载脂蛋白E基因多态性与轻度认知障碍相关性研究

轻度认知障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)指有轻度记忆或认知损害但无痴呆的一类综合征,易进展为Alzheimer病(AD)。此文对载脂蛋白E(ApoE)基因多态性与MCI之间的关系进行初步探讨。1对象和方法1·1研究对象:MCI组均系作者医院患者56例,参照Peterson等[1]制订入选标准。对照组89例,排除认知缺损,年龄、性别、受教育程度及既往疾病史均与MCI组相匹配。1·2基因学检查:用PCR-RFLP方法测定ApoE基因型。扩增引物1:5-′TAAGCTTGGCACGGCTGTCCAAGGA-3′;扩增引物2:5-′ACAGAATTCGCCCCGGCCTGGTA-CAC-3′。PCR…     

Rey-Osterriche复杂图形测验在轻度阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知损害患者中的应用研究

目的:研究Rey-Osterrich复杂图形测验(CFT)对轻度阿尔茨海默病(AD)和遗忘型轻度认知损害(MCI)的诊断价值。方法:应用CFT、简明精神状态量表(MMSE)对45例轻度AD患者、73例遗忘型MCI和66名正常老年人进行检测,MMSE总得分分别为(20.2±2.5)分、(26.9±1.8)和(28.2±1.6)分。结果:对照组,CFT结构模仿和延迟回忆得分与教育程度有显著正相关性,与年龄、性别无相关性。MCI组的结构模仿得分为(32.4±6.2)分,轻度AD组为(26.1±10.9)分,对照组为(33.6±3.1)分。AD组与对照组及MCI组比差异有显著意义,延迟记忆对于识别MCI有一定作用,协助AD诊断有较好的敏感性(P<0.01);MCI组的延迟回忆得分与对照组比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01),轻度AD组下降更为明显,与MCI组比差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:CFT延迟记忆对于识别MCI有一定作用,协助AD诊断有较好的敏感性。CFT结构模仿不能识别MCI,对轻度AD,其敏感性亦不理想。     

脑白质病变与轻度认知功能障碍的关系

目的 探讨脑白质病变(WML)与轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的关系.方法 71例WML患者根据头颅MRI检查分为轻度组(27例)、中度组(21例)、重度组(23例),39例无WML的对照者为对照组.对入组者进行神经心理学量表检查;比较各组MCI的患病率,分析WML与MCI的相关性.结果 WML轻、中、重度组的MCI患病率明显高于对照组(均P＜0.01);WML中、重度组简易精神状态检查(MMSE)及蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分显著低于WML轻度组和对照组(均P＜0.01);随着WML程度的加重,除了抽象能力评分,MoCA其他各认知领域的评分均显著降低(均P＜0.05).多元线性相关分析显示,WML程度与MMSE、MoCA总分及除抽象思维能力的各认知域评分呈负相关(r=-0.252 ～-0.782,均P＜0.01).结论 WML可导致MCI,其对认知功能障碍的影响与WML的程度有关.     

青岛市中老年双生子轻度认知功能障碍患病率及其与血压的关系

目的调查青岛市中老年双生子轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)的患病率及同病率,并探讨其患病率与血压的关系,为预防MCI提供参考。方法从青岛市双生子库中招募384对年龄≥40岁的中老年双生子,其中同卵双生子244对,异卵双生子140对。采用一般情况调查表收集其性别、年龄、收缩压、舒张压等资料。采用北京版蒙特利尔认知评价量表(MoCA)评定其认知功能。结果青岛市中老年双生子人群MCI患病率为84.38%;同卵和异卵双生子MCI患病率分别为83.40%、86.07%;MCI同病率为81.51%,同卵和异卵双生子MCI同病率分别为81.97%、80.71%。高收缩压组MCI患病率高于非高收缩压组(χ~2=20.590,P0.01),高舒张压组MCI患病率高于非高舒张压组(χ~2=10.041,P0.01)。结论青岛市中老年双生子MCI患病率较高,双生子的不同卵型可能与MCI同病率无关,高血压可能增加患MCI的风险。     

帕金森病前驱期轻度认知损害特点及其相关因素分析

目的 探讨帕金森病前驱期(pPD)轻度认知损害(MCI)的特点,并进行MCI与其他临床特征的相关性分析.方法 收集32例pPD患者(pPD组),按国际运动障碍协会制定的MCIⅡ级评估标准分为:pPD-MCI组(20例)和不符合MCI诊断标准的12例为pPD-NC组,另选择正常者23例为对照组.完成人口学资料、临床症状量...     

运用磁共振动脉自旋标记技术鉴别轻度认知功能障碍和血管性轻度认知功能障碍

目的研究轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)和血管性轻度认知功能障碍(VaMCI)患者各认知功能脑区域脑血流量(CBF)的特点,为早期诊断提供科学依据。方法选择2016年1月-2018年1月昆明市延安医院神经内科门诊及住院部确诊的24例MCI患者(MCI组)和24例VaMCI(VaMCI组)患者及24名老年健康志愿者(正常对照组)作为研究对象,运用动脉自旋标记(ASL)技术采集3组受试者认知功能脑区域的CBF数据。结果与正常对照组相比,MCI组双侧额叶、双侧海马脑血流灌注增加,双侧颞叶、楔前叶等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05);与正常对照组相比,VaMCI组双侧额叶、双侧海马脑血流灌注增加,双侧楔前叶、角回等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05);与MCI组相比,VaMCI组左侧颞叶、双侧扣带回、左侧杏仁核脑血流灌注增加,右侧颞叶、右侧扣带回等部位脑血流灌注降低(P 0. 05)。结论 MCI患者和VaMCI患者认知功能脑区域脑血流灌注具有不同的特点,磁共振ASL技术能够为两者的鉴别提供影像学帮助。     

氧化损伤与轻度认知障碍

轻度认知障碍(MCI)是正常衰老和痴呆之间的过渡状态,是阿尔茨海默病(AD)及其他类型痴呆人群的高危因素。氧化应激被认为是正常老化和老年性疾病,如阿尔茨海默病(AD)、帕金森病(Parkinson' s disease, PD)等发病过程中的一个关键因素,这种应激在衰老过程中,随着脑组织氧化损伤而影响学习和记忆能力,在轻度认知障碍状态中发挥重要作用。研究氧化损伤与轻度认知障碍的关系对于疾病的早期诊断和早期治疗具有重要现实意义。     

老年人轻度认知功能障碍不同诊断标准的比较

目的 使用广义轻度认知功能损害（MCI）诊断标准了解老年人MCI患病,与Petersen标准进行比较,观察3年后两种标准MCI痴呆发病情况.方法 以465名≥60岁老年人为研究对象,进行神经心理检查,观察MCI患病率,并与Petersen标准进行比较.3年后,对诊断为MCI的患者随访,比较两种标准MCI痴呆发病情况.结果 广义MCI患者76例（16.34％）,与Petersen标准诊断患病情况（50例,10.75％）比较,患病率较高,差异有统计学意义（x2=6.206,P＜0.05）.3年后,76例MCI患者中痴呆发病30例（年发病率为13.16％）,进展为AD者23例,其他类型痴呆7例;按Petersen标准诊断A-MCI组痴呆发病22例（年发病率为14.67％）,全部进展为AD.两种方法诊断的MCI痴呆发病率差异无统计学意义（x2=0.255,P＞0.05）.在广义MCI组内,A-MCI与非A-MCI痴呆发病差异无统计学意义（x2=1.253,P＞0.05）.同时,正常组痴呆发病19例（年发病率为4.54％）,MCI组痴呆发病率高,差异有统计学意义（x2=80.689,P＜0.05）.结论 采用广义MCI诊断标准较Petersen标准诊断MCI患病率高,其包含了更多类型的痴呆临床前体,有利于早期发现MCI及防治.     

轻度认知功能障碍和轻度阿尔茨海默病患者的选择注意功能的研究

目的 了解轻度认知功能障碍(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者和轻度阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer's disease,AD)患者的选择注意功能。方法 采用斯特鲁普(Stroop)测验对15例符合国际精神疾病分类第10版(ICD-10)及美国神经病学、语言障碍和卒中/老年性痴呆和相关疾病学会(NINCDs/ADRDA)标准的轻度AD患者、15例MCI患者和15例正常老年人进行对照研究。结果 冲突条件下轻度AD患者表现出更大的干扰效应,犯错误更多,反应时间也趋向于更长,MCI组和正常对照组干扰量无明显差别,但MCI组总错误率明显高于正常对照组。结论 轻度AD患者存在选择注意功能障碍,MCI患者选择注意功能下降,介于健康老人和轻度AD患者之间。     

内蒙古包头蒙古族、汉族轻度认知障碍患病率及危险因素的民族差异性研究

目的对内蒙古包头蒙古族和汉族轻度认知障碍(MCI)者的流行现状、影响因素进行对照分析,了解其民族差异性。方法采用多级整群随机抽样方式,结合集中和入户调查,对内蒙古包头的11个旗县区65岁以上的人群进行MCI的流行病学调查。结果 (1)蒙古族老年人MCI组患病率10.98%,标化患病率11.00%较汉族老年人MCI组患病率9.90%,标化患病率10.60%略高,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(2)两民族均呈现出随年龄增加MCI患病率呈逐渐增高的趋势(P0.05)。民族间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。(3)同民族不同性别间比较、同性别不同民族间比较,MCI患病率之间的差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。(4)两民族均呈现出教育水平越低,MCI患病率越高(P0.05)。民族间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论内蒙古包头地区蒙古族和汉族的MCI患病率均无明显性别差异,均随年龄增长及教育水平降低而增高,两民族间无差异。     

Progression to vascular dementia of patients with mild cognitive impairment: relevance of mild parkinsonian signs

Mild parkinsonian signs (MPS) may be found among patients presenting with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but few data are available about the relation of these signs with the prospective risk for dementia. Our retrospective investigation considered a case-series of 119 MCI subjects followed over a three-year period: their baseline clinical picture has been analyzed in search of correlation between the cognito-motor profile and the final diagnosis. The population included 66 patients with amnesic MCI and 53 with an involvement of other cognitive areas (nonamnesic MCI). MPS were detected in 22 subjects (18.5%). At the first observation, MPS cases showed an higher frequency of nonamnesic MCI and more pronounced deficits at the Trail Making Test (p < 0.05). After a three-year follow-up, 48 patients had converted to dementia. The presence of MPS at the baseline evaluation was significantly related to the development of a vascular-type dementia. The study investigates the association between MPS and MCI and might indicate for these cases a greater risk for an involvement of executive functions and the subsequent development of vascular dementia.     

离退休老人轻度认知功能损害研究

目的：探讨离退休老人轻度认知功能损害(MCI)的发生率及其影响因素。方法：采用哈金斯基缺血指数(HIS)、简易智能状态检查(中文版)(MMSE)、Reisberg总体衰退量表(GDS)、日常生活活动能力(20项版本)(ADL)等，对420名离退休老人MCI的发生情况及其影响因素进行调查，分析相互问关系。结果：离退休老人中MCI的发生率为8．6％，随年龄的增长而有升高趋势，但各年龄组之间差异无显著性。结论：离退休老人中MCI较常见，应对老年人群进行MCI的监测和干预，阻止和延缓MCI发展为痴呆，提高老年人的寿命和生活质量。     

CERAD test performances in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to examine the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease (CERAD) test performances cross-sectionally in patients suffering from amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, we wanted to determine the sensitivity to amnestic MCI and mild AD, as well as the specificity of different CERAD subtests in our study groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen healthy elderly individuals, 15 amnestic MCI patients and 15 probable AD patients suffering from mild dementia were tested with the CERAD neurocognitive dementia screening test. RESULTS: Significant differences were found in all CERAD tests except Constructional praxis (copy) and Clock drawing between the controls and the AD group. The MCI group was differentiated from the controls only in the Wordlist learning test. In the language tests the sensitivity to MCI and AD was quite low and the specificity very high. In the savings scores the sensitivity to AD was high, but the specificity rather low. The Wordlist recognition test screened no false positives using the current cut-off score and the sensitivity to AD was 0.6, but only one MCI patient was detected using the current cut-off score. Raising the cut-off score also raised the sensitivity to MCI without dramatic loss of specificity. Cut-off scores for the Wordlist learning test and Wordlist delayed recall, which have been found to differentiate normal aging from dementia, are lacking in the Finnish CERAD. The current data indicates that the Wordlist learning test might be relatively sensitive to MCI. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the Finnish CERAD test battery with its current cut-off scores has low sensitivity to MCI, and using it as a sole cognitive screening instrument for MCI and preclinical dementia might result in false negatives.     

Clinical correlates of functional performance in community-dwelling Chinese older persons with mild cognitive impairment

ABSTRACTBackground: Increasing evidence suggests that functional impairment can be detected in older persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). This study explores the functional profiles and the clinical correlates of a population-based sample of Chinese older persons with MCI in Hong Kong.Methods: A random sample of 765 Chinese elderly subjects without dementia was recruited, of which 389 were elderly normal controls (Clinical Dementia Rating = 0), and 376 had questionable dementia (CDR = 0.5). The latter were categorized into an MCI group (n = 291) and a very mild dementia (VMD) group (n = 85). Their functional performances were measured and compared with the normal controls (NC). Multiple regression analyses investigated the associations between functional scores (Disability Assessment in Dementia) and clinical correlates (cognitive test scores, neuropsychiatric symptoms and motor signs) in the NC subjects and cognitively impaired subjects.Results: Subjects with MCI had intermediate functional performance between the NC and those with VMD. Regression analyses revealed that lower scores of cognitive tests (delayed recall and categorical verbal fluency tests), apathy, aberrant motor symptoms and parkinsonism features were associated with lower functional scores in clinically non-demented subjects. Functional scores had no correlation with age, education and medical illness burden.Conclusion: Neuropsychiatric symptoms and parkinsonism features were associated with functional impairment in the clinically non-demented elderly in the community. Assessment of these should be incorporated in the evaluation of older persons for early cognitive impairment.     

Psychiatric symptoms/syndromes in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment. Data from a cross-sectional study

Objective – This study examined the prevalence of psychiatric syndromes and symptoms in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Methods – Data from a population-based study (the Kungsholmen Project) were used. All subjects with a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≤23 and a comparable random of those ≥24 were selected for further examination. Physicians carefully examined the included persons and those affected with dementia were excluded. The rest were stratified into 14 groups according to age and level of education. The mean MMSE score was calculated for each group and those subjects with scores 1SD below the age- and education-specific mean were classified as MCI. A structured psychiatric interview was performed and diagnoses of depression, anxiety and psychosis were made according to DSM-III-R.
Results – Being suspicious was the only symptom and being affected by an anxiety syndrome was the only diagnosis found to be associated with MCI. The association with suspiciousness might reflect the feeling of losing control that probably accompanies the loss of cognitive function experienced by the person. The association with anxiety syndromes might be a result of the fact that physical disorders have been reported to be more common in persons with cognitive impairment, as well as in persons with anxiety syndromes.
Conclusion – The results of this study suggest that the psychiatric syndromes present in MCI might be related to MCI per se . Additionally, it might reflect a developing dementia or a concomitant physical disorder.     

Repetition priming in mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia: Impact of educational attainment

Objective: To examine the role of education on repetition priming performances in healthy aging, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and mild dementia.

Method: A total of 72 participants (healthy = 27, with MCI = 28, with mild dementia = 17) took part in the present study. Priming was assessed using the Word Stem Completion Test, and delayed and recognition memory was assessed using the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test. A multinomial regression analysis was used to examine whether years of education moderated priming and declarative memory performances in predicting group membership.

Results: Priming performances discriminated between individuals with MCI and mild dementia but not between MCI and healthy. Additionally, this effect was most salient in individuals with low levels of education. Education did not moderate explicit memory performances in predicting group membership.

Conclusion: Little is known about the impact of education on priming in verbal memory. Our findings indicate that formal years of education impact priming performances in MCI and individuals with mild dementia, which may have implications for designing interventions targeting “intact” cognitive abilities in these groups.     

脑白质病变相关性轻度认知功能障碍患者神经心理学特征分析

目的观察脑白质病变(WML)对轻度认知功能损害(mild cognitive impairment,MCI)患者神经心理学的影响。方法 WML-MCI患者和健康对照者进行常规核磁共振及神经心理学检查,观察WML对MCI患者神经心理学的影响,并对其机制进行探讨。结果 WML-MCI组与对照组相比,高血压、糖尿病和冠心病比例明显增高;词语流畅性测验、积木测验和画钟测验评分均明显降低(P<0.05);而2组间MMSE、数字广度测验和词语延迟回忆测验评分无明显差异。结论 WML影响MCI患者的认知功能,主要表现为视空间及执行功能。血管危险因素是MCI发病的危险因素。     

Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important risk factor for Alzheimer disease and is more prevalent in elderly minority persons compared with non-Hispanic white persons. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether diabetes is related to a higher risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), a transitional stage between normal cognition and Alzheimer disease, in a multiethnic cohort with a high prevalence of diabetes. DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: Northern Manhattan in New York, NY. PARTICIPANTS: We studied persons without prevalent MCI or dementia at baseline and with at least 1 follow-up interval. Of 1772 participants with a complete neuropsychological evaluation, 339 (19.1%) were excluded because of prevalent dementia, 304 were excluded because of prevalent MCI (17.2%), and 211 were excluded because of loss to follow-up (11.9%), resulting in a final sample of 918 participants for longitudinal analyses. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We related diabetes defined by self-report to incident all-cause MCI, amnestic MCI, and nonamnestic MCI. We conducted multivariate analyses with proportional hazards regression adjusting for age, sex, years of education, ethnic group, apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele, hypertension, low-density lipoprotein level, current smoking, heart disease, and stroke. RESULTS: A total of 334 persons had incident MCI, 160 (47.9%) had amnestic MCI, and 174 (52.1%) had nonamnestic MCI. Diabetes was related to a significantly higher risk of all-cause MCI and amnestic MCI after adjustment for all covariates. Diabetes was also related to a higher risk of nonamnestic MCI, but this association was appreciably attenuated after adjustment for socioeconomic variables and vascular risk factors. The risk of MCI attributable to diabetes was 8.8% for the whole sample and was higher for African American persons (8.4%) and Hispanic persons (11.0%) compared with non-Hispanic white persons (4.6%), reflecting the higher prevalence of diabetes in minority populations in the United States. CONCLUSION: Diabetes is related to a higher risk of amnestic MCI in a population with a high prevalence of this disorder.     

Clinical correlates of Parkinsonian signs in community- dwelling Chinese older persons: a population based study

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: This study examined the clinical correlates of parkinsonian signs including neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and medical illness burden in the community-dwelling non-demented Chinese elderly. METHODS: A random sample of 765 Chinese elderly subjects from a thematic household survey was recruited. There were 389 normal elderly controls (Clinical Dementia Rating [CDR] 0) (NC) and 376 subjects with questionable dementia (CDR 0.5). The subjects with questionable dementia (CDR 0.5) were categorized into two groups: a MCI group (n = 291) and a very mild dementia (VMD) group (n = 85). Parkinsonian signs were measured by Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale- motor scale (UPDRS). The clinical correlates were investigated in each group. RESULTS: UPDRS motor score was associated with age, cumulative medical illness burden and cerebrovascular accidents in the normal control and MCI groups. It correlated negatively with MMSE scores in the NC group. It was associated with presence of soft signs in the NC and MCI groups; and apathy in the VMD group. CONCLUSION: Neuropsychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and vascular risk factors had different patterns of associations with parkinsonian signs in the older persons with different degree of cognitive impairment.     

Altered resting state networks in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: an fMRI study

Activity and reactivity of the default mode network in the brain was studied using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in 28 nondemented individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 18 patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 41 healthy elderly controls (HC). The default mode network was interrogated by means of decreases in brain activity, termed deactivations, during a visual encoding task and during a nonspatial working memory task. Deactivation was found in the default mode network involving the anterior frontal, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex. MCI patients showed less deactivation than HC, but more than AD. The most pronounced differences between MCI, HC, and AD occurred in the very early phase of deactivation, reflecting the reactivity and adaptation of the network. The default mode network response in the anterior frontal cortex significantly distinguished MCI from both HC (in the medial frontal) and AD (in the anterior cingulate cortex). The response in the precuneus could only distinguish between patients and HC, not between MCI and AD. These findings may be consistent with the notion that MCI is a transitional state between healthy aging and dementia and with the proposed early changes in MCI in the posterior cingulate cortex and precuneus. These findings suggest that altered activity in the default mode network may act as an early marker for AD pathology.