经食管与经胸超声心动图诊断风湿性心脏病左房血栓的对比研究

目的对比研究经食管超声心动图（TEE）与经胸超声心动图（TTE）对风湿性心脏病患者左房及左心耳血栓的诊断价值。方法对162例风湿性心脏病患者先后行TTE和TEE检查,对左房血栓、左心耳血栓的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE检出血栓者15例,检出率9．26％,血栓位于左房腔内9例,单纯位于左心房耳部5例,左房与左房耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE检出血栓者42例,检出率25．9％,血栓位于左房腔内21例,耳部17例,左房与左心耳部并存4例,有自发云雾状回声者11例。结论TEE对左心房、耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,且可降低TTE误诊率。     

房颤介入治疗前经食管超声心动图对左房及左房耳血栓检出的临床意义

目的:探讨房颤(atrialfibrillation,Af)射频消融术前经食管超声(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)对左房及左房耳内血栓检出的临床意义。材料与方法:对23例拟行射频消融术的患者同时进行经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)和经食管超声心动图检查,分析左房和左心耳血栓检出情况。结果:23例房颤患者经胸超声心动图未检出左房及左房耳血栓,TEE在23例患者中发现3例左心耳血栓,占13%,左房耳自发显影(spontaneous echo contras,SEC)2例(8.7%)。结论:TEE在房颤介入治疗前检出左心耳血栓具有重要的临床意义。     

非瓣膜性心房颤动患者左心房-肺静脉增强CT结构特征与左心耳血栓形成的相关性

目的 探讨左心房-肺静脉CT增强结构特征对非瓣膜性心房颤动（NVAF）患者左心耳血栓形成的风险预测价值。方法 回顾性收集2013年9月—2021年6月103例NVAF患者肺静脉CT增强检查和临床资料,根据经食管超声心动图（TEE）是否存在左心耳血栓,将患者分为血栓组53例与无血栓组50例。分析两组肺静脉CT增强结构特征,包括肺静脉开口直径、同侧上下肺静脉间夹角,左心房左右径、前后径及上下高径、左心耳的开口长径及深度,左心房中部CT值、左心耳开口处及最深部CT值及其相应的信噪比（SNR）及对比噪声比（CNR）,并记录每位患者D-二聚体指标。采用t检验、单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析以上因素诊断左心耳血栓的价值。结果 103例NVAF患者中,男62例,女41例,平均（67.17±5.32）岁。血栓组较无血栓组左侧肺静脉夹角较小（P=0.047）,左心房各径线（左右径、上下径及前后径）（P=0.042、0.024、0.001）及左心耳开口长径较大（P<0.001）;左心房中部SNR(P=0.003)、左心耳开口处及深部的CT值及SNR(P=0.053、0.006、0.01、0....     

经食管超声心动图与双源CT诊断心房颤动患者左心耳血栓及相关临床资料分析

目的 探讨肺静脉隔离（PVI）术前经食管超声心动图（TEE）与双源CT（DSCT）诊断心房颤动（AF）患者左心耳血栓的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析338例拟接受PVI治疗的AF患者资料。所有患者PVI术前均接受TEE及DSCT检查。TEE显示左心房或左心耳血栓为阳性,DSCT显示造影剂充盈缺损为阳性。以TEE结果为“金标准”,评价DSCT诊断左心耳血栓的敏感度、特异度、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。并比较TEE检查阳性与阴性患者及DSCT检查阳性与阴性患者的相关检查资料。结果 经TEE确诊为左心耳血栓22例（22/338,6.51%）,DSCT诊断左心耳血栓42例（42/338,12.43%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=134.70,P<0.01）。22例DSCT阳性而TEE阴性者中,11例（11/22,50.00%）TEE显示血流缓慢引起的自发显影,比率明显高于DSCT阴性组（4/296,1.35%）,差异有统计学意义（χ²=109.30,P<0.01）。DSCT的诊断敏感度为90.91%（20/22）,特异度为93.04%（294/316）,准确率为92.90%（314/338）,阳性预测值为47.62%（20/42）,阴性预测值为99.32%（294/296）。TEE及DSCT检查中,阳性患者左心房前后径、横径及上下径均大于阴性患者,左心室射血分数（LVEF）低于TEE阴性患者,差异均有统计学意义（P均<0.05）。TEE阳性患者中LVEF<50%的比例（27.27%,6/22）高于TEE阴性患者（7.91%,25/316;χ²=7.01,P<0.01）。结论 DSCT有助于诊断AF患者左心耳血栓,其特异度及阴性预测值均较高,但阳性预测值较低。     

经食管超声心动图与增强CT在心房颤动患者拟行射频消融术前左心耳血栓检测中的研究

目的探讨经食管超声心动图与增强CT在心房颤动患者拟行射频消融术前左心耳血栓检测中的应用价值。方法对194例拟行射频消融治疗的心房颤动患者,术前均行经胸、食管超声和增强CT检查,分别记录下检出血栓的例数,将血栓情况与临床诊断进行比较分析,评价经食管超声和增强CT在诊断LAA血栓方面的价值。结果 194例心房颤动患者经胸超声检出左心耳血栓3例;经食管超声检出左心耳血栓51例;增强CT检出左心耳血栓17例;经临床诊断证实存在左心耳血栓33例。增强CT对左心耳血栓检测的灵敏度45%、特异度98%、阳性预测值88%;经食管超声检测左心耳血栓的灵敏度97%、特异度88%、阳性预测值62%。结论增强CT检测左心耳内血栓的特异度较高,经食管超声结合增强CT检查是心房颤动患者拟行射频消融术前左心耳血栓的有效检查手段。     

经食管超声背向散射积分预测左心房血栓的价值

在心房颤动(房颤)患者中左心房左心耳的血栓较常见。本研究运用经食管超声(TEE)，对71例房颤患者进行背向散射积分(IBS)定量，以探讨IBS对房颤患者左心房血栓的早期预测价值。     

经胸及经食管超声在房颤射频消融术前检测左右心耳血栓的临床意义

目的 探讨经胸及经食管超声在心房纤维性颤动(房颤)射频消融术前检测左、右心耳血栓的临床意义.方法 应用经胸(TTE)及经食管(TEE)超声心动图对分为阵发性房颤组(A组)及持续性房颤组(B组)的140例受检者进行研究.结果 A组中, TTE技术没有检测到左心耳血栓,TEE技术在90例中检测出6例左心耳血栓,占6.6%;B组中,TTE技术在50例中发现4例左心耳血栓,占8%; TEE中发现20例左心耳血栓,占40%;右心耳血栓3例,占6%;在左心耳血栓中有15%的患者TEE检查发现2块左心耳的附壁血栓.左、右心耳同时发现血栓者占3%. 结论TTE及TEE在房颤射频消融术前检测左、右心耳血栓具有重要的临床意义.     

多层螺旋CT与经食管超声心动图诊断左心房血栓的应用比较

目的探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）及经食管超声心动图（TEE）诊断左心房血栓的临床应用价值。方法选取2019年1月~ 2020年5月在我院治疗的心房颤动患者150例,接受MSCT及TEE检查,分析MSCT诊断左心房血栓的价值。结果22例发生左心房血栓,发生率为14.67%;有左心房血栓患者高血压比例为81.82%,高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）;有和无左心房血栓患者性别、年龄、类型及糖尿病比例比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;MSCT诊断与TEE结果Kappa值为0.617（P < 0.05）,MSCT诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为77.27%、91.41%、89.33%、60.71%和95.90%;有左心房血栓患者CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2分的比例为72.73%,明显高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）;以CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分≥2分标准,诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为72.73%、82.81%、81.33%、40.00%和94.64%;MSCT联合CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分诊断左心房血栓的灵敏性、特异性、准确性、阳性预测值和阴性预测值分别为90.91%、93.75%、93.33%、71.43%和98.36%,较MSCT单独诊断有所提高,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;左心房血栓患者左心房前后径和左右径高于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）,而左心房射血分数低于无左心房血栓患者（P < 0.05）。结论MSCT联合CHA₂DS₂-VASc评分诊断左心房血栓有较好的价值。与MSCT相比较,TEE具有无辐射、可以短时间多次检查和经济实惠等优势。      

经食管及经胸超声心动图对风湿性心脏病左房血栓诊断的对比研究

目的研究多平面经食管超声心动图(TEE)及经胸超声心动图(TTE)对风湿性心脏病左房及左心耳血栓诊断价值比较。方法对临床欲行二尖瓣球囊扩张术及房颤复律的256例风心病患者TTE检查后行TEE检查,对左房血栓(LAT)、左心耳血栓(LAAT)的检出情况进行总结分析。结果TTE:检出血栓者17例,检出率6.64%,血栓位于左房腔内12例,单纯位于左心耳部2例,左房与左心耳部并存3例,有自发云雾状回声者2例。TEE:新增检出血栓者32例,检出率12.5%,血栓位于左房腔内3例,单纯位于左心耳部28例,左房与左心耳部并存1例,有自发云雾状回声者13例。结论TEE对左心耳部血栓的检出率显著高于TTE,特别是新鲜血栓及左房云雾状回声优于TTE。     

经食管三维超声灰阶反转容积再现显像评价心房颤动患者左心耳空间解剖：与CT对比研究北大核心CSCD

目的通过经食管三维超声的新型灰阶反转成像（3D-GVI）获取左心耳容积再现模型,并与心脏CT造影成像对比,评估左心耳的空间解剖形态。方法对40例房颤患者进行经食管超声（TEE）和CT检查。获取经食管3D左心耳图像数据,对超声图像进行灰阶反转和阈值分割,得到左心耳容积显像,评价左心耳解剖形态、分叶数,测量开口径线,并与CT容积成像（CT—VR）和CT测量值进行对比。结果应用3D-GVI和CT均成功获取40例患者左心耳解剖学信息和三维重建模型。3D-GVI评估左心耳空间构型与CT的一致性为97．5％,评价左心耳分叶数与CT的一致性为92．5％。3D-GVI测量左心耳开口长轴、短轴、深度及开口面积小于CT（P〈0．01）,CT与超声测量左心耳存在一致性。结论应用新型TEE3D-GVI可实现左心耳腔室的三维空间重建,获得类似CT—VR成像的效果,有望成为左心耳空间形态评估的首选方法。     

Accuracy of cardiac CT in evaluating severity of left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography

To investigate the capacity of biphasic cardiac CT (CCT) for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of different grades of left atrial appendage spontaneous echo contrast (LAASEC). The study included 267 inpatients with confirmed atrial fibrillation who underwent both CCT and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE). CT numbers for LAA, ascending aorta (AA), and left atrium (LA) were identified, and ROC curves for LAA, LAA/AA, and LAA/LA were plotted. With TEE as the standard, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of CCT for LAASEC grade?≥?1 were 60.3, 92.9, 92.4, 64.8, and 75.7%; and for grade?≥?2 were 100.0, 84.4, 71.4, 100.0, and 88.8% respectively. The values of LAA, LAA/AA, and LAA/LA were significantly larger in LAASEC grade 0 versus 1 and in grade 1 versus 2, but were similar in grades 2 and 3 or in grades 3 and 4. The values of LAA/AA were larger in grade 2 versus 4. When the cutoff value for LAA/AA?=?0.897, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of CCT for LAASEC grade?≥?1 was 89.6, 83.2, 87.9, 85.5, and 86.9% and with a cutoff for LAA/AA of 0.524, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy for LAASEC grade?≥?2 was 98.7, 92.7, 84.1, 99.4, and 94.4%. Although CCT showed limited diagnostic accuracy for grade 1 LAASEC, grade?≥?2 LAASEC could be excluded when there was no LAA filling defect on first-phase CCT, and TEE can be avoided. CCT has an excellent accuracy in diagnosing LAASEC, and quantitative analysis (in particular LAA/AA) is superior.     

A low-dose,dual-phase cardiovascular CT protocol to assess left atrial appendage anatomy and exclude thrombus prior to left atrial intervention

Assessment of the left atrial appendage (LAA) for thrombus and anatomy is important prior to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation and LAA exclusion. The use of cardiovascular CT (CCT) to detect LAA thrombus has been limited by the high incidence of pseudothrombus on single-pass studies. We evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a two-phase protocol incorporating a limited low-dose delayed contrast-enhanced examination of the LAA, compared with a single-pass study for LAA morphological assessment, and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for the exclusion of thrombus. Consecutive patients (n = 122) undergoing left atrial interventions for AF were assessed. All had a two-phase CCT protocol (first-past scan plus a limited, 60-s delayed scan of the LAA) and TEE. Sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) were calculated for the detection of true thrombus on first-pass and delayed scans, using TEE as the gold standard. Overall, 20/122 (16.4 %) patients had filling defects on the first-pass study. All affected the full delineation of the LAA morphology; 17/20 (85 %) were confirmed as pseudo-filling defects. Three (15 %) were seen on late-pass and confirmed as true thrombi on TEE; a significant improvement in diagnostic performance relative to a single-pass scan (McNemar Chi-square 17, p < 0.001). The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, PPV and NPV was 100, 85.7, 86.1, 15.0 and 100 % respectively for first-pass scans, and 100 % for all parameters for the delayed scans. The median (range) additional radiation dose for the delayed scan was 0.4 (0.2–0.6) mSv. A low-dose delayed scan significantly improves the identification of true LAA anatomy and thrombus in patients undergoing LA intervention.     

阵发性房颤环肺静脉电隔离术前后左房结构和功能的研究

目的经胸超声心动图(TTE)和经食道超声心动图(TEE)联合应用对阵发性房颤患者肺静脉前庭电隔离术前后左房、左心耳结构和功能的评价。方法46例阵发性房颤患者和16例正常对照组接受TTE和TEE检查,测量左房内径指数(LADI)、左房面积指数(LAAI)、左房容积指数(LAVI)、左房射血力(LA-EF)、左心耳内径指数(LAADI)、左心耳最大面积指数(LAAmaxI)、左心耳最小面积指数(LAAminI)、左心耳射血分数(LAA-EF)、左心耳最大排空血流速度(LAA-P)和左心耳最大充盈血流速度(LAA-F)及有无血栓征象。41例确诊无左心房及左心耳血栓的患者行肺静脉前庭电隔离术。术后6个月以上对其中39例患者随访行TTE和TEE复查。结果肺静脉前庭电隔离术组、术后随访组与正常对照组间左房结构、功能均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。三组间左心耳的结构和功能亦均有显著差异(P<0.05～P<0.01)。阵发性房颤患者左房、左心耳结构与其功能的变化呈线性负相关。结论TTE和TEE联合应用为评价阵发性房颤患者左房的结构、功能以及肺静脉前庭电隔离术前病例的筛选、术后疗效的评估提供重要信息。     

Relationship between left atrial appendage emptying and left atrial function using cardiac magnetic resonance in patients with atrial fibrillation: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography

To compare cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) quantifications of left atrium (LA) function and left atrial appendage (LAA) emptying depending on the presence of LA spontaneous echogenic contrast (LA-SEC) on transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). A total of 48 patients with AF underwent sequential CMR examination and TEE in preparation for catheter ablation. The CMR protocol included cine and velocity encoding (VENC) sequences for evaluation of both LA function and LAA emptying. The peak blood velocity of LAA just before left ventricle systole was defined as the LAA emptying velocity (LAA-EV). Depending on the presence of LA-SEC on TEE, patients were divided into two groups, the SEC group (n?=?15) and the non-SEC group (n?=?33). Mean LAA-EV was significantly greater in the non-SEC group than in the SEC group (54.5?±?24.8 ml/s vs. 26.0?±?22.6 ml/s, P?<?0.01). LAA-EV had a significant positive relationship (P?<?0.05) with LAA backflow velocity, as assessed using TEE. Use of an optimal LAA-EV cutoff value of 35 ml/s to predict LA-SEC yielded a sensitivity of 80.0?%, a specificity of 75.7?%, and positive and negative predictive values of 58.8 and 83.9?%, respectively. Using VENC-CMR, LAA-EV is associated with LA function and can be useful for predicting LA-SEC in patients with AF.     

Double-contrast,single-phase computed tomography angiography for ruling out left atrial appendage thrombus prior to atrial fibrillation ablation

Prior to atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation, computed tomography angiography (CTA) is increasingly used for left atrial appendage (LAA) thrombus detection. LAA filling defects on CTA may represent thrombus or incomplete contrast mixing with blood. A pre-bolus of contrast material with delay before the CTA contrast bolus can help distinguish between thrombus and incomplete contrast mixing. We present results from a double-contrast, single-phase CTA protocol used in our daily clinical practice. In patients who underwent AF ablation between 2011 and 2015, double-contrast, single-phase CTA was performed prior to ablation. Two contrast boluses (30 and 70 ml) with 25-s interbolus delay were administered followed by prospectively triggered cardiac CTA. Only patients with left atrial (LA) or LAA filling defects underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) to rule out thrombus. Prior to ablation, 605 CTA-scans were performed (median radiation dose: 3.1 mSv). In 579 CTA-scans (95.7?%), the LA and LAA completely filled with contrast. In 26 CTA-scans (4.3?%) the LAA showed a filling defect whereby thrombus could not be excluded. In 2 of those 26 patients (7.7?% and 0.3?% of the total population), TEE verified LAA thrombus. Low-risk LAA filling defects on CTA (n?=?7/26) with an inhomogeneous aspect, Houndsfield Unit values >100, and an indefinite border were all caused by incomplete contrast mixing. No thromboembolic complications occurred perioperatively or during 6 months follow-up. Prior to AF ablation, incidence of LAA filling defects on double-contrast, single-phase CTA is low. TEE remains warranted in all but low-risk filling defects to rule out thrombus.     

The diagnostic efficacy of cardiac CTA combined with D-dimer assay for the detection of left atrial thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation

PurposeWe aimed to evaluate a combination diagnostic method of single-phased, single-contrast injection cardiac computed tomography angiography CTA combined with age-adjusted D-dimer assay for diagnosis of left atrial/left atrial appendage (LA/LAA) thrombus in comparison to transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in patients with atrial fibrillation. The addition of D-dimer to the CTA is to increase specificity, since CTA is part of the combined method.Materials and methodsBetween October 2016 and December 2017, 113consective patients with non-valvular or valvular AF (male: 72.6%; mean age: 57.9 ± 11.5 y) underwent diagnostic work-up, included TEE, single-phased, single contrast injection cardiac CTA, and age-adjusted D-dimer assay, for the evaluation of LA/LAA thrombus formation.ResultsCardiac CTA identified 32 patients with filling defects in LA or LAA. Of these patients, 17 had an elevated D-dimer value according to age-adjusted cut-off. TEE detected definitive thrombus formation in 15 patients. Using TEE as the reference standard, the combination diagnostic method had a sensitivity of 100.0%, specificity of 97.9%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 88.2, and negative predictive value of 100.0%. Further, compared to cardiac CTA alone, the combination diagnostic method had significantly better specificity (82.7% vs. 97.9%, respectively; p < 0.01) and PPV (46.9% vs. 88.2%, respectively; p < 0.01).ConclusionThe combination diagnostic method comprising single-phase, single-contrast injection cardiac CTA and age-adjusted D-dimer assay had good diagnostic efficacy for the detection of LA/LAA thrombus in patients with AF. The combination diagnostic method had significantly better specificity and PPV than cardiac CTA alone.The presented diagnostic approach could potentially facilitate rapid diagnosis or exclusion of left atrial thrombus under emergency situation or when TEE is un-available, with good diagnostic efficacy and no TEE related risks.     

Transesophageal echocardiography assessment of left atrial appendage function in untreated systemic hypertensive patients in sinus rhythm.

To assess left atrial appendage (LAA) function in hypertensive patients without treatment, transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) was performed in 46 hypertensive patients in sinus rhythm, aged 40 to 55 years, and in 16 control subjects (group I) without cardiovascular disease, aged 41 to 54 years. The hypertensive patients were divided into 2 groups according to left ventricular (LV) systolic function: group II, the group with normal LV systolic function (ejection fraction 0.63 +/- 0.08), and group III, the group with LV systolic dysfunction (ejection fraction 0.39 +/- 0.05). The LAA late emptying velocities (EVs) were significantly reduced in the hypertensive subgroups compared with the control group (P <.001), but no significant difference in the LAAEV was found between groups II and III. The LAAEV in the hypertensive patients had a significant negative correlation with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and left atrial (LA) diameter. The maximal LAA areas were significantly larger in the hypertensive subgroups than in the control group (P <.05). No significant difference in LAA maximal area existed between groups II and III. The maximal LAA area in the hypertensive patients had a significant positive correlation with diastolic blood pressure, systolic blood pressure, and LA diameter, but a significant negative correlation with LV ejection fraction. With TEE, LA spontaneous echocardiographic contrast (SEC) was present in 6 (43%) of 14 patients in group III (P <.01) and in 7 (22%) of 32 patients in group II (P <.05). No significant difference in the occurrence of LASEC was found between groups II and III. Left atrial appendage thrombi by TEE were observed in 4 (29%) of 14 patients in group III (P <.05) and in 4 (13%) of 32 patients in group II (P = not significant). No significant difference in the occurrence of LAA thrombus existed between groups II and III. In conclusion, in patients with untreated hypertension, marked elevation of afterload imposed on the left atrium may involve both the left atrium and the LAA, resulting in impairment of LAA function. This condition may worsen with subsequent occurrence of SEC and later, thrombus formation. Therefore assessment of LAA function may be important even in the hypertensive patient in sinus rhythm.     

Left atrial appendage-flow velocity predicts cardioversion success in atrial fibrillation

Restoration of sinus rhythm by electrical cardioversion is a therapeutic option in appropriately selected patients with atrial fibrillation. It is important to determine predictors of electrical cardioversion outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation. Predictive value of clinical and conventional echocardiographic parameters for predicting cardioversion outcome is limited. The role of left atrial appendage (LAA) function, which may reflect left atrial contractile function, for prediction of cardioversion outcome remains unclear. We conducted a single center prospective study to evaluate the role of LAA function for prediction of cardioversion success in patients with atrial fibrillation. One hundred sixty three patients with atrial fibrillation underwent transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) before electrical cardioversion. LAA functions, including LAA peak flow velocity, LAA area and LAA ejection fraction, were examined. Cardioversion was successful in 133 patients and unsuccessful in 30 patients. Mean LAA peak emptying flow velocity was significantly higher in the patients with successful cardioversion than in those with unsuccessful cardioversion (0.34 +/- 0.14 vs 0.27 +/- 0.1 m/sec; p = 0.013). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, only LAA flow velocity (> 0.28 m/sec, odds ratio = 2.8 ; p = 0.03) proved to be an independent predictor of cardioversion success. LAA area (p = 0.18) and LAA ejection fraction (p = 0.52) were not different between successful and unsuccessful cardioversion groups. Therefore, measurement of LAA flow velocity provides valuable information for prediction of cardioversion outcome in patients with atrial fibrillation before TEE guided cardioversion.     

Statistical shape analysis of the left atrial appendage predicts stroke in atrial fibrillation

The shape of the left atrium (LA) and left atrial appendage (LAA) have been shown to predict stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Prior studies rely on qualitative assessment of shape, which limits reproducibility and clinical utility. Statistical shape analysis (SSA) allows for quantitative assessment of shape. We use this method to assess the shape of the LA and LAA and predict stroke in patients with AF. From a database of AF patients who had previously undergone MRI of the LA, we identified 43 patients with AF who subsequently had an ischemic stroke. We also identified a cohort of 201 controls with AF who did not have a stroke after the MRI. We performed SSA of the LA and LAA shape to quantify the shape of these structures. We found three of the candidate LAA shape parameters to be predictive of stroke, while none of the LA shape parameters predicted stroke. When the three predictive LAA shape parameters were added to a logistic regression model that included the CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, the area under the ROC curve increased from 0.640 to 0.778 (p?=?.003). The shape of the LA and LAA can be assessed quantitatively using SSA. LAA shape predicts stroke in AF patients, while LA shape does not. Additionally, LAA shape predicts stroke independent of CHA₂DS₂-VASc score. SSA for assessment of LAA shape may improve stroke risk stratification and clinical decision making for AF patients.

     

经食管超声心动图在左心耳封堵术中的应用价值研究

目的探讨经食管超声心动图（TEE）在经皮左心耳封堵术前筛选、术中监测及术后随访中的应用价值。 方法选取2016年1月至2016年12月武汉亚洲心脏病医院共54例心房颤动患者应用Watchman封堵器行经皮左心耳封堵术,依据封堵术后是否出现残余分流分为残余分流组与无残余分流组。术前所有患者均行经胸超声心动图（TTE）和TEE检查,排除瓣膜器质性病变及左心耳血栓者。术前TEE测量入选患者的左心耳最大开口径及最大深度;术中TEE引导房间隔穿刺、联合X线血管造影选择封堵器型号,引导封堵传输系统的定位及指导封堵器释放,并评估术中安全性;术后即刻及45 d进行随访超声检查。残余分流组与无残余分流组的最大压缩比及最小压缩比均值比较采用t检验;TEE所测左心耳最大开口径与术中X线造影及最终所选封堵器大小的相关性分析采用Pearson法。 结果54例行左心耳封堵术的患者,均封堵成功,压缩比均在8%~20%之间,残余分流组与无残余分流组组间最大压缩比及最小压缩比均值比较［（17.70±2.28）% vs（17.10±2.42）%,（12.40±2.82）% vs（12.60±2.68）%］,差异均无统计学意义（P均>0.05）;87%（47/54）的患者左心耳开口径与深度最大值在TEE 135°上获得;TEE 135°上所测LAA开口径与TEE 4个角度上所测最大开口径,TEE测量LAA最大开口径与造影测量LAA开口径,TEE 135°所测LAA开口径与所选封堵器型号,相关性均较好（r=0.919、0.622、0.602,P均<0.001）,相关方程分别为：Y=1.01X＋1.11、Y=0.68X＋6.56、Y=0.80X＋1.24;所有随访患者均未出现脑血管或其他血管栓塞事件,术中出现少量心包腔积液3例,术后7 d复查均未见心包腔积液,2例术后45 d复查封堵器表面出现血栓。 结论TEE在左心耳封堵术前对患者的筛选、术中引导房间隔穿刺、封堵器型号的选择、指导释放过程及即刻评估封堵效果、术后随访中有重要的应用价值,TEE 135°扫查较其他角度检测出残余分流更敏感。