家兔静注环丙沙星后血液与眼组织分布及其药代动力学研究

研究家兔静注环丙沙星 (CPL X)后血液与眼组织分布及药代动力学参数。用高效液相色谱法测定血液和眼内各组织中药物浓度。结果给药 30 min后泪液、角膜、房水、虹膜 -睫状体、晶状体和玻璃体组织内峰浓度值 (Cmax)分别为 (8.92± 2 .88)、(14 2 .84± 2 5 .0 2 )、(11.0 6± 2 .80 )、(99.32± 10 .6 0 )、(30 .2 8± 1.91)和(8.10± 1.71) μg/ ml或 μg/ g;其血液和各组织中消除半衰期 (T1 /2β)分别为 (1.2 1± 0 .2 3)、(1.4 8± 0 .97)、(1.6 6± 0 .13)、(2 .0 9± 0 .5 1)、(2 .0 1± 0 .4 4 )、(1.5 2± 0 .92 )和 (1.2 1± 0 .6 6 ) h。表明家兔静注 CPL X后能穿透到眼内各组织中。     

环丙沙星滴眼液滴眼的眼内组织分布及其药代动力学研究

对环丙沙星滴眼液滴眼后家兔眼各组织中药物浓度用高效液相色谱法进行测定。结果表明,环丙沙星滴眼液滴眼后迅速进入眼组织,其中角膜浓度最高,其次为虹膜—睫状体、房水、晶体和玻璃体。各组织中的药物消除半衰期(T_(1/2β))分别为泪液0.81h、晶体0.61h、玻璃体1.40h;峰浓度值(Cmax)分别为角膜19.43μg/g、房水1.58μg/g、虹膜—睫状体16.68μg/g、晶状体1.42μg/g、玻璃体0.96μg/ml。实验结果提示环丙沙星滴眼液滴眼后能在眼内达到较高的抗菌浓度。     

环丙沙星滴眼剂在家兔眼内组织分布及其药物动力学

环丙沙星（ｃｉｐｒｏｆｌｏｘａｃｉｎ，ＣＰＦＸ）滴眼液点入兔眼后，用ＨＰＬＣ法测定眼内各组织中药物浓度。结果在角膜、房水、虹膜－睫状体、晶体、玻璃体内峰浓度值分别为１９．４３μｇ／ｇ，１．５８μｇ／ｍｌ，１６．６８μｇ／ｇ，１．４２μｇ／ｇ和０．９６μｇ／ｍｌ；其半衰期分别为０．７６，０．６９，０．９２，０．６１和１．４０ｈ。结果表明ＣＰＦＸ能在眼内达到较高的抗菌浓度。     

头孢呋辛钠在小鼠体内的药代动力学及组织分布研究

目的：通过HPLC探讨注射用头孢呋辛钠在小鼠体内的药代动力学和组织分布。方法：小鼠单剂量背部推注头孢呋辛钠1000mg/kg,在不同时间取其血浆及各组织匀浆液经离心沉淀蛋白后,采用HPLC法测定其药代动力学及组织中药物浓度。结果：背部给药后血浆药—时曲线符合一室开放模型,头孢呋辛钠体内分布迅速,分布半衰期为0.6179h,消除半衰期为2.2098h,AUC为76.3199h.mg/mL,肺、肝脏及肾脏中药物浓度较高。结论：头孢呋辛钠在体内分布广、组织浓度高、消除半衰期。     

盐酸环丙沙星的正常人药代动力学研究

八例男性健康志愿者交叉口服二个厂家生产的盐酸环丙沙星作药代动力学研究。用高效液相色谱法和微生物法测定血、尿标本。结果两种盐酸环丙沙星都于服药后1小时达到高峰浓度,其中HPLC测定浓度分别为1.995、1.759mg/L;微生物测定浓度为2.332、2.121mg/L。盐酸环丙沙星在体内代谢药一时曲线符合二房室模型。半衰期为5.7小时。肾清除率占总体消除率的40％～50％,24小时内两种产品原型药物在尿中的回收率分别为52.5％、40.2％。该药的肾清除率为25L/h,两种环丙沙星药代动力学特征基本相似,统计学处理无显著性差异(P>0.05)。     

环丙沙星片剂的人体生物利用度及药代动力学研究

本文报道８例健康青年志愿者交叉口服两个药厂生产的盐酸环丙沙星的人体生物利用度及药代动力学研究。用反相高效液相色谱法测定人血清中环丙沙星浓度。单剂量空腹口服两种片剂５００ｍｇ后，体内过程符合单室模型。达峰时间为１．７３９±０．６６５ｈ和１．５７９±０．５７８ｈ；峰浓度为１．４４１±０．２４９ｍｇ·Ｌ（－１）和１．３０８±０．２０２ｍｇ·Ｌ（－１）；曲线下面积为９．５３４±２．１３８ｍｇ·Ｌ（－１）·ｈ和８．９５２±２．１６３ｍｇ·Ｌ（－１）·ｈ；消除半衰期为３．３２７±０．７２５ｈ和３．７２４±１．１２８ｈ。以对照制剂为标准，样品制剂的相对生物利用度为１０６．５％，两药的主要药代动力学参数无显著性差异（ｐ＞０．０５）。     

国产阿维A胶囊家兔体内药代动力学研究

目的 :测定国产阿维A胶囊的药代动力学参数 ,为临床合理应用该药提供实验依据。方法 :采用高效液相色谱法测定兔血浆中阿维A浓度 ,用3p97软件计算药代动力学参数。结果 :国产阿维A在兔体内呈一室模型分布 ,Cmax 为 (316 33±170 83)ng/ml,Tmax 为 (1 92±0 85)h ,T1/2Ke为 (4 37±3 33)h ,AUC0～10 为 (1817 74±563 95)ng/(h·ml)。结论 :该药易吸收 ,安全性高。     

蝙蝠葛苏林碱在兔体内的药代动力学及组织分布

目的:研究蝙蝠葛苏林碱(DS)在兔体内的药代动力学和组织分布特征.方法:兔耳缘静脉注射给予DS后,采用高效液相色谱法测定各时间点血浆和组织器官药物浓度,并用3p97程序计算药代动力学参数.结果:兔DS 2.5、5、10 mg·kg-1静脉注射给药后,体内动力学行为符合二房室开放模型.T1/2β分别为 3.0±0.6、3.4±0.9 和 6.9±0.6 h;Cls分别为 3.1±0.6、3.6±0.4 和 4.4±0.3 L·h·kg-1;Vd分别为 13.1±2.7、18.0±6.2 和 43.6±4.4 L·kg-1;AUC0～t分别为 0.84±0.13、1.41±0.17 和 2.30±0.18 mg·h·L-1.在DS 2.5～5 mg·kg-1范围内主要药动学参数无显著性差异(P>0.05),但DS 10 mg·kg-1静脉注射后,C0超比例增加(P＜0.01),T1/2β明显延长(P＜0.01).结论:在 2.5～5 mg·kg-1范围内DS的消除为线性动力学,而10 mg·kg-1静脉注射后,本品在兔体内的消除未呈线性动力学.组织分布以肺脏含量最高,其次为肾、脾和肝脏.各组织器官中药量均显著高于血浆药物浓度.     

Distribution and pharmacokinetics of five Rhubarb anthraquinones in rabbits and rats

The main active components of Rhubarb are anthraquinones (AQs), most of which are glycosides and others are free. The concentrations of AQs derivatives (rhein, aloe-emodin, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in plasma and homogenate were assayed with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The pharmacokinetic parameters and distribution of Rhubarb AQs in rabbits or rats were studied after administrationof different formulas. Elimination of AQs was fit to a two-compartment model in rats and rabbits. There were no significant difference in the main pharmacokinetic parameters between rhein and AQs in rats. AQs were distributed progressively in the kidney, liver, blood, and heart. The AQs were mainly composed of rhein in vivo and was excreted by the kidney. For formulas that contained Rhubarb, rhein could be used as a probe for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies.     

Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of stable polyacrylamide nanoparticles following intravenous injection in the rat

A variety of polymer nanoparticles (NP) are under development for imaging and therapeutic use. However, little is known about their behavior. This study examined pharmacokinetics, distribution and elimination of stable polyacrylamide (PAA) nanoparticles (~ 31 nm average diameter). PAA NPs and polyethylene glycol-coated PAA NPs were injected into the tail veins of healthy male rats. Blood, tissues and excreta were collected at times ranging from 5 min to 120 h and their radioactive content was quantified. A mathematical model was then applied to analyze the distribution dynamics of both NPs. Elimination from the blood could be accounted for by a quick but finite relocation to the major organs (about 20%, 0.6 to 1.3 h half-lives), and a slower distribution to the carcass (about 70%, 35 to 43 h half-lives). Excreted urinary levels correlated with blood concentrations. Combined cumulative urinary and fecal output accounted for less than 6% of the dose at 120 h. Compared to five other polymeric nanoparticles, the studied particles are at the highest half-lives and Area Under the Curve (4000 to 5000%-h). These two parameters decrease by three orders of magnitude when nanoparticle size increases from the 30 nm range up to 250 nm. For similar sizes, pegylated nanoparticles are more persistent in the blood than non-pegylated ones, but this difference is much smaller in the 30 nm and relatively high dose range than above 100 nm. Persistence of PAA NPs is not associated with acute toxicity signs as measured by typical serum markers of inflammation and cellular damage.     

HPLC法测定大鼠静脉注射汉黄芩素的血药浓度及其药动学研究

目的:建立测定汉黄芩素大鼠血药浓度的HPLC方法,应用该法进行大鼠静脉注射汉黄芩素的药动学研究.方法:采用Lichrospher ODS色谱柱(150 mm×6.0 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-水-乙酸(60∶40∶0.5);流速为1 mL·min-1;检测波长为275 nm;柱温为35℃.健康大鼠禁食16 h后,尾静脉iv汉黄芩素溶液,测定不同时间血药浓度,血药浓度-时间数据采用3p97程序拟合其药动学参数.结果:线性范围为0.02-5μg·mL-1,最低定量限为20 ng·mL-1,批内批间精密度(RSD)均小于10%.其主要药动学参数为:t1/2,α0.0656 h,t1/2,β4.447 h,AUC为883 h·ng·mL-1.结论:该方法快速简便,符合生物样品的测定要求,可用于汉黄芩素血药浓度的测定和药动学研究,静脉注射汉黄芩素的大鼠体内药动学呈开放二室模型,分布较快,代谢较慢.     

诺氟沙星滴入兔眼与注入球结膜下其组织分布及药动学比较

用高效液相色谱法对诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后眼各组织药物浓度进行测定，比较两种给药途径的眼各组织浓度及其药物动力学参数。结果表明，诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射后４ｈ，泪液诺氟沙星浓度分别为２．０８±０．１９与１６．０７±３．１４μｇ／ｍｌ（Ｐ＜０．０１）；角膜分别为０．７１±０．０７与１．６５±０．２４μｇ／ｇ（Ｐ＜０．０１）。泪液ＡＵＣ分别为９８．３３±７．３１与２７９．８２±３１．７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ；角膜ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ、Ｔ１／２Ｋｃ分别为１７．４２±１．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、８．９４±０．８μｇ／ｇ、０．５７±０．０６ｈ、０．９１７±０．１６ｈ与２０．０１±１．０１ｈ·μｇ／ｇ、１０．０５±０．０７μｇ／ｇ、０．４５±０．０５ｈ、１．１５±０．２０ｈ；房水ＡＵＣ、Ｃｍａｘ、Ｔｍａｘ分别为１．１３±０．２１ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、０．３９±０．０５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．６２±０．０９ｈ与１．７９±０．０７ｈ·μｇ／ｍｌ、１．００±０．１５μｇ／ｍｌ、０．４７±０．１０ｈ。诺氟沙星点眼与球结膜下注射两种给药途径的上述药动学参数有明显差异（Ｐ＜０．０５或０．０１）。     

兔单剂静注替考拉宁的药物动力学

本文报道健康兔６只静注替考拉宁后的药物动力学。血药浓度用微生物法测定。剂静注替考拉宁２０ｍｇ／Ｋｇ后，体内药物转运过程符合二室开放模型。     

The pharmacokinetics of cefuroxime after intravenous injection

Summary Cefuroxime, a new cephalosporin antibiotic which is stable to most -lactamases produced by Gram-negative bacteria, was given by bolus intravenous injection to six volunteers in doses of 500 mg and 750 mg. The concentrations of cefuroxime in serum and urine were measured at pre-determined times after injection and the data analysed by a two-compartment open system model. A serum concentration of 8 µg/ml was exceeded for 100.3 min (±18.3) after a 500 mg dose and for 144.5 min (±19.8) after 750 mg. The ultimate serum half-life was 1.1 h. Excretion of cefuroxime in the urine was almost complete in 24 h, the clearance being 150 ml/min/1.73 m². About 45% was excreted through the renal tubules. The injections were well tolerated and no changes in haematological or biochemical values were seen. The resulting data are compared with those published for some other cephalosporins. It is concluded that the favourable pharmacokinetics, especially the high concentrations of unbound cefuroxime in the serum, are likely to aid effective therapy of human infection caused by sensitive bacteria.     

Determination of doxorubicin in rabbit ocular tissues and pharmacokinetics after intravitreal injection of a single dose of doxorubicin-loaded poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate microspheres

A validated HPLC method was developed for the quantification of doxorubicin in rabbit ocular tissues using solid phase extraction and ultraviolet detection. Chromatographic separation of doxorubicin in various ocular tissues was performed on a C18 column. The mobile phase was composed of 0.2 M KH2PO4 buffer solution, acetonitrile and triethylamine in volumetric ratio of 70/30/0.2, adjusted to pH 4.0 with orthophosphoric acid. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.03-10, 0.03-10, 0.05-10 and 0.05-10 microg/ml in vitreous body, iris, retina/choroids and sclera, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precisions in all ocular tissues were smaller than 4.95% and 5.73%, and the accuracies were about 100%. The extraction recoveries of doxorubicin in all of the ocular tissues were between 83.47% and 96.33%. After intravitreal administration of doxorubicin-loaded poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate microspheres, doxorubicin level in ocular tissues was much lower than that for administration of free doxorubicin, which was helpful to reduce the associated toxicity to surrounding tissues. Doxorubicin was detectable even after tens of days in the studied ocular tissues.     

Pharmacokinetics of melatonin in man after intravenous infusion and bolus injection

Summary The pharmacokinetics of melatonin during the day-time has been studied in 4 healthy subjects after a bolus i.v. injection of 5 or 10 g/person and after a 5 h infusion of 20 g per person in 6 healthy subjects. In addition, a pinealomectomized patient whose nocturnal plasma melatonin had been abolished was investigated after the i. v. infusion — once during the night and once during the day.The clearance of melatonin from blood showed a biexponential decay. The pharmacokinetic parameters in the two studies were similar, except for the disappearance rate constant and the apparent volume of distribution at steady-state (V_ss). Supplementary peaks or troughs were superimposed on the plateau and the falling part of the profile. They were not due to stimulation of endogenous secretion, because they were also seen in the pinealomectomized patient.During the melatonin infusion, the plasma hormone level reached a steady-state after 60 and 120 min, and when it was equal to the nocturnal level. The infusion regime may be valuable in replacing blunted hormonal secretion in disease states.