胸段硬膜外联合臂丛神经阻滞用于乳腺癌根治术的临床观察

目的观察胸段硬膜外神经阻滞联合臂丛神经阻滞在乳腺癌根治术中的效果和安全性。方法择期乳腺癌根治手术的患者56例,随机分成联合麻醉组和对照组,观察麻醉效果。结果两组在手术开始时均能达到满意的麻醉效果,联合麻醉组麻醉效果明显优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论胸段硬膜外麻醉联合臂丛神经阻滞麻醉效果明显优于单纯硬膜外阻滞,可以安全用于乳腺癌根治手术。     

C4横突阻滞联合高位肌间沟神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折手术的临床观察

目的观察C4横突阻滞联合高位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉在锁骨骨折手术中的麻醉效果。方法60例锁骨骨折患者分为对照组(Ⅰ组n=30)、试验组(Ⅱ组n=30),Ⅱ组采用C4横突阻滞联合高位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,Ⅰ组采用高位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,局麻药均应用1%利多卡因 0.25%罗哌卡因混合液25ml,根据患者对手术的耐受程度来评定阻滞效果。记录麻醉前后及术毕监测患者HR、BP、SpO2,观察有无麻醉并发症。结果Ⅱ组中麻醉效果为优者(93.3%)明显多于Ⅰ组(53.3%)。术中两组病人生命体征均平稳,无麻醉并发症。结论C4横突阻滞联合高位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉用于锁骨骨折手术,阻滞效果明显优于单纯高位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。     

腰、硬联合麻醉和单纯硬膜外麻醉对循环系统的影响和比较

目的比较子宫肌瘤手术两种麻醉方法的作用效果。方法随机选择50例ASA。Ⅰ-Ⅱ级子宫肌瘤病人，平均分为两组，Ⅰ组25例单纯硬膜外麻醉组，Ⅱ组25例腰硬联合麻醉组。术中监测BP、HR、SPO2、ECG和手术牵拉以应。结果两组病人术中血流动学较平稳，两组病人BP均较麻醉前降低，但腰硬联合组下降幅度明显。HR、SPO2、ECG没有明显改变。Ⅰ组部分病人手术牵拉时诉疼痛，伴恶心、呕吐、鼓肠、腹肌紧张等内脏牵拉反应；Ⅱ组病人骶神经阻滞完善，术中未见恶心、呕吐反应，是一种值得探讨的麻醉方法。     

臂丛颈浅联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术的临床观察

目的观察臂丛颈浅联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术的麻醉效果。方法将60例锁骨骨折内固定术的患者分成两组(n=30):臂丛颈浅联合神经阻滞组(Ⅰ组),单纯臂丛神经阻滞组(Ⅱ组),观察两组患者麻醉前,切皮时,骨折复位3个时间点的ECG、NIBP、HR、SpO2及两组麻醉效果。结果在切皮时、骨折复位时NIBP、HRⅠ组基本不变,Ⅱ组有所升高,Ⅰ组麻醉效果明显优于Ⅱ组。结论臂丛颈浅联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术具有很好的麻醉效果。     

喙突下和腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于前臂骨折手术的效果比较

目的比较喙突下臂丛神经阻滞和腋路臂丛神经阻滞用于前臂骨折手术的麻醉效果。方法选择2007年3月～2011年10月60例前臂骨折的手术患者,随机分为喙突组（30例）和腋窝组（30例）,分别运用喙突下和腋路途径施行臂丛神经阻滞,观察两组麻醉效果及不良反应。结果同样容量的局麻药,喙突组的神经阻滞范围和效果优于腋窝组,两组比较差异具有统计学意（P〈0.05）,两组不良反应及并发症比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论通过喙突下途径施行臂丛神经阻滞,用于前臂骨折的手术,效果确切。     

神经刺激器定位臂丛神经阻滞的临床应用

目的 通过观察外周神经刺激器定位行肌间沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞,进行肩部手术的临床效果,与传统盲探的肌问沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞进行比对观察分析.方法 将肩部手术患者30例分为两组,每组15例.Ⅰ组使用神经刺激器定位下的肌间沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞;Ⅱ组采用传统的肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞联合传统颈丛神经阻滞.局麻药物选择1%利多卡因与0.25%左旋布比卡因.记录并比较两组麻醉效果.结果 Ⅰ组阻滞完全者占86.7%(13/15),显著高于Ⅱ组的46.6%(7/15)(P<0.01);Ⅰ组阻滞不全者占13.3%,显著低于Ⅱ组的26.7%(P<0.01).Ⅰ组无阻滞失败病例;Ⅱ组阻滞失败4例.结论 使用外周神经刺激器定位行肌间沟臂丛联合颈丛神经阻滞,能明显提高臂丛神经阻滞成功率.     

锁骨上神经联合臂丛阻滞用于锁骨手术的麻醉效果观察

目的观察锁骨上神经联合臂丛阻滞用于锁骨手术的麻醉效果。方法选择120例行锁骨手术患者,随机分为三组,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组单纯行颈丛和臂丛神经阻滞,Ⅲ组行锁骨上神经联合臂丛阻滞。三组均于麻醉前30min肌内注射苯巴比妥、阿托品,局麻药配方为1%利多卡因与0.375%罗哌卡因25～35ml行神经阻滞。观察术中麻醉效果及麻醉并发症情况。结果Ⅰ组麻醉优良率为70%,Ⅱ组麻醉优良率为75%,Ⅲ组麻醉优良率为90%,三组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论锁骨上神经联合臂丛阻滞用于锁骨手术安全有效,临床麻醉效果满意,而且针对性强,操作简便,值得临床推广应用。     

臂丛神经-颈丛浅支神经联合阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术的临床观察

目的观察臂丛神经-颈丛浅支神经联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术的麻醉效果。方法将60例行锁骨骨折内固定术的患者分为2组,每组30例,臂丛神经-颈丛浅支神经联合神经阻滞组（Ⅰ组）和单纯臂丛神经阻滞组（Ⅱ组）,观察2组麻醉前、切皮时、骨折复位后3个时间点的心电图（ECG）、无创血压（NIBP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SpO2）,及2组的麻醉效果。结果Ⅰ组3个时间点NIBP、HR较Ⅱ组下降（P）;Ⅰ组麻醉效果明显优于Ⅱ组（P）。结论臂丛神经-颈丛浅支神经联合神经阻滞用于锁骨骨折内固定术具有较好的临床效果。     

探析臂丛神经阻滞联合颈浅丛神经阻滞在肩锁关节手术中的应用

目的观察肩锁关节手术中肌间沟的臂丛神经阻滞联合颈浅丛神经阻滞的麻醉效果作用。方法 50例患者随机分为两组,各25例,1组为臂丛神经阻滞在行肌间沟;2组是行肌间沟上的臂丛神经阻滞联合颈浅丛神经阻滞。同时记录生命体征、镇痛等级和并发症。结果两组的镇痛效果2组有效率为96%,1组有效率为60%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。1组患者的生命体征表现为BP、HR在手术前升高,手术前后比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。2组患者的生命体征表现为手术中BP、HR比1组低,两组比较差异具有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论在肩锁关节脱位手术中镇痛效果上,肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞联合颈浅丛神经阻滞的镇痛效果比臂丛神经阻滞在行肌间沟好,安全有效,并且无并发症发生。     

高位臂丛阻滞联合颈椎横突阻滞麻醉用于锁骨手术

目的 观察高位臂丛阻滞联合颈椎横突阻滞麻醉用于锁骨手术的效果.方法 60例患者按入院先后顺序分两组:单纯臂丛组及联合组各30例,两组患者所有麻醉药物的种类和剂量具有可比性,观察不同麻醉方法的止痛效果.结果 单纯臂丛阻滞组麻醉完全10例,麻醉良好5例,麻醉有效11例,麻醉失败4例;联合组麻醉完全17例,麻醉良好11例,麻醉有效2例,麻醉失败0例.总有效率(麻醉完全+麻醉良好)联合组优于单纯臂丛阻滞组(χ2=8.965,P<0.01).结论 对于锁骨手术患者采取高位臂丛联合颈椎横突阻滞麻醉效果优于单纯高位臂丛阻滞麻醉.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.