Isolation and characterization of anti c-met single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies

The receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) Met is the cell surface receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) involved in invasive growth programs during embryogenesis and tumorgenesis. There is compelling evidence suggesting important roles for c-Met in colorectal cancer proliferation, migration, invasion, angiogenesis, and survival. Hence, a molecular inhibitor of an extracellular domain of c-Met receptor that blocks c-Met-cell surface interactions could be of great thera-peutic importance. In an attempt to develop molecular inhibitors of c-Met, single chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display libraries Tomlinson I?+?J against a specific synthetic oligopeptide from the extracellular domain of c-Met receptor were screened; selected scFv were then characterized using various immune techniques. Three c-Met specific scFv (ES1, ES2, and ES3) were selected following five rounds of panning procedures. The scFv showed specific binding to c-Met receptor, and significantly inhibited proliferation responses of a human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-116). Moreover, anti- apoptotic effects of selected scFv antibodies on the HCT-116 cell line were also evaluated using Annexin V/PI assays. The results demonstrated rates of apoptotic cell death of 46.0, 25.5, and 37.8% among these cells were induced by use of ES1, ES2, and ES3, respectively. The results demonstrated ability to successfully isolate/char-acterize specific c-Met scFv that could ultimately have a great therapeutic potential in immuno-therapies against (colorectal) cancers.     

特异性抗细胞表面分子单链抗体的分离和鉴定

目的：从抗KG1a细胞的噬菌体展示文库中分离和鉴定抗造血干/祖细胞表面分子单链抗体（scFv）,克隆其基因并研究其对应抗原在不同细胞表面的分布。方法：用完整的KG1a细胞吸附法富集文库3轮,再用CD44单克隆抗体为引导分子进行引导选择,分离单克隆后用间接免疫荧光法鉴别其细胞结合特异性。对具有不同细胞结合特异性的克隆进行DNA序列分析,用一级结构不同的单链抗体作免疫印迹鉴别抗原分子量。结果：间接免疫荧光结果显示,64个阳性克隆分别识别不同的细胞系,分属3种细胞结合谱,DNA序列测定结果证明C95、H1两个克隆具有独特的一级结构,利用Westernblot成功测定它们特异性识别KG1a细胞膜蛋白的表观分子量分别为34kD/22kD。结论：成功建立了分离和鉴定抗细胞表面分子phage-scFv单克隆的方法,并从抗KG1a细胞的噬菌体展示文库中分离出2个抗造血干/祖细胞的特异性克隆。     

Isolation and characterization of recombinant single chain fragment variable anti-idiotypic antibody specific to Aspergillus fumigatus membrane protein

Aspergillus fumigatus causes the highly lethal form of invasive aspergillosis (IA). In the present study to develop a novel anti-fungal drug for protection against invasive disease, we identified a single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody (scFv AF1) by panning against A. fumigatus membrane fraction (AMF) or HM-1 killer toxin (HM-1) neutralizing monoclonal antibody (nmAb-KT) as antigen. The key step was elution of bound phages with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.0 containing AMF. The specificity of soluble scFv AF1 antibody to antigens was verified by ELISA, which specifically binds to both AMF and nmAb-KT. After nucleotide sequencing, clone expression and purification by HisTrap HP affinity column, scFv AF1 showed in vitro anti-fungal activity against A. fumigatus. By SPR analysis it showed high binding affinity to nmAb-KT (K(d)=5.22×10(-11) M). The method used to isolate scFv AF1 was a new method and we believe that it will be applicable to isolate the specific scFv against any kind of membrane protein of yeast or fungus.     

Development and applications of surface-linked single chain antibodies against T-cell antigens

In this report the use of surface-linkage to expand the potential experimental and therapeutic applications of single chain antibody (scFv) constructs is reviewed. A strategy for the generation and functional characterization of surface-linked scFvs that bind selectively to the T-cell proteins CD3epsilon, CD28, and CD152 (CTLA-4) is described in detail. Experimental examples are provided of the use of these constructs to study the positive and negative regulation of T-cell activation and to manipulate the in vivo immunogenicity of tumor cells. In addition, a novel system for Simultaneous T-cell Activation and Retroviral Transduction (START) is described in which retroviral packaging cells are rendered mitogenic for T lymphocytes by combined expression of surface-linked scFvs. Finally, the use of random mutagenesis and yeast surface display to increase the affinity and functional efficacy of scFv constructs is demonstrated.     

Isolation of human single chain antibodies (scFv) against human TNF-alpha from human peripheral blood lymphocyte-SCID mice

By developing an appropriate immunization protocol for SCID (hu-PBL-SCID) mice engrafted with human peripheral blood lymphocytes in combination with scFv phage display library, we were able to establish an efficient strategy to obtain human scFv clones against a human self-antigen, TNF-alpha. The mice pretreated with gamma-radiation (3Gy) and anti-asialo GM1 antibody were immunized with a mixture of human TNF-alpha-keyhole limpet hemocyanin and Freund's adjuvant. Human antibody maturation was suggested to be induced in the mice with the immunization protocol. The scFv clones obtained from the mice were shown to exhibit binding affinities in the range of 10(7)-10(8) M(-1). Together with our previously published work on the isolation of respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing scFvs, the results of this study have implicated that this combined approach is one of the effective alternatives for the cloning of human monoclonal antibodies specific for a wide range of antigens of interest.     

抗转铁蛋白受体双价抗体的构建、表达及鉴定

目的：抗转铁蛋白受体（TfR）双价抗体（bsFv）构建、表达及其与细胞结合的活性鉴定。方法：以抗TfR的单链抗体（scFv）为模板，设计引物引入中问连接肽（G4S）及酶切位点AscI，通过PCR方法扩增两条scFv片段，将其连接并克隆至原核表达载体pAB1，转化大肠杆菌TG1，阳性菌经IPTG诱导表达，FCM检测bsFv与K562，HepG2肿瘤细胞结合的活性及特异性。结果：酶切鉴定及DNA测序证明该bsFv构建成功；SDS-PAGE、Westernblot鉴定表明表达蛋白分子量与bsFv理论值一致；FCM结果证明bsFv可与K562，HepG2肿瘤细胞特异性结合，且结合的阳性率较scFv有所提高。结论：成功构建了抗转TfR的bsFv，且能与K562，HepG2肿瘤细胞特异性结合。     

人源性抗乳腺癌单链抗体库的筛选与初步鉴定

目的:本研究旨在已构建的大容量人源性抗乳腺癌噬菌体单链抗体库的基础上,筛选出高亲和力的特异性单链抗体(scFv)并对抗体基本特性进行初步鉴定。方法:以人乳腺癌细胞系MCF-7为靶标,经过4轮淘洗,筛选出高亲和力的特异性抗乳腺癌scFv,并对其结构序列进行分析;通过ELISA和Western blot方法,鉴定scFv的亲和力和特异性,以及其蛋白的基本表达情况。结果:成功构建具有高亲和力的抗乳腺癌单链抗体库,获得scFv的长度约为750 bp,ELISA证实所得抗体对乳腺癌细胞具有良好的亲和力和高度的特异性,IPTG诱导表达及Western blot结果显示,scFv为相对分子质量(Mr)30 000的可溶性蛋白。结论:本研究在已构建的大容量抗乳腺癌单链抗体库的基础上,筛选获得了高亲和力的抗乳腺癌单链抗体库。研究结果为进一步获得可应用于临床诊断和治疗的乳腺癌靶向性抗体奠定了良好的基础。     

Production and characterization of a single chain variable fragment (scFv) against the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin produced by certain fungi that infest cereal grains. A hybridoma cell line producing a monoclonal antibody (Mab) was used as the starting point in the development of a recombinant single chain variable fragment antibody (scFv) recognising DON. The scFv and Mab were characterised using two immunoassay formats: competitive direct enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CD-ELISA) and biolayer interferometry (BLI). Using CD-ELISA the IC₅₀s for DON were 36.1 and 13.8 ng/ml for assays based on the scFv and Mab, respectively. The cross-reactivity to DON analogs was very similar for the scFv and the Mab. The real-time binding of the antibodies to an immobilised DON-protein conjugate was also monitored. In competitive BLI assays the IC₅₀s using the scFv and Mab were 68.3 and 15.8 ng/ml, respectively. The results suggest that sensitivity of assays, but not selectivity, was affected by removal of the constant regions of the Mab.     

Recombinant human antibody single chain variable fragments reactive with Candida albicans surface antigens.

A combinatorial phage display library expressing human immunoglobulin heavy and light chain variable regions was used to identify phage clones capable of binding to the surface of Candida albicans blastoconidia. Single chain antibody variable fragments (scFv) derived from three clones detected C. albicans antigens by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting. The antigens detected were conserved among different strains of C. albicans and several other Candida species. Two scFv clones detected antigens specifically expressed by C. albicans blastoconidia; the third detected antigens in both blastoconidia and filamentous forms of C. albicans. The antigens containing the epitopes recognized by all three scFv could be extracted from blastoconidia by dithiothreitol, suggesting attachment to the cell wall via sulfhydryl bonds. Epitope detection by the scFv was sensitive to treatment of C. albicans blastoconidia with sodium periodate, but not proteinase K, indicating the cognate epitopes were composed of carbohydrate. Antigenic determinants for each of the three scFv were detected by immunohistochemical staining of skin sections from a model of cutaneous candidiasis, demonstrating expression in vivo. Through selection for the ability to bind intact organisms, the phage display system provides a means to rapidly identify monoclonal binding ligands to Candida surface antigens. Being entirely human, mature antibodies generated from the scFv have potential utility in the treatment of candidiasis.     

Characterization of sperm antigens reacting with human antisperm antibodies

Antibodies reacting with human spermatozoa have been detected by various immunological techniques in the sera of subfertile men. Different patterns of sperm agglutination are observed with different sera, either head-to-head, tail-to-tail, or tail-tip-to-tail-tip. Differences have been detected between the clinically relevant antibodies in spontaneously infertile males and the less important antibodies in males who have undergone reversal of vasectomy. It has been suggested that the variations in agglutination patterns are due either to different classes of antibody or to binding of antibody to different antigens. In the present study immunoblotting techniques were used to characterize the reactivity of solubilized sperm proteins with serum samples exhibiting different modes of sperm agglutination. This involved the electrophoretic transfer of proteins from SDS gels to nitrocellulose sheets followed by overlay with serum antibody. Using these techniques we have attempted to characterize the antigens of spermatozoa which react with sera from both spontaneously infertile and vasovasostomized men. The results showed that although antisperm antibodies bind to discrete and sperm-associated antigens, there is no substantial difference between the antigenic patterns observed with antibodies producing different types of sperm agglutination. Neither the antigens detected, nor the intensity of reaction showed significant differences although there was a tendency for head-to-head agglutinating antibodies to react more strongly with the higher molecular weight antigens. Moreover, although with sequential serum samples the patterns of agglutination may change, the antigenic pattern remains unchanged.     

Isolation and characterization of rabbit single chain antibodies to human Reg Ialpha protein

To investigate the role of Reg Ialpha in human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), we made two phage-displayed single chain variable fragment (scFv) libraries from rabbits immunized with recombinant or native human Reg Ialpha. After one to three rounds of panning, we were able to isolate phage-displaying scFvs, which bound to human Reg Ialpha. Anti-Reg Ialpha scFvs from both libraries showed similar immunoreactivity to different processed forms of the protein. Despite several DNA fingerprint patterns among these clones, their deduced amino acid sequences are highly homologous with 100% identity in the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) of the variable segment of heavy chain (VH) region and a small variation in the CDR1 of the variable segment of light chain (VL) region. We also expressed and purified soluble myc-tagged or glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion scFv proteins from bacteria. Immunohistochemical studies using one of our anti-Reg Ialpha scFv antibodies showed prominent staining in the metaplastic Paneth cell population and light staining in the lamina propria. This scFv antibody is now being used for studies of the role of Reg Ialpha in human IBD.     

溶藻弧菌抗独特型抗体scFv的原核表达及免疫原性鉴定

目的 构建溶藻弧菌抗独特型单链抗体(scFv)的原核表达载体,并对其表达的蛋白进行免疫原性鉴定.方法从分泌溶藻弧菌抗独特型单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(2F4)中已获得的该抗体重链可变区基因(VH)和轻链可变区基因(VL),通过基因重组构建scFv及原核表达载体pET32a-AL,转化大肠杆菌BL21后用IPTG诱导表达.表达后的重组蛋白利用动物免疫试验进行免疫原性鉴定.结果 scFv基因序列全长747碱基对,编码249个氨基酸,符合小鼠免疫球蛋白可变区基因特征,含有框架区(FRs)、抗原互补决定区(CDRs)及抗体特征性的半胱氨酸残基.ELISA测定和动物免疫试验显示抗独特性抗体的scFv具有藻弧菌一样的免疫原性.结论 成功构建了抗溶藻弧菌独特型抗体scFv原核表达载体并表达于包涵体中,表达的融合蛋白具有与溶藻弧菌一样的免疫原性,为溶藻弧菌抗独特型单链抗体scFv成为鱼用基因工程疫苗奠定了初步基础.     

集落挖掘法在抗肝癌噬菌体单链抗体库筛选中的应用

目的：建立肝癌细胞包被膜的集落挖掘法方法，探讨其在抗人肝癌噬菌体抗体库筛选中的价值。 方法： 采用“吸附-洗脱-扩增”将抗人肝癌噬菌体单链抗体库亲和富集1至4轮，再用集落挖掘法和随机挑取法检测每轮库菌克隆，筛选出能与肝癌细胞结合的阳性克隆，计算阳性克隆比例（即阳性克隆出现频率），并进行比较。 结果： 经1至4轮亲和富集后，集落挖掘法检出阳性克隆的频率分别为：0.3%、5.1%、11.5%、69.7%，而随机挑取法检出的频率分别为：0%、4.2%、8.3%、64.6%，差异无统计学意义，两者检出的阳性率一致，但前者一次检测的克隆量大、检出阳性克隆的绝对数多。 结论： 集落挖掘法是一种高效、简便、快速的筛选方法。     

溶藻弧菌抗独特型抗体单链抗体在毕赤酵母中的表达

目的构建溶藻弧菌抗独特型抗体的单链抗体(scFv)基因的毕赤酵母分泌型表达载体,并对其表达的蛋白进行免疫原性鉴定。方法从分泌溶藻弧菌抗独特型抗体的杂交瘤细胞株(2F4)中克隆该抗体的重链可变区(VH)基因和轻链可变区(VL)基因(GenBank accession No:DQ011530和DQ011531),并通过基因重组为scFv基因。然后将其克隆入毕赤酵母菌分泌型表达载体pPIC9K中,经序列测定后,电转化入毕赤酵母菌SMD1168中,将经表型筛选和G418抗性筛选的重组酵母菌株进行PCR鉴定。以甲醇进行诱导表达,表达后的重组蛋白利用动物免疫试验进行免疫原性鉴定。结果获得毕赤酵母菌分泌型表达载体pPIC9K-scFv,经G418浓度梯度筛选及PCR鉴定得到高拷贝整合的重组酵母菌株,ELISA测定和动物免疫试验显示抗独特性抗体的scFv具有与溶藻弧菌一样的免疫原性。结论构建溶藻弧菌抗独特型抗体的scFv基因的真核表达载体并成功表达,为进一步研究其生物学活性奠定了基础。     

Recombinant single‐chain antibodies against s‐Triazines

Recombinant antibody (RAb) technology is expected to play an essential role in future food and environmental immunoanalysis. The RAb approach is not yet, however, considered as a standard method, mainly due to technical reasons. In order to establish a feasible protocol for the production of hapten specific RAbs, the essential steps of the procedure are considered in detail, especially the polymerase chain reaction amplification of antibody coding genes and the utilization of immunomagnetic selection of phages displaying selective RAbs. The synthesis of functional recombinant single‐chain Fv against s‐triazine herbicides is used as an example. Expressed RAbs are characterized by immunoassay. Although RAb‐based calibration curves were shifted toward higher concentrations by one order of magnitude, the cross‐reactivity pattern of RAbs corresponded to the original monoclonal antibodies. Sequences of different RAb clones derived from the same hybridoma line only differed in a single silent mutation. This confirms the reliability of the RAb procedure.     

Monoclonal antibodies against differentiation antigens on human macrophages

Human macrophages matured in vitro from blood monocytes without additional exogenous activation were used to produce monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Ten of them were selected for high avidity and the best discrimination between mature macrophages and a panel of other cells including freshly prepared monocytes, B cells, T cells, granulocytes and thrombocytes. Five mAbs (MAX. 1, MAX. 2, MAX. 3, MAX. 11, MAX. 24) were found to detect macrophage differentiation antigens. One mAb (MAX. 26) detects an antigen which is shared by mature macrophages and T cells.     

Monoclonal antibodies against human erythrocyte membrane antigens and the antigens recognized by these antibodies

Six monoclonal antibodies (KOR-E1-E6) were raised against human erythrocyte membrane antigens. Aggregating reactions of normal human erythrocytes with or without enzyme treatment and specific antigen deficient (null type) erythrocytes were used for detection of the antigens. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with Western blotting and immunoperoxidase methods were also used to confirm the results. The antigen recognized by KOR-E1 and KOR-E5, which was sensitive to protease, trypsin, and neuraminidase, and only expressed on human erythrocytes, was identified as Pr1h. The antigen recognized by KOR-E2 and KOR-E6 was identified as the EnaTS portion of glycophorin A, because the antigen was sensitive to protease and trypsin, but resistant to neuraminidase, and was not present on En(a-) erythrocytes. The antigen recognized by KOR-E3 that was protease-, trypsin-, and neuraminidase resistant, and absent on En (a-) erythrocytes, was identified as Wrb antigen. As KOR-E4 reacted with all erythrocytes examined, the antigen it recognizes could not be determined.     

Heavy chain variable region gene utilization in human antibodies

We have sequenced by the polymerase chain reaction the heavy chain variable regions of over thirty human antibodies of defined specificity. The distribution of VH families in this group of antibodies is disproportionately skewed toward the recently discovered VH gene families. Within a family, there is also a disproportional use of individual gene segments. Numerous explanations for these imbalances are discussed.     

Immunofluorescence for detection of antibodies against human cytomegalovirus-induced membrane antigens.

This paper describes an improved method for the in vitro detection of antibodies specifically directed against human cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced membrane antigens present on the surface of CMV-infected fibroblasts (CMV-MA). Viable cells were found to be essential for specific visualization of CMV-MA staining. The addition of divalent cations (2.6 mM Ca2+ and 2.2 mM Mg2+) and glucose (180 mM) to the incubation and washing buffers improved the viability and morphology of the cells and increased the cell yield at the end of the assay. Clustering of antigen-antibody complexes on the surface of viable CMV-infected cells was prevented by low-temperature incubation (0 to 4 degrees C) rather than by the addition of agents which act on the metabolism of the cell. No interaction with the CMV-induced Fc receptor was observed at 0 degrees C with either human sera or murine monoclonal antibodies. The specificity of the CMV-MA reaction was confirmed by using monoclonal antibodies to CMV nuclear, cytoplasmic, and membrane-associated antigens. Furthermore, a microplate modification of the membrane fluorescence test is described which is suitable for multisample screening purposes. This method can be applied to the determination of anti-CMV-MA antibody titers in human sera and to the screening of hybridoma supernatants for the presence of antibodies with specificity for CMV-MA.