｐ。测序结果表明,ＥＬ６Ｄ和Ｃａ１２属ＶＨ５－Ｄ－ＪＨ４,仅为ＶＨ结构亚单位,而ＥＬ５Ｄ属Ｖｋ的Ｊｋ１,     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.