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1.
Takuro Maruyama Maiko Kawamura Ruri Kikura-Hanajiri Hiromitsu Takayama Yukihiro Goda 《Journal of natural medicines》2009,63(3):340-344
Kratom is the leaves of Mitragyna speciosa (Rubiaceae). Recently, kratom has been sold in street shops or on the Internet in Japan for the purpose of abuse due to its
opium-like effects. In this study, we investigated the botanical origin of the commercial kratom products using the internal
transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis of rDNA in preparation for future regulation of this product. In addition, a previously
reported method to authenticate the plant, utilizing polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP)
was applied to the same products in order to estimate the method’s accuracy and utility. The ITS sequence analysis of the
commercial kratoms revealed that most of them were derived from M. speciosa or closely related plants, while the others were made from the same tribe plant as M. speciosa. The reported PCR-RFLP method could clearly distinguish kratoms from the other psychoactive plants available in the Japanese
markets and also from related plants. The authentication method is considered to be useful for the practical regulation of
the plant due to its wide range of application, high accuracy and simplicity.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article () contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Yukihiro GodaEmail: |
2.
Bissett W Smith R Adams LG Field R Moyer W Phillips T Scott HM Thompson JA 《Ecotoxicology (London, England)》2009,18(1):87-93
This study, performed at the behest of ranchers living and working down-prevailing wind from industrial facilities located
in Calhoun County, Texas investigated locational risks to ecosystem health associated with proximity to specific industrial
complexes. Concerns expressed were for potential genotoxicity in cattle resulting from the release of complex chemical mixtures.
The Comet Assay and flow cytometric evaluation of variations in DNA content were utilized to evaluate DNA damage. Bayesian
geo-statistical analysis revealed the presence of important spatial processes. The Comet assay’s optical density provided
a strong indication of increased damage down-prevailing wind from the industrial complexes. Results indicated that proximity
to and location down-prevailing winds from industrial facilities increased the locational risk of genotoxicity in this sentinel
species.
相似文献
Wesley Bissett Jr.Email: |
3.
Takuro Maruyama Ahmed Abbaskhan Muhammad Iqbal Choudhary Yoshisuke Tsuda Yukihiro Goda Michel Farille Jean-Pierre Reduron 《Journal of natural medicines》2009,63(3):248-253
In the course of our study on the traditional medicines and foodstuffs used in Pakistan, we investigated the origin of Indian
celery by using the analysis of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence of nuclear rDNA and a phytochemical approach.
We found that the source plant of the Indian celery containing coumarin derivatives such as seselin (1), bergapten (2) and isopimpinellin (3) was not common celery, Apium graveolens. Our results suggest the source plant is Seseli diffusum even though Indian workers reported that A. graveolens seeds contain the aforementioned compounds. In addition, a market survey of the Indian celery in Pakistan and related countries
revealed that the Indian celery seeds in Pakistani markets are mainly composed of three species which have been confused in
rural markets.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Takuro MaruyamaEmail: |
4.
Pär Matsson Jenny M. Pedersen Ulf Norinder Christel A. S. Bergström Per Artursson 《Pharmaceutical research》2009,26(8):1816-1831
Purpose To study the inhibition patterns of the three major human ABC transporters P-gp (ABCB1), BCRP (ABCG2) and MRP2 (ABCC2), using
a dataset of 122 structurally diverse drugs.
Methods Inhibition was investigated in cellular and vesicular systems over-expressing single transporters. Computational models discriminating
either single or general inhibitors from non-inhibitors were developed using multivariate statistics.
Results Specific (n = 23) and overlapping (n = 19) inhibitors of the three ABC transporters were identified. GF120918 and Ko143 were verified to specifically inhibit
P-gp/BCRP and BCRP in defined concentration intervals, whereas the MRP inhibitor MK571 was revealed to inhibit all three transporters
within one log unit of concentration. Virtual docking experiments showed that MK571 binds to the ATP catalytic site, which
could contribute to its multi-specific inhibition profile. A computational model predicting general ABC inhibition correctly
classified 80% of both ABC transporter inhibitors and non-inhibitors in an external test set.
Conclusions The inhibitor specificities of P-gp, BCRP and MRP2 were shown to be highly overlapping. General ABC inhibitors were more lipophilic
and aromatic than specific inhibitors and non-inhibitors. The identified specific inhibitors can be used to delineate transport
processes in complex experimental systems, whereas the multi-specific inhibitors are useful in primary ABC transporter screening
in drug discovery settings.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Per ArturssonEmail: |
5.
This study evaluated the health of the marine ecosystem in Lavaca Bay, Texas using the Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) as the sentinel species. Lavaca Bay has a history of having gradients of concentrations of pollutants present with some
areas containing concentrations high enough to pose a threat to marine ecosystem health. The Comet assay was used to evaluate
for the presence of genotoxic response in oyster hematocytes. Bayesian geostatistical analysis was then used to determine
if the DNA damage in oyster hematocytes was spatially oriented and to develop continuous surface maps of the risk of DNA damage
in this sentinel species. Results indicated that proximity to industrial facilities increased the locational risk of genotoxicity
in this species.
相似文献
Wesley Bissett Jr.Email: |
6.
This paper discusses the development of engineering controls and automation strategy required to practically implement a Control
Strategy within a Quality by Design environment. It describes the relationship to the ISPE PQLI Control Strategy model, and
covers operating philosophy, record keeping, data management, and alarm strategy. Engineering and automation controls may
include measurement technologies for equipment parameters (off-line, at-line, in-line or on-line), univariate or multivariate
process models and control models, engineering or plant procedural controls and automation systems. Concepts from ANSI/ISA
S95 standards are applied.
相似文献
Stephen Tyler (Corresponding author)Email: |
7.
This paper describes progress made by the Criticality Task Team within the ISPE PQLI initiative. It aims to provide a concise,
coherent, and universal approach for determining criticality for parameters, material attributes, conditions, and quality
attributes. The work also clarifies the risk based distinctions governing the assignment of criticality to provide consistency
and facilitate the adoption and implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) principles in the development of pharmaceutical
manufacturing processes. The application of the concept of criticality presented in this paper aligns with the principles
of ICH Q8, Q9 and Q10 guidelines.
相似文献
Tom SchultzEmail: |
8.
This paper gives an overview of progress made by the ISPE PQLI initiative - a global industry-led initiative aimed at facilitating
the implementation of ICH Q8, Q9, and ultimately Q10 guidance. Through this initiative ISPE is spearheading the effort to
help industry begin to define areas where they will be able to provide the technical framework for the implementation of key
elements of Quality by Design (QbD) - a systematic approach to development that begins with predefined objectives and emphasizes
product and process understanding based on sound science and quality risk management. Three topic areas, Design Space, Criticality,
and Control Strategy were selected for specific focus and discussion, and this paper gives an overview of progress in these
three areas.
相似文献
Roger NosalEmail: |
9.
10.
11.
Rationale There has been controversy over the abuse potential of methylphenidate (MPH) in the context of treatment for attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Objective The objective of this study was to compare the reinforcing and subjective effects of oral MPH in adults with and without ADHD.
Materials and methods Following screening, 33 adults (n = 16 with ADHD; n = 17 free from psychiatric diagnoses) completed four pairs of experimental sessions, each of which included a sampling session
and a self-administration session. During sampling sessions, subjects received in randomized order 0 (placebo), 20, 40, and
60 mg MPH. During self-administration sessions, subjects completed a progressive ratio (PR) task to earn portions of the dose
received on the corresponding sampling session. Subjective effects were recorded throughout all sessions. The main outcome
measure for the study was the number of ratios completed on the PR task. Secondary measures included peak subjective effects
and area-under-the-curve values for subjective effects.
Results Compared to the control group, the ADHD group completed more ratios on the PR task. Both groups showed robust effects of methylphenidate
on subjective endpoints. Main effects of group were noted on subjective effects involving concentration and arousal.
Conclusions Compared to placebo, MPH produced reinforcing effects only for the ADHD group and not for the control group. Increases in
stimulant-related subjective effects in non-ADHD subjects were not associated with drug reinforcement.
相似文献
Scott H. KollinsEmail: |
12.
Rationale Repeated haloperidol treatment in rodents results in a day-to-day intensification of catalepsy (i.e., sensitization). Prior
experiments suggest that this sensitization is context-dependent and resistant to extinction training.
Objectives The aim of this study was to provide a neurobiological mechanistic explanation for these findings.
Materials and methods We use a neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia and simulate two alternative models based on the reward prediction
error and novelty hypotheses of dopamine function. We also conducted a behavioral rat experiment to adjudicate between these
models. Twenty male Sprague–Dawley rats were challenged with 0.25 mg/kg haloperidol across multiple days and were subsequently
tested in either a familiar or novel context.
Results Simulation results show that catalepsy sensitization, and its context dependency, can be explained by “NoGo” learning via
simulated D2 receptor antagonism in striatopallidal neurons, leading to increasingly slowed response latencies. The model
further exhibits a non-extinguishable component of catalepsy sensitization due to latent NoGo representations that are prevented
from being expressed, and therefore from being unlearned, during extinction. In the rat experiment, context dependency effects
were not dependent on the novelty of the context, ruling out the novelty model’s account of context dependency.
Conclusions Simulations lend insight into potential complex mechanisms leading to context-dependent catalepsy sensitization, extinction,
and renewal.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Michael J. Frank (Corresponding author)Email: |
13.
Acute tryptophan depletion and self-injurious behavior in aggressive patients and healthy volunteers
Rationale An association between serotonin (5-HT) activity and self-injurious (i.e., self-aggressive) behavior across the spectrum of
lethality (from self-mutilation through completed suicide) is a well-replicated finding. Studies to date, however, have relied
on nonexperimental designs to examine this relationship, limiting the causal inferences that can be drawn about the role of
5-HT in self-aggressive behavior.
Objective Examine the effect of experimentally altered 5-HT activity (via dietary tryptophan depletion) on self-aggressive behavior
among adults with and without intermittent explosive disorder (IED). Individuals with a marked history of aggression, such
as those with IED, are characterized by compromised 5-HT and heightened risk for self-aggression, making this a population
of interest for examining the proposed relations.
Materials and methods IED patients (n = 16) and healthy controls (n = 16) received a tryptophan depletion and a placebo drink on separate days at least 1 week apart. Self-aggressive behavior
was assessed on both study days using a well-validated laboratory-based behavioral assessment with self-aggression defined
as the intensity of shock self-administered.
Results Tryptophan depletion facilitated selection of more intense shocks, on average, in both groups. Patients with IED were also
more self-aggressive overall than healthy volunteers. No IED by drink condition interactions were found.
Conclusion Experimentally lowered 5-HT bioavailability enhances overall self-injurious behavior irrespective of aggression history.
相似文献
Michael S. McCloskeyEmail: |
14.
Purpose The success of nucleic acid therapies depends upon delivery vehicle’s ability to selectively and efficiently deliver therapeutic
nucleic acids to target organ with minimal toxicity. The cationic polymer polyethylenimine (PEI) has been widely used for
nucleic acid delivery due to its versatility and efficiency. In particular, the last generation of linear PEI (L-PEI) is being
more efficient in vivo than the first generation of branched PEI. This led to several clinical trials including phase II bladder cancer therapy
and human immunodeficiency virus immunotherapy. When moving towards to the clinic, it is crucial to identify potential side-effects
induced by the delivery vehicle.
Materials and Methods For this purpose we have analyzed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon (IFN)-γ,
interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12/IL-23, IFN-β and IL-1β] and hepatic enzyme levels (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase,
lactate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase) in the blood serum of mice after systemic injection of DNA or siRNAs delivered
with L-PEI.
Results Our data show no major production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or hepatic enzymes after injection of DNA or oligonucleotides
active for RNA interference (siRNAs or sticky siRNAs) complexed with L-PEI. Only a slight induction of IFN-γ was measured
after DNA delivery, which is probably induced by the CpG mediated response.
Conclusion Taken together our data highlight that linear polyethylenimine is a delivery reagent of choice for nucleic acid therapeutics.
相似文献
Anne-Laure Bolcato-BelleminEmail: |
15.
Ben-Fillippo Krippendorff Katharina Kuester Charlotte Kloft Wilhelm Huisinga 《Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics》2009,36(3):239-260
Receptor mediated endocytosis (RME) plays a major role in the disposition of therapeutic protein drugs in the body. It is
suspected to be a major source of nonlinear pharmacokinetic behavior observed in clinical pharmacokinetic data. So far, mostly
empirical or semi-mechanistic approaches have been used to represent RME. A thorough understanding of the impact of the properties
of the drug and of the receptor system on the resulting nonlinear disposition is still missing, as is how to best represent
RME in pharmacokinetic models. In this article, we present a detailed mechanistic model of RME that explicitly takes into
account receptor binding and trafficking inside the cell and that is used to derive reduced models of RME which retain a mechanistic
interpretation. We find that RME can be described by an extended Michaelis–Menten model that accounts for both the distribution
and the elimination aspect of RME. If the amount of drug in the receptor system is negligible a standard Michaelis–Menten
model is capable of describing the elimination by RME. Notably, a receptor system can efficiently eliminate drug from the
extracellular space even if the total number of receptors is small. We find that drug elimination by RME can result in substantial
nonlinear pharmacokinetics. The extent of nonlinearity is higher for drug/receptor systems with higher receptor availability
at the membrane, or faster internalization and degradation of extracellular drug. Our approach is exemplified for the epidermal
growth factor receptor system.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Wilhelm HuisingaEmail: |
16.
Purpose Potentiometric lipid membrane–water partition coefficient studies neglect electrostatic interactions to date; this leads to
incorrect results. We herein show how to account properly for such interactions in potentiometric data analysis.
Materials and Methods We conducted potentiometric titration experiments to determine lipid membrane–water partition coefficients of four illustrative
drugs, bupivacaine, diclofenac, ketoprofen and terbinafine. We then analyzed the results conventionally and with an improved
analytical approach that considers Coulombic electrostatic interactions.
Results The new analytical approach delivers robust partition coefficient values. In contrast, the conventional data analysis yields
apparent partition coefficients of the ionized drug forms that depend on experimental conditions (mainly the lipid-drug ratio
and the bulk ionic strength). This is due to changing electrostatic effects originating either from bound drug and/or lipid
charges. A membrane comprising 10 mol-% mono-charged molecules in a 150 mM (monovalent) electrolyte solution yields results
that differ by a factor of 4 from uncharged membranes results.
Conclusion Allowance for the Coulombic electrostatic interactions is a prerequisite for accurate and reliable determination of lipid
membrane–water partition coefficients of ionizable drugs from potentiometric titration data. The same conclusion applies to
all analytical methods involving drug binding to a surface.
相似文献
Gregor Cevc (Corresponding author)Email: |
17.
18.
Discrete neurochemical coding of distinguishable motivational processes: insights from nucleus accumbens control of feeding 总被引:9,自引:6,他引:3
Background and objectives The idea that nucleus accumbens (Acb) dopamine transmission contributes to the neural mediation of reward, at least in a general
sense, has achieved wide acceptance. Nevertheless, debate remains over the precise nature of dopamine’s role in reward and
even over the nature of reward itself. In the present article, evidence is reviewed from studies of food intake, feeding microstructure,
instrumental responding for food reinforcement, and dopamine efflux associated with feeding, which suggests that reward processing
in the Acb is best understood as an interaction among distinct processes coded by discrete neurotransmitter systems.
Results In agreement with several theories of Acb dopamine function, it is proposed here that allocation of motor effort in seeking
food or food-associated conditioned stimuli can be dissociated from computations relevant to the hedonic evaluation of food
during the consummatory act. The former appears to depend upon Acb dopamine transmission and the latter upon striatal opioid
peptide release. Moreover, dopamine transmission may play a role in ‘stamping in’ associations between motor acts and goal
attainment and perhaps also neural representations corresponding to rewarding outcomes. Finally, evidence is reviewed that
amino acid transmission specifically in the Acb shell acts as a central ‘circuit breaker’ to flexibly enable or terminate
the consummatory act, via descending connections to hypothalamic feeding control systems.
Conclusions The heuristic framework outlined above may help explain why dopamine-compromising manipulations that strongly diminish instrumental
goal-seeking behaviors leave consummatory activity relatively unaffected.
相似文献
Brian A. BaldoEmail: |
19.
Facilitators for practice change in Spanish community pharmacy 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Miguel A. Gastelurrutia S. I. Charlie Benrimoj Carla C. Castrillon María J. Casado de Amezua Fernando Fernandez-Llimos Maria J. Faus 《Pharmacy World & Science》2009,31(1):32-39
Objective To identify and prioritise facilitators for practice change in Spanish community pharmacy. Setting Spanish community pharmacies. Method Qualitative study. Thirty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists (n = 15) and pharmacy strategists (n = 18), and the results were examined using the content analysis method. In addition, two nominal groups (seven community
pharmacists and seven strategists) were formed to identify and prioritise facilitators. Results of both techniques were then
triangulated. Main outcome measures Facilitators for practice change. Results Twelve facilitators were identified and grouped into four domains (D1: Pharmacist; D2: Pharmacy as an organisation; D3: Pharmaceutical
profession; D4: Miscellaneous). Facilitators identified in D1 include: the need for more clinical education at both pre- and
post-graduate levels; the need for clearer and unequivocal messages from professional leaders about the future of the professional
practice; and the need for a change in pharmacists’ attitudes. Facilitators in D2 are: the need to change the reimbursement
system to accommodate cognitive service delivery as well as dispensing; and the need to change the front office of pharmacies.
Facilitators identified in D3 are: the need for the Spanish National Professional Association to take a leadership role in
the implementation of cognitive services; the need to reduce administrative workload; and the need for universities to reduce
the gap between education and research. Other facilitators identified in this study include: the need to increase patients’
demand for cognitive services at pharmacies; the need to improve pharmacist-physician relationships; the need for support
from health care authorities; and the need for improved marketing of cognitive services and their benefits to society, including
physicians and health care authorities. Conclusion Twelve facilitators were identified. Strategists considered clinical education and pharmacists’ attitude as the most important,
and remuneration of little importance. Community pharmacists, in contrast, considered remuneration as the most important facilitator
for practice change.
相似文献
Miguel A. GastelurrutiaEmail: |
20.
Objective This study aimed to evaluate the safety for an injection with a mixture of extracts from Herba Artemisiae annuae, Fructus Gardeniae and Flos Lonicerae and to determine the risk factors that may affect its adverse drug reactions. Methods A drug-oriented prospective observational study was performed. Physicians filled in clinical observation forms with detailed
information of the patients including general information, drug information, therapeutic effects and adverse drug events.
The adverse drug reaction factors were analyzed by both mono-factor and multiple-factor logistic regression methods. Results From April to July 2007, we collected 12,427 observation forms from 46 hospitals in Jiangsu Province of China. Among the
11,707 observation forms we analyzed, 8,074 patients were children younger than 14 years old (69%). Among 51 reported adverse
drug events, 45 cases were adverse drug reactions. The total adverse drug reaction incidence of the injection was 0.38%. While
most adverse drug reactions were previously known (e.g., rash, pruritus, vomiting and diarrhea), we observed three new ADR
symptoms: shiver, phlebitis and anhelation. All the adverse drug reactions were controlled very well through the follow-up
therapy, and none of them was life threatening. The mono-factor analysis showed that adverse drug reactions of the injection
were significantly correlated with total medication dose (P = 0.0049) and combination medication (P = 0.0143), especially with antimicrobial drugs (P = 0.0079) and macrolides (P = 0.0017). The multiple factor analysis confirmed these results: medication dosage and combination medication had a crucial
impact on adverse drug reactions of the injection; the risk was increased by 24.8% (the estimated value of relative risk was
1.248, 95% confidence interval: 1.054–1.479) and 89% (1.890, 1.001–3.566), respectively. Conclusion The total adverse drug reaction incidence of the injection was 0.38% and lower than we expected. Moreover, we observed three
new adverse drug reactions, none of which was severe.
相似文献
Nai Feng LiuEmail: |