腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜括约肌切开术治疗胆囊胆总管结石的观察

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜括约肌切开术联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床效果。方法:胆囊胆总管结石21例先行腹腔镜胆囊切除术,再行内镜括约肌切开术取出胆总管结石。结果:除1例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中转开腹手术外,余者内镜括约肌切开术取出胆总管结石均获成功。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术和内镜括约肌切开术联合治疗胆囊胆总管结石的临床效果可靠。     

腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎（附156例报告）

目的探讨腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎的可行性、安全性。方法对2005年1月～2008年5月156例急性化脓性胆囊炎行腹腔镜手术的临床资料进行回顾性分析。常规四孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术,对胆囊三角解剖不清者行胆囊造瘘或胆囊大部分切除术。结果156例均行腹腔镜手术,其中139例（89.1%）顺利完成腹腔镜胆囊切除术,6例（3.8%）行胆囊造瘘,11例（7.1%）行胆囊大部分切除术,无一例中转开腹。手术时间35～180min,平均75min。13例直接胆红素升高和（或）胆总管扩张术中胆道造影示9例胆总管结石,腹腔镜下切开取石,T管引流,术后2个月造影后拔管。156例术后随访3～6个月,无黄疸、腹痛、发热等并发症,无胆总管残留结石。结论腹腔镜手术治疗急性化脓性胆囊炎是一种安全、可行的治疗方法。     

腹腔镜下再次胆道手术83例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜再次胆道手术的手术方法。方法回顾性分析从1995年8月至2011年6月经腹腔镜胆总管探查(LCBDE),腹腔镜球囊导管扩张内涵管引流术(LPBD)对胆道术后胆总管复发性结石或残留结石的83例患者腹腔镜再次胆道手术,治疗胆道术后复发或残留结石和胆道狭窄。结果 83例腹腔镜再次胆道手术成功率:开腹胆囊切除术后93.1%(27/29);开腹胆囊切除及胆管探查术后82.4%(14/17);开腹胆囊造瘘术后100%(9/9);开腹胆囊造瘘及胆总管T管引流术后100%(11/11);腹腔镜胆囊切除术后100%(12/12)和腹腔镜胆总管探查术术后100%(5/5)。腹腔镜再次手术获总成功率78例(94.0%),5例中转开腹。术后无并发症发生,无死亡病例。腹腔镜手术时间60～190min,平均120min。结论选择合适患者,腹腔镜再次胆道手术治疗胆管结石和胆管狭窄可以有效预防复发,具创伤小、安全、可行。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊的腹腔镜再手术治疗体会

目的:探讨残余胆囊再次行腹腔镜切除术的可行性及手术技巧。方法:回顾分析2010年6月至2014年8月收集的18例病例,其中2例合并胆总管结石。患者均经历一次腹腔镜胆囊切除术,术后出现残余胆囊结石,并出现胆囊炎症状,再次行腹腔镜残余胆囊切除术(2例胆总管结石同时行胆总管切开取石术)。结果:18例均顺利行腹腔镜残余胆囊切除术,手术时间平均(55.3±0.6)min,术中出血量平均(35.5±0.3)ml,患者均于术后次日下床并进食低脂流食,术后恢复良好,患者术前主诉的症状均消失,平均住院(3.8±0.3)d,随访10例患者1~6个月,无胆漏、黄疸等并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜手术用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术后残余胆囊结石伴胆囊炎是安全、有效的治疗方法,值得推广应用。     

单孔双视免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床应用体会

目的:探讨单孔双视免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床疗效。方法:2013年11月至2016年5月为167例胆囊良性病变患者行单孔双视免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术,剑突下偏右做2.0~2.5 cm切口,用吸切剥离器解剖出胆囊管及胆囊动脉,夹闭后切断,左手指沿胆囊与肝脏间隙轻柔剥离,右手提起胆囊管轻轻旋转,双手配合完成胆囊切除术。合并胆总管结石的患者,切开胆总管,采用胆道镜取石,其中11例行胆总管一期缝合,5例放置T管。结果:167例手术均获成功,5例合并胆总管结石患者因操作部位深且粘连炎症重,适当扩大切口至3.5 cm。手术时间平均(40.0±8.9)min;术中出血量平均(20.5±4.6)ml。术后切口疼痛轻微,无出血、胆漏等并发症发生。3例术后胆囊窝积液经保守治疗后痊愈。单纯胆囊切除术后3~4 d出院;行胆总管取石的患者术后7 d出院,3个月后门诊常规行胆道镜检查,无残留结石后拔除T管。167例患者术后随访8~12个月,均恢复良好。结论:单孔双视免气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除术适应证广、安全、可行,疗效满意。     

腹腔镜治疗亚急性胆囊炎的安全性分析(附1442例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜手术治疗亚急性胆囊炎的技术要点及安全性。方法:2007年3月至2018年2月为1 442例亚急性胆囊炎患者行腹腔镜手术,根据病理改变酌情进行个体化治疗,包括传统经典胆囊切除术、胆囊大部切除、胆囊部分切除、胆囊纵向直接剖开取石、胆囊横向分割切除等术式。结果:815例行胆囊切除术,627例行胆囊不完全切除术,无一例中转开腹及胆管损伤。122例合并胆总管结石,35例同期行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石,64例术后再次手术行腹腔镜胆总管探查取石,23例行内镜十二指肠乳头括约肌切开术取石。结论:淡化胆囊切除的多寡,取净结石,妥善处理胆囊管或胆囊壶腹,废弃胆囊功能,亚急性胆囊炎患者可安全施行腹腔镜手术。     

腹腔镜下胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石(附84例报告)

目的 :探讨用腹腔镜行胆总管探查术治疗胆石症的微创意义及可行性。方法 :分析 84例胆囊结石并胆总管结石或胆囊切除术后胆总管结石患者运用腹腔镜下胆囊切除和 (或 )胆总管切开取石术的临床资料。结果 :84例胆石症患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术 ,其中 76例行胆囊切除并胆总管切开取石T管引流术 ,8例行胆总管一期缝合术 ,术后未发生并发症。结论 :腹腔镜胆囊切除并胆总管探查术治疗胆囊结石并胆管结石技术上是安全、可行的 ,治疗效果肯定 ,微创意义明显。     

术中造影对MRCP提示可疑性胆总管结石的诊断意义

目的 探讨术中胆道造影对可疑性胆总管结石的诊断价值。方法 2011年9月至2015年9月在我科术前行MRCP提示胆总管下段可疑结石的52例患者,术前生化提示均无梗阻性黄疸,行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术;同时术中行胆道造影,如造影提示阳性,则行腹腔镜下胆总管探查,如为阴性,则手术结束。术后定期复查随访。结果 52例患者中39例阳性,其中16例行腹腔镜下胆总管一期缝合,22例行腹腔镜下胆总管T管引流,还有1例既往有左半结肠手术史,腹腔粘连尚可,术中造影提示胆总管有结石,行腹腔镜下胆总管一期缝合。12例阴性,其中11例直接行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,1例胆囊炎症较重,三角结构不清,腹腔镜下无法完成而中转开腹,开腹后胆道探查及造影提示无结石,行胆囊切除+胆总管探查+T管引流术。还有1例造影显示不明确则仅行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术,术后1个月、6个月、12个月随访复查无异常临床表现。结论 对于术前MRCP提示可疑性胆总管结石的患者行术中造影有助于手术方式的确定,并且可以减少不必要的医患纠纷。     

腹腔镜下处理胆囊管结石的技术要点探讨

目的:探讨腹腔镜下处理胆囊管结石的技术要点。方法:回顾分析我院近3年71例胆囊管结石患者的临床资料。主要通过术中器械触探,术后剖检胆囊管将结石连同部分胆囊管切除,必要时修复胆总管缺损。结果:所有患者均在腹腔镜下顺利完成手术。术后恢复顺利,随访3～12个月未发继发胆总管结石和腹痛等。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术中应常规探查胆囊管有无结石,避免结石残留。     

两种术式对继发性胆总管结石患者的影响

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查术+胆总管Ⅰ期缝合+胆囊切除术与内镜逆行胰胆管造影术/内窥镜括约肌切开术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术对继发性胆总管结石患者手术相关临床指标及安全性的影响。方法 回顾性纳入2018年1月至2021年6月收治继发性胆总管结石患者共136例，根据医生选择及患者意愿确定手术方案，其中接受腹腔镜胆总管探查术+胆总管1期缝合+胆囊切除术方案治疗66例（A组），接受内镜逆行胰胆管造影术/内窥镜括约肌切开术+腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗70例（B组）；比较两组结石残留情况、术后住院时间、术后住院时间、总住院费用、术后近期并发症发生情况及随访情况。结果 两组结石残留率比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;B组术后住院时间和总住院费用均显著多于A组（P<0.05）;B组术后近期并发症总发生率显著高于A组（P<0.05）；术后1个月复查肝胆超声均未见胆汁漏、结石残留及胃肠道穿孔等并发症发生；随访1年及以上，未见结石复发、伴临床症状胆道狭窄等远期并发症发生。结论 腹腔镜胆总管探查术+胆总管1期缝合+胆囊切除术治疗继发性胆总管结石更有利于术后康复，减少并发症及降低费用。     

Choledocholithiasis: overdiagnosed endoscopically and undertreated laparoscopically

Background: Two recent meta‐analyses suggest that operative common bile duct (CBD) exploration (laparoscopic or open) may be superior to endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for the management of choledocholithiasis when the gall bladder is in situ. Much of the published work regarding laparoscopic exploration comes from enthusiasts of the technique and may not be transferable to other institutions. In our institution, both hepatobiliary and general surgeons carry out cholecystectomy, with differing levels of expertise in laparoscopic bile duct exploration. ERCP and laparoscopic antegrade transampullary endobiliary stents are available. We reviewed the management of choledocholithiasis in this setting. Methods: A retrospective review of all patients undergoing cholecystectomy during 2004 and 2005 at John Hunter and Belmont Hospitals (Newcastle, Australia) was conducted. Results: The overall incidence of choledocholithiasis was 10.3% (70 of 681). Fifty patients underwent preoperative ERCP, with choledocholithiasis confirmed in only 24 patients (therapeutic rate 30%). Thirty‐one patients underwent CBD exploration with 100% clearance through an open approach (12 patients) and 58% clearance through a laparoscopic approach (11 of 19 patients). Hepatobiliary surgeons carried out 22 of 31 CBD explorations (clearance rate 82%) and placed 13 transampullary antegrade endobiliary stents. In comparison, general surgeons carried out nine CBD explorations (clearance rate 56%) and placed only four antegrade stents. Conclusion: This series suggests that preoperative ERCP is significantly overutilized, laparoscopic CBD exploration is less successful than open CBD exploration and that antegrade transampullary intraoperative endobiliary stenting is underutilized by non‐hepatobiliary surgeons.     

The efficacy of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the detection and clearance of choledocholithiasis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreaticography has been reported to have a high success rate in the detection and treatment of choledocholithiasis. Although there is growing enthusiasm for laparoscopic common bile duct clearance, many patients who present with gallbladder disease and suspected choledocholithiasis have endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography performed with choledocholithiasis cleared if detected. These patients are then referred for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the diagnosis and clearance of bile duct stones at our institution. METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of all patients at this institution who underwent preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for suspected choledocholithiasis followed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy from January 1997 through July 1998. RESULTS: Common bile duct stones were detected endoscopically in 12 of 17 (71%) patients. We found serum bilirubin level to be the best predictor of choledocholithiasis. In 12 of 12 procedures, the endoscopist performed an endoscopic sphincterotomy with stone extraction and reported a fully cleared common bile duct. Intraoperative cholangiogram performed during subsequent cholecystectomy revealed choledocholithiasis in 4 of these 12 patients. Laparoscopic techniques successfully cleared the choledocholithiasis in 3 of these patients with open techniques necessary in the fourth. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggests that even after presumed successful endoscopic clearance of the bile duct stones, many patients (33% in our series) still have choledocholithiasis present at the time of cholecystectomy. We recommend intraoperative cholangiography at the time of cholecystectomy even after presumed successful endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with further intervention, preferably laparoscopic, to clear the choledocholithiasis as deemed necessary.     

腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗老年胆总管结石108例临床体会

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜治疗老年胆总管结石患者的临床应用价值。方法:回顾分析2005年1月至2013年9月为108例老年胆总管结石患者行腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜胆囊切除、胆总管切开胆道镜探查取石+T管引流术的临床资料。结果:97例顺利完成手术,11例中转开腹,无死亡病例。手术时间50~150 min,平均(90.0±8.7)min;术后3例发生胆漏,予以保守治疗7~9 d痊愈。术后住院12~15 d,术后第10天夹闭T管,第12天行T管造影,均未见胆管残余结石,6~8周拔除T管。随访1~24个月,平均(6.0±1.2)个月,行肝功能、B超、腹部CT或MRCP复查,无黄疸、胰腺炎、胆管狭窄、结石复发等并发症发生。结论:腹腔镜联合纤维胆道镜行胆囊切除、胆总管切开探查取石+T管引流术治疗老年胆总管结石安全、微创、有效。良好的围手术期处理是老年患者手术成功的重要保障。     

三孔法腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术的临床应用

目的:探讨三孔法腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术的可行性及手术方法。方法:回顾分析为35例患者行三孔法腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术的临床资料。结果:33例成功完成手术,2例因皮下广泛气肿而直接中转开腹。手术时间85～198 min,平均(125±21.4)min;术中出血量平均(86±7.5)ml;术后均无结石残留、胆漏及死亡病例。结论:在熟练掌握三孔法腹腔镜胆囊切除术的基础上,开展三孔法腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术是安全、可行、有效的,更符合微创理念,值得临床推广应用。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: relationship of pathology and operative time.

OBJECTIVE: Controversy exists regarding the use and timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of both acute and chronic cholecystitis. Acute advocates claim to avoid fibrosis and potential dissection injuries, whereas chronic proponents avoid poor visualization due to edema and possible conversion. This study of both acute and chronic cholecystitis cases examines the relationships between pathology, operative time, and outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: A retrospective review of medical records and pathology of acute (n = 9) and chronic (n = 62) laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases, performed by 2 surgeons from 1995 to 1999 was undertaken. Using multiple regression techniques, the relationship between operative time and age, sex, race, presenting symptoms, and degree of pathologic cholecystitis was evaluated. RESULTS: One case of acute gangrenous cholecystitis required conversion. None of the chronic cases required conversion. In single variable analysis, abnormal liver function tests, chronic inflammation, wall thickness, and number of stones were each predictive of longer operative time. However, in the multiple regression, abnormal liver function tests were the only clinical factor that remained a predictor of operative time (16 minutes longer, P = 0.05). Time from presentation to operation had no effect on operative time. Twelve patients had preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and 4 had choledocholithiasis (acute n = 1, chronic n = 3). Two chronic patients required postoperative endoscopy for a cystic duct leak (n = 1) and choledocholithiasis (n = 1). The adjusted average operative time for acute and chronic cases was similar (93 versus 74 minutes, P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy can be done safely for both acute and chronic cholecystitis with similar operative times. Abnormal liver function tests are associated with longer operative time. Time lapse between presentation and operation has no effect on operative time or outcome.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除联合胆总管探查及内镜括约肌切开治疗胆囊结石并胆总管结石的疗效对比

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)联合腹腔镜胆总管探查取石术(laparos copiccommon bile duct exploration,LCBDE)与LC联合内镜括约肌切开(endoscopic sphincterotomy,EST)取石术治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2011年12月247例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者的临床资料,其中91例行LC+LCBDE,156例行LC+EST;对比两种术式手术时间、中转开腹率、术后并发症、残石率、住院时间及住院费用等。结果:LC+LCBDE组手术时间短、术后并发症少、住院费用低,但住院时间稍长,两组中转开腹率、残石率差异无统计学意义。结论:LC联合LCBDE及LC联合EST治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石安全、可靠。应根据患者具体情况进行个体化治疗,病情允许时LC联合LCBDE可作为首选。     

三种不同术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的临床研究

目的:对比分析三种不同术式治疗胆囊结石合并胆总管结石的疗效.方法:将102例胆囊结石合并胆总管结石患者随机分为3组,A组行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)+胆总管探查术(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE);B...     

Common bile duct stone characteristics: correlation with treatment choice during laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Determining the most appropriate management approach for patients with unsuspected choledocholithiasis may be difficult because of the subjective nature of this decision in the absence of clinical data. Treatment of incidental choledocholithiasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy was reviewed during a 25-month period. Operative cholangiograms were analyzed retrospectively to determine if associations exist between common bile duct stone characteristics and the intraoperative treatment selected by the operating surgeon. Cholangiographic data included quantification of common bile duct stones, stone dimension, position, and presence of radiopaque contrast flow into the duodenum. Two hundred thirty-six laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients underwent operative cholangiography; 25 (11%) demonstrated choledocholithiasis. Seven patients were converted to open common bile duct exploration (group I), 16 patients were referred for postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (group II), and two patients were observed (group III). Evaluation of the operative cholangiograms revealed multiple common bile duct stones (> 1) in 86% (6 of 7) in group I, 25% (4 of 16) in group II, and none in group III. All patients in group I had at least one stone larger than 5 ml in greatest diameter, whereas only 33 % (6 of 18) in groups II and III combined had stones larger than 5 ml. Group I had significantly (P = 0.027) more representation of delayed or no contrast flow during operative cholangiography compared to groups II and III. The intraoperative decision to proceed with laparoscopic cholecystectomy and rely on postoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography for stone retrieval rather than open common bile duct exploration was associated with (1) a single common bile duct stone, less than or equal to 5 ml in size on operative cholangiogram and (2) normal contrast flow into the duodenum. Open common bile duct exploration was more frequently associated with the demonstration of multiple or large (>5 ml) stones. A periampullary stone did not discriminate among treatment choices. Presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the Southern California Chapter of the American College of Surgeons, Santa Barbara, Calif., January 19–21, 1996.     

Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy. A new technique for the management of complex choledocholithiasis.

OBJECTIVE: Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy represents a new technique that expands the ability of the surgeon to manage complex choledocholithiasis at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The authors describe their experience with six patients with cholelithiasis and complex common bile duct stone disease who underwent successful laparoscopic cholecystectomy and antegrade sphincterotomies. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Patients with complex choledocholithiasis have represented a technical challenge to the minimally invasive surgeon. Recently, a laparoscopic technique of antegrade biliary sphincterotomy has been reported by DePaulo in Brazil. This technique has been successful at clearing the common bile duct at the time of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy was performed in six patients with multiple common bile duct stones. A standard endoscopic sphincterotome was introduced antegrade via the cystic duct or common bile duct and guided through the ampulla. A side-viewing duodenoscope was used to confirm proper positioning of the sphincterotome. Then a blended current was applied until the sphincterotomy was complete. RESULTS: There was no mortality or morbidity associated with laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy. The mean additional operative time to complete laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy was 19 minutes. Three of the six patients were noted to have transient, asymptomatic elevation in serum amylase levels immediately after surgery (average 252 international units/L; normal < 115), which normalized within 72 hours. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.9 days. At a mean follow-up of 5 months (range 1 to 10 months), five patients remain asymptomatic. One individual with acquired immune deficiency syndrome had persistent symptoms, and a diagnosis of cytomegalovirus pancreatitis was eventually made. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic antegrade sphincterotomy appears to be a safe and effective technique for the management of complex biliary tract disease.