经皮内镜与微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术治疗单节段退行性腰椎管狭窄的疗效对比

目的 对比经皮内镜经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(percutaneous endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, PE-TLIF)和微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, MIS-TLIF)治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2019年1月～2020年6月因单节段退行性腰椎管狭窄症行微创腰椎减压融合手术47例资料,依患者意愿选择手术方式,PE-TLIF组21例,MIS-TLIF组26例。比较2组手术指标,术后3天、3个月、6个月、12个月腰腿痛视觉模拟评分(Visual Analogue Scale, VAS),术后3、6、12个月Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry Disability Index, ODI),术后12个月椎间融合情况,末次随访改良MacNab标准评价疗效。结果 PE-TLIF组术中出血量、术后引流量较MIS-TLIF组明显减少[(91.8±13.6)ml vs.(115.2±16.1)ml...     

显微镜下MIS-TLIF与腰椎后路椎间融合内固定治疗L4/5、L5/S1双节段腰椎疾病的比较

目的比较显微镜下微创经椎间孔腰椎间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF)与腰椎后路椎间融合内固定术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)治疗L4/5、L5/S1双节段腰椎疾病的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析我科2018年1月~2020年1月收治的60例因L4-S1节段腰椎疾病行手术治疗的患者,所有患者均获得了3年以上随访。根据手术方法的不同分为MIS-TLIF组30例和PLIF组30例,记录并比较两组的围手术期指标(切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量和住院时间)以及两组术前和末次随访时的疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analog scale,VAS),Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI),功能学评分,并发症情况和改良MacNab标准临床疗效评价。结果MIS-TLIF组在切口长度、术中出血量和住院时间方面均明显优于PLIF组(P<0.05),而手术时间虽然在数值上大于PLIF组,但是两组间比较无统计学差异(P=0.058)。较之于治疗前,两组治疗后VAS与ODI均有改善(P<0.05),但两组间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者末次随访时改良MacNab标准优良率无统计学差异(P=0.193)。结论相对PLIF而言,MIS-TLIF手术治疗L4/5、L5/S1双节段腰椎疾病具有创伤小、术后并发症少和术中出血少等优势。     

可扩张通道下MIS-TLIF与PLIF治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的疗效比较

目的 比较可扩张通道下微创经椎间孔入路腰椎椎间融合术(Minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF)与后路腰椎椎间融合术(Posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)治疗退行性腰椎管狭窄症的临床疗效...     

两种经椎间孔减压椎间融合术治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效及多裂肌损伤对比

目的：对比分析单侧双通道内镜下经椎间孔减压椎间融合术（unilateral biportal endoscopic transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,UBE-TLIF）与椎旁肌间隙（Wiltse）入路经椎间孔减压椎间融合术（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion via Wiltse approach,W-TLIF）治疗腰椎退行性疾病的疗效及多裂肌损伤情况。方法 ：回顾性分析2020年1月～2021年2月于我院接受经椎间孔减压融合手术的48例腰椎退行性疾病患者的临床资料。根据手术方式将患者分为UBE-TLIF组（n=25）和W-TLIF组（n=23）。UBE-TLIF组男性9例,女性16例,年龄62.1±12.7岁;W-TLIF组男性11例,女性12例,年龄58.7±14.3岁。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量及术后住院天数,术前和术后1天、3个月、6个月、1年时的腰腿痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scales,VAS）及术前和术后3个月、6个月、1年时的Oswestry功能障碍...     

Quadrant通道下微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎间盘突出症的临床观察

[目的]探讨Quadrant通道下微创经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(minimally invasive transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,MIS-TLIF)治疗腰椎间盘突出症的方法、临床疗效和安全性,并与常规经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)进行对比分析。[方法]将52例符合腰椎椎体间融合术指征的腰椎间盘突出症患者,随机分为Quadrant微创组和常规开放组,22例采用Quadrant通道下MIS-TLIF,30例采用常规TLIF。[结果]Quadrant微创组术中出血量、术后引流量、下床时间、住院天数及镇痛药物用量与开放组比较均明显减低(P﹤0.05);微创组术后1周及6个月疼痛视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale,VAS)及Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)均较常规开放组明显降低。微创组手术时间、术中射线暴露时间及剂量均高于开放组。[结论]Quadrant通道下MIS-TLIF治疗腰椎间盘突出症较常规开放TLIF具有创伤小、出血量少、术后疼痛轻、住院天数少、术后恢复快等特点,可获得良好的近期临床疗效,是安全、可靠的微创手术方法。     

经椎间孔入路与经后方入路椎间融合术治疗退变性腰椎失稳症的疗效比较

目的回顾性研究经后方入路椎体间融合术（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）和切除上、下关节突的经椎间孔入路椎体间融合术（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗腰椎失稳症的疗效及并发症情况。方法采用PLIF和TLIF治疗2004年1月至2008年1月本院收治的退变性腰椎失稳症患者78例,其中PLIF31例,TLIF47例。比较两组手术时间、术中出血量、平均卧床时间、Nakai评分优良率、融合时间（按Suk标准）及术后并发症发生率。对两组术前及末次随访时的椎间隙高度及椎间孔高度进行对比研究。结果 78例患者均获随访,随访时间1.5～4.5年,平均3.5年。所有患者均获椎间骨性融合。对两组卧床时间、Nakai评分优良率、融合时间、同时间点椎间隙高度和椎间孔高度进行比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;而在手术时间、出血量以及术后并发症发生率方面,两组之间的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。两组末次随访时的椎间隙高度和椎间孔高度均较术前有明显改善（P〈0.05）。结论 TLIF和PLIF治疗退变性腰椎失稳症效果良好;与PLIF相比,TLIF操作简单,出血量小,并发症少。     

斜外侧腰椎椎间融合术与经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术治疗腰椎不稳的临床比较

目的 比较斜外侧腰椎椎间融合术(Oblique lateral interbody fusion,OLIF)与经椎间孔腰椎椎间融合术(Transfo-raminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)治疗腰椎不稳的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2018-10-2020-10采用OLIF与TLIF治...     

单枚椎间融合器融合加椎弓根螺钉系统内固定治疗腰椎滑脱症

2004年6月～2006年10月我们应用单枚椎间融合器后斜向置入加椎弓根螺钉系统内固定行后路腰椎椎间融合术（posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF）或经单侧椎间孔入路腰椎融合术（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF）治疗腰椎滑脱症患者18例，疗效满意，报告如下。     

多裂肌入路经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术与后路腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎疾病的疗效比较

目的 比较多裂肌入路经椎间孔腰椎椎体间融合术(Transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion,TLIF)与后路腰椎椎体间融合术(Posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)治疗腰椎疾病的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析自2015-03-2017-06诊治的121...     

微创腰椎椎间融合技术及其临床应用进展

腰椎椎间融合术是治疗腰椎退变性不稳、滑脱及椎间盘源性疼痛的经典手术方法。传统腰椎椎间融合手术需要广泛剥离及长时间牵拉肌肉,容易引起软组织损伤。椎旁肌肉的病理改变是腰椎融合术后腰部力量减弱及慢性腰痛发生的主要原因[1]。近年来,随着脊柱外科微创技术的迅猛发展,用于腰椎椎间融合的微创技术应运而生,使脊柱融合的方式发生了很大的变化,并对传统的融合观念提出了新的挑战。微创腰椎融合技术是在取得优于或不低于开放腰椎融合术效果的同时,减少对椎旁软组织的损伤,同时患者术中出血少,术后疼痛轻、恢复快,有利于患者的早日康复。根据手术入路不同,微创腰椎椎间融合可分为前路腰椎椎间融合（anterior lumbar interbody fusion, ALIF）、后路腰椎椎间融合（posterior lumbar interbody fusion, PLIF）、经腰椎椎间孔椎间融合（transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion, TLIF）、经皮经骶前轴向腰椎椎间融合（axial lumbar interbody fusion, AxiaLIF）和极外侧入路椎间融合（extreme lateral interbody fusion, XLIF）等。现就上述微创腰椎椎间融合方法及其相关问题作一综述。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.