肝未分化肉瘤的病理学特征与免疫组化表型分析

目的:分析肝未分化肉瘤的病理形态变化与免疫组化表型,明确其组织学特点及病理学改变。方法:对1例肝未分化肉瘤进行病理学特征分析,用S-P法进行免疫组化研究。结果:肝未分化肉瘤病理形态改变表现为肿瘤由梭形和上皮样的原始间叶细胞、多核巨细胞及胞浆内嗜酸性小体组成;免疫组化显示AAT阳性,vim-entin与actin灶性阳性;P-CK、MyoD1、S-100均阴性。结论:肝未分化肉瘤是一种罕见的肝原发性肿瘤,其诊断依赖于病理形态变化和免疫组织化学染色;该疾病具有特征性的组织学和病理学改变,能区别于其它肝脏肿瘤。     

肺原发性大细胞癌及肉瘤样癌的病理特征和鉴别诊断

2004年出版的WHO肺肿瘤组织学分类（第4版）将肺癌分为鳞状细胞癌，小细胞癌、腺癌、大细胞癌、腺鳞癌、肉瘤样癌，类癌和唾液腺型肿瘤8个主要类型，其中肺大细胞癌及肉瘤样癌同属于发生于肺的低分化或未分化癌，有多种形态学表现，根据病理形态学特征，肺大细胞癌及肉瘤样癌又分为数个亚型，可能造成诊断上的混淆。     

胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤的电镜及免疫组化和鉴别诊断

本文报道了经光镜,电镜及免疫组比观察而确诊的8例胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤(ERMS),对照观察了不同分化的ERMS在光镜与电镜下的形态特征。结果发现:分化较好的ERMS光镜下可找列明确的横纹,电镜下一般易找到明显的肌节结构;低分化或未分化的ERMS中,在光镜下仔细寻找向横纹肌分化迹象的细胞,特别是小圆形横纹肌母细胞尤为重要。其形态特征为圆形或卵圆形,细胞质稍多,嗜酸性,核染色质粗,核仁明显,核膜清,其对诊断有重要意义。电镜下见不到典型肌节,但有或多或少的粗细肌丝,呈涡轮状排列,可见少许或不典型Z样物质,仔细寻找粗细肌丝横断面的六角点排列,对诊断有确定意义。本文讨论了在组织学上容易混淆的圆形细胞肿瘤的诊断及鉴别诊断和免疫组化肌红蛋白对RMS的诊断及鉴别诊断上的意义。     

胸膜肺母细胞瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的：阐明胸膜肺母细胞瘤的病理形态特征及鉴别诊断要点。方法：对1例小儿胸膜肺母细胞瘤进行了组织形态学,免疫组织化学分析。结果：胸膜肺母细胞瘤是一种纯间质性恶性肿瘤,好发于12岁以下的儿童及婴幼儿,起源于肺、胸膜或纵隔的原始细胞,镜下可见原始胚胎性的圆形或短梭形细胞,瘤细胞有呈巢趋势,酷似肾母细胞瘤,肝母细胞瘤等肿瘤原始胚基成分,免疫组化未见有上皮细胞及其他间叶成分标志的表达,另一种成分为梭形细胞,除表现为纤维肉瘤特点外,还向横纹肌肉瘤分化,结论：胸膜肺母细胞瘤是一种极为罕见的恶性肿瘤,应与肺母细胞瘤,原始神经外胚叶肿瘤及胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤等鉴别。     

甲状腺上皮样血管肉瘤2例报道及文献复习

目的：探讨甲状腺肿瘤上皮样血管肉瘤的临床病理学特征。方法：对2例原发于甲状腺的上皮样血管肉瘤进行光镜观察和免疫组化标记。结果：2例均为老年患者，以颈部包块就诊，其中1例伴有地方性甲状腺肿。镜下显示，肿瘤主要由实性片状或巢状排列的上皮样细胞组成，瘤细胞核大，空泡状，含有明显的核仁，部分瘤细胞的胞质内可见含有红细胞的空泡或小管腔形成。除实性区域外，可见内衬上皮样瘤细胞的不规则性血管腔，网状纤维染色能清晰显示这些管腔结构，特别是在HE染色达CK8和Tg。结论：原发于甲状腺的上皮样血管肉瘤具有一定的临床病理学特点，光镜形态、免疫组化标记及电镜观察均支持瘤细胞具内皮细胞分化，应被视为甲状腺肿瘤中一种独立的病理学类型，而不应笼统地归入到未分化癌中。     

恶性小圆形细胞肿瘤的鉴别诊断：附79例免疫组化回顾性研究

应用免疫组化ＬＳＡＢ法，对原病理诊断意见分岐的７９例恶性小圆细胞肿瘤（ＭＳＲＣＴ）进行免疫组化鉴别诊断研究。结果除１例仍不能分类外，其余７８例（占９９％）得到明确诊断。其中有恶性淋巴瘤、未分化癌、胚胎性横纹肌肉瘤、无色素性恶、神经母细胞瘤、精原细胞瘤、骨原细胞瘤、骨外尤文瘤及未分化肉瘤。结果表明，采用多种肿瘤标志物联合标记是对不同组织起源而形态相近ＭＳＲＣＴ鉴别诊断的有效方法。     

去分化脂肪肉瘤的病理学研究进展

脂肪肉瘤是最常见的恶性软组织肿瘤,其形态学范围宽广,可分为多种组织学亚型,其中在形态学和生物学上最令人迷惑的是去分化脂肪肉瘤,它们在形态学上与多种不同的肿瘤极为相似,常造成病理诊断困难。该文对去分化脂肪肉瘤的的概念、发病情况、细胞和分子遗传学特征、病理学特征以及病理诊断与鉴别诊断方面的新进展作了综合介绍,有助于提高对去分化脂肪肉瘤的认识及病理诊断水平。     

透明细胞肉瘤临床病理分析

目的探讨透明细胞肉瘤（clear cell sarcoma,CCS）的临床病理特点及诊断与鉴别诊断。方法对9例CCS进行临床病理分析,并行组织学、免疫组化染色和电镜观察。结果9例CCS患者年龄19～62岁,平均38．6岁;肿瘤多数位于肢体末端（6／9）。组织学观察：肿瘤由被纤维组织分隔成巢或束状的胞质透亮或淡伊红染的上皮样细胞和梭形细胞构成,核圆形或卵圆形,较空淡,可见明显核仁。1例见少数多核巨细胞,1例胞质内含色素颗粒,2例间质黏液样变性,1例局部侵及表皮。术后随访6—24个月,6例中2例局部复发伴转移。免疫组化观察：9例CCS均表达vimentin和HMB-45,7／9例S-100蛋白阳性,5／9例NSE阳性,4／9例melan-A阳性,1／9例Syn阳性。电镜观察：胞质内可见不同时期的黑色素小体。结论CCS是好发年轻人肢体末端的软组织肉瘤,预后不良,属高度恶性。诊断应结合临床与病理形态,免疫组化在诊断和鉴别诊断中起重要作用。     

卵巢原发性未分化肉瘤1例及文献复习

目的 探讨卵巢原发性未分化肉瘤(undifferentiated o-varian sarcoma,UOS)的病理组织学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断.方法 应用光镜观察和免疫组化标记,对1例卵巢原发性UOS进行观察,同时复习相关文献.结果 本例原发性UOS的瘤细胞,与发生在子宫内的间质肉瘤(endometrial stromalsarcoma,ESS)形态极为相似,属未分化型;经多部位取材未见子宫内膜的原发病灶,支持卵巢原发.结论 ESS是常发生于子宫的恶性病变,卵巢原发很少见,须与卵巢性索间质肿瘤,如成人型颗粒细胞瘤、转移性卵巢子宫内膜样问质肉瘤、卵巢肉瘤、卵巢苗勒管癌肉瘤等疾病相鉴别.     

胫骨皮质旁软骨肉瘤1例报道及文献复习

目的：了解皮质旁软骨肉瘤的临床病理特征、诊断及鉴别诊断要点。方法：报道1例胫骨皮抽旁软骨肉瘤临床和病理改变，结合文献对该肿瘤的临床表现、病理形态学特征及诊断和鉴别诊断要点进行讨论。结果：皮质旁软骨肉瘤大体呈结节状，切面分叶状、瓷白色半透明，有砂砾感。镜下肿瘤主要为分化良好的透明软骨成分，由纤细的纤维束分割，或由化生的内小梁包裹，可见软骨内钙化和骨化，可见灶性区黏液变性，缺乏肿瘤性骨样基质，免疫组织化学标记显示肿瘤细胞Vim、S-100蛋白阳性，PCNA少数细胞阳性。结论：皮质旁软骨肉瘤是罕见的恶性程度较低的软骨肉瘤。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.