餐饮业建立和实施HACCP体系的可行性分析

目的 在餐饮业建立和实施HACCP体系，以提高食品安全卫生质量。方法 分析目前我国食物中毒事件发生主要原因、餐饮业卫生管理特点，以及在餐饮业实现科学化管理的重要性，探讨在餐饮业建立和实施HACCP体系的可行性。结果 在餐饮业建立和实施HACCP体系是可行的，并对制定HACCP计划进行演示。结论 在餐饮业只有建立一套符合食品科学管理需要的食品安全管理体系，才能提高食品的安全性，避免集体性食物中毒发生，从而根本上使餐饮业运转符合法律法规要求，使加工的食品达到国家标准，使餐饮业更好地服务于社会。     

试论口岸餐饮业应大力推行HACCP体系管理

[目的]加强口岸餐饮业的卫生管理，大力推行HACCP体系。[方法]通过分析口岸餐饮业推行HACCP体系的必要性和国内外食品行业应用HACCP体系情况，对餐饮业进行危害分析，提出关键控制点及控制措施。[结果]餐饮业应从建筑设计、原材料、食品加工过程、餐具和从业人员的个人卫生5个方面进行危害分析，充分掌握这些关键环节，才能对餐饮业提出相应的控制措施，使其危险性降到最低限度直至消除，最终达到无食源性疾病及食物中毒发生的目的。[结论]在口岸餐饮行业中应大力推行HACCP体系管理。     

HACCP系统在餐饮业冷菜食品管理中的应用

由于冷菜在加工过程中较易受到污染，而供应前又无需加热的特点，使得它成为餐饮业引发食物中毒的重要因素。据卫生部《食品安全行动计划》(卫法监发[2003]219号)的要求，2007年餐饮业、快餐供应企业和医院营养配餐企业将实施HACCP(危害分析关键控制点)管理。为了有效预防冷菜食品的污染，防止食物中毒的发生，我们运用HACCP的基本原理和方法，分析冷莱在制售过程中相关的危害因素，确定关键控制点，并提出相应的措施。     

烟台市部分快餐店的卫生状况及管理

烟台市是沿海旅游城市，餐饮业比较发达，而快餐食品以其快捷、物美价廉等特点，越来越被广大消费者所青睐。为确保广大消费者的饮食卫生安全，严防食物中毒和肠道传染病的发生，我们于2005年在烟台市范围内随机抽查80户正常营业的大、中、小型快餐店，对照《餐饮业和集体用餐配送单位卫生规范》规定，进行食品卫生状况调查，并运用HACCP管理系统对快餐食品进行危害性分析。     

深圳市保安区公明街道部分快餐店卫生状况调查

为确保广大消费者的饮食卫生安全，严防食物中毒和肠道传染病的发生，我们于2006年在公明镇范围内随机抽查80户正常营业的大、中、小型快餐店，对照《餐饮业和集体用餐配送单位卫生规范》规定，进行食品卫生状况调查，并运用HACCP管理系统对快餐食品进行危害性分析。[第一段]     

危害分析临界控制点在食物中毒控制中的应用

目的探讨运用危害分析临界控制点(HACCP)方法控制食物中毒的可行性,为制定相关的预防措施、保障人民群众的身体健康提供科学依据。方法将东莞市32个镇区随机平均分成实施食物中毒HACCP指南的食品安全示范区和不实施食物中毒HACCP指南的非示范区。实施食物中毒HACCP指南的食品安全示范区的16个镇在实施前和实施后进行对照,1a后评价食品安全示范区发生食物中毒的起数、中毒人数是否比非示范区明显减少。结果实施食物中毒HACCP指南的食品安全示范区的16个镇比非示范区食物中毒的起数、中毒人数明显减少。2004年食品安全示范区的16个镇发生食物中毒7起,非示范区的16个镇为15起;食品安全示范区的16个镇在实施前的2003年发生食物中毒23起,非示范区16个镇2003年发生食物中毒9起。结论实践研究表明在食物中毒控制中实施HACCP应用指南是能够有效地减少食物中毒的一种低耗高效的方法。     

副溶血性弧菌引起食物中毒的调查分析

通过对一起副溶血性弧茵食物中毒原因的调查分析，提出防止食物中毒的建议，即在提高从业人员卫生素质并严格执行操作规范的前提下，控制凉菜的制作时间、储存温度，在餐饮业推广实施危害分析关键控制点(HACCP)管理模式，强化企业内部的管理。     

餐饮业实施HACCP管理和认证的应用研究

目的：针对餐饮业的特点，探索HACCP体系在餐饮业的实施和应用。方法：参照国际食品法典委员会(CAC)《HACCP原理及其应用准则》推荐的原理和程序，选择闵行区5家营业面积1000m^2以上的大型餐饮单位作为研究对象，建立中餐制作和提供的HACCP体系，并由国际知名的认证公司进行认证。结果:确定原料采购验收、烹饪加热、冷菜制作、餐具的清洗消毒、人员健康卫生五个关键控制点，并制定出详细的HACCP计划。结论:建立的HACCP体系能有效控制餐饮加工中的危害。第三方的认证是保证该体系正常运作的外部推动力。     

HACCP系统方法在餐饮单位中的应用

马鞍山市卫生监督局于2007年初选定4家餐饮单位作为HACCP理论在餐饮业中应用的试点单位，为HACCP理论在全市餐饮单位中的推行摸索经验。     

HACCP系统在控制快餐食物中毒中的应用

快餐在加工过程中较易受到污染，从制售到食用时有一定的时间间隔，故成为餐饮业引发食物中毒的重要因素。2004年，我市新区共发生食物中毒13起，其中8起是由快餐引起，快餐引起食物中毒占61．54％，共造成300人食物中毒，给部分企业的正常生产和运转带来了一定影响，也给群众的身体健康造成了一定的危害。为有效预防快餐的污染，防止食物中毒的发生，2005年，我们在新区10家快餐企业，应用HACCP的基本原理和方法，分析快餐在制售过程中的相关危险因素，确定关键控制点，并提出相应的控制措施，取得了较好的效果。现报告如下。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.