围产期心脏超声诊断胎儿三尖瓣返流的临床意义

应用多普勒超声心动图研究胎儿三尖瓣返流（ＴＲ）的围产期产生机制及其临床意义。对６５６例孕周为２０周～３７周胎儿进行多普勒超声心动图检查,检出ＴＲ８８例,其中胎儿先心病组１６例,心律失常组４３例,双胎输血片７例,母亲患糖尿病者２例,而正常胎儿５８８例中仅发现ＴＲ３３例（占５．６２％）。结果表明,胎儿时期右室占优势使右室处于高压腔状态,故正常胎儿的ＴＲ发生率极低,且多属生理性范围。因此,多普勒超声检出     

妊娠早中期胎儿超声心动图诊断先天性心脏病的临床价值

胎儿超声心动图检查是先天性心脏病产前诊断的最有效方法.妊娠早中期胎儿超声心动图筛查先天性心脏病的敏感性及特异性均较高,有序的分段多切面检查是保证诊断准确性的关键.由产科医生、超声科医生、小儿心脏科医生参与的多学科合作可改善胎儿预后,指导孕妇对妊娠过程进行正确的决策,对胎儿进行必要、合理的干预,对降低新生儿出生缺陷具有重要意义.     

胎儿先天性心脏病的超声诊断及临床干预

随着胎儿超声心动图技术的发展,90%～95%的先天性心脏病可以在产前获得早期诊断;同时,先天性心脏病的治疗也已经发展到了产前阶段,胎儿心脏介入治疗在临床应用方面取得了一定效果,并展现了发展前景。     

胎儿超声心动图检查对胎儿心律失常和心脏结构异常的诊断价值

目的 探讨超声心动图检测对胎儿心律失常的诊断价值及临床意义,研究胎儿心律失常与心脏结构异常的相关性.方法 总结分析6 500例具有先天性心血管畸形高危因素或院外疑有胎儿心脏结构异常及心律失常的孕妇的胎儿超声心动图资料.结果 妊娠16～41周的6 500例孕妇中,检出或疑有各类胎儿心脏结构异常338例,检出率5.2%,检出各类胎儿心律失常396例,检出率6.1%.其中13例既有心脏结构异常,又有心律失常.胎儿缓慢性心律失常伴发心脏结构异常比例高于其他类型心律失常,复杂心血管畸形较单纯心血管畸形伴发胎儿心律失常比率高.结论 胎儿超声心动图是产前检查胎儿心律失常及心脏结构异常可靠的无创性影像技术,对胎儿期心血管异常的筛查及诊断具有重要的临床意义.     

Tei指数和三尖瓣血流频谱评价左向右分流型先天性心脏病患儿右心功能的价值

目的探讨Tei指数和三尖瓣血流频谱评价左向右分流型先天性心脏病(CHD)患儿右心功能的价值。方法根据心室负荷将47例左向右分流型CHD患儿分为左心型组(30例)和右心型组(17例),应用三尖瓣血流频谱及Tei指数评价右心室功能,并与50例正常儿童进行对比研究。结果与正常组比较,CHD患儿42例三尖瓣血流频谱呈双峰型,均为舒张早期最大流速(EV)/舒张晚期最大流速(AV)>1;左心型组AV、A波流速积分(AVI)升高,右心型组EV、AV、E波流速积分(EVI)、AVI、E波减速时间(EDT)增大;左心型组右室等容舒张时间(IRT)和等容收缩时间(ICT) IRT延长;右心型组ICTI、RT和ICT IRT延长,右室射血时间(RVET)降低;两组CHD患儿右室Tei指数均增大;Tei指数与ICTI、RTI、CT IRT间呈显著性正相关(r=0.642,0.734,0.862 P均<0.01),与RVET间呈负相关(r=-0.481 P<0.01)。结论Tei指数能更简便、敏感、准确、综合评价右心室整体功能,与三尖瓣血流频谱结合可更全面了解CHD患儿右心功能。     

排尿性尿路超声造影对儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流的诊断价值

目的 探讨排尿性尿路超声造影(contrast-enhanced voiding urosonography,CeVUS)对儿童原发性膀胱输尿管反流(vesicoureteral reflux,VUR)的诊断价值.方法 回顾性分析上海儿童医学中心2018年12月至2020年6月116例[232个肾盂-输尿管单位(pye...     

超声造影对膀胱输尿管反流诊断价值的探讨

目的对可疑膀胱输尿管反流（vesicouretericreflux,VUR）患儿进行排尿性膀胱尿道超声造影检查（contrast—enhancedvoidingurosonography,VUS）和排尿性膀胱尿道造影检查（voidingcystoure．thrography,VCUG）,对其结果进行分析,探讨超声造影对膀胱输尿管反流的诊断价值。方法将2010年7月至2011年12月本院泌尿外科收治的可疑VUR患儿54例作为研究对象,包括反复尿路感染6例,可疑后尿道瓣膜12例,单侧或双侧。肾积水并输尿管扩张36例,对比脉冲序列超声造影技术对患儿进行超声造影检查,经膀胱注入SonoVue造影剂后,实时观察造影剂微泡在反流病例尿路中的流动过程,分析评价反流程度,用五级法分析评价,并与VUCG对照。结果（1）54例患儿（108个。肾输尿管单位）中,VUS检出VUR48个肾输尿管单位,VCUG检出45个肾输尿管单位,VUS诊断VUR的敏感性为91．1％,特异性为88．9％,阳性预测值85．4％,阴性预测值93．3％,VUS和VCUG对VUR的检查有较好的一致性（Kappa值=0．792）。（2）在16例患儿中,VUS诊断VUR的分级高于VCUG1～2级。（3）在5例（6个肾输尿管单位）中,VUS可显示出肾内反流微泡,提示对肾功能造成极大影响的肾内反流的存在。相比,VCUG只能检出V级反流,无法显示肾内反流。结论VUS是一种准确可靠的检查手段,对VUR检测的敏感性及特异性均较高,在VUR检出率及分级上优于VCUG。同时无放射性,重复性好,可作为VUR的筛查或追踪观察的首选方法之一。     

超声检查对胃食管反流患儿胃排空障碍的诊断价值

目的探讨胃食管反流患儿胃液体排空功能及其临床意义。方法采用胃窦单切面实时超声显像法测定胃食管反流55例患儿(病例组)及55例健康儿童(对照组)不同测量时点的胃窦横截面积,计算不同测量时点胃排空率、胃半排空时间。结果餐后20 mm时病例组胃排空率较对照组低(P<0.05);餐后60min时病例组胃排空较对照组明显减低,两组比较有显著性差异。病例组胃半排空时间与对照组比较明显延长(P<0.05)。47.27%胃食管反流患儿存在胃排空延迟现象。结论部分胃食管反流患儿存在胃排空延迟现象。超声检查能帮助临床医师判断胃食管反流患儿是否存在胃排空障碍,可指导临床治疗。     

腹部超声对小儿胃食管反流病诊断的研究进展

胃食管反流病（GERD）是儿科常见疾病之一,目前临床上用于诊断GERD的方法很多,其中食管pH测定被认为是金标准。近年来随着腹部超声越来越多地被用于食管占位性病变的诊断,超声用于诊断GERD已受到重视。因其具有实时、直观、方便、廉价、无伤害性等优点,有望对GERD的发病原因、机制进行进一步探讨,并指导治疗。     

彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流的筛检价值

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声对胃食管反流 (GER)的筛检价值。方法　用彩色多普勒超声以肝左叶为透声窗 ,经剑突下扫查胃食管反流患儿、正常对照儿童各 55例。分别测量与观察腹段食管长度、GER现象及反流发生频率。结果　腹段食管清晰显示率 1 0 0 % ;正常对照组小儿腹段食管长度随年龄增加而增长 ;病例组与之比较显示腹段食管长度缩短。彩超检查GER的灵敏性为 98.1 8% ;特异性为 76 .36 %。结论　彩色多普勒超声可以清晰显示腹段食管 ;胃食管反流患儿腹段食管长度缩短 ;彩色多普勒超声可作为胃食管反流的筛检手段。     

Preoperative management for tricuspid regurgitation in hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Background:  Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is an important finding in hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in the degree of TR after the preoperative management of HLHS with mechanical ventilation, and whether the improvement of TR under preoperative management would affect the short-term prognosis of Norwood operation.
Methods:  Clinical and echocardiographic data of 55 patients with HLHS who underwent preoperative echocardiography and management at Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, were retrospectively reviewed. Preoperative management with mechanical ventilation was performed in 31 of these patients. Based on echocardiography the 55 patients were divided into a trivial–mild TR group (group A) and a moderate–severe TR group (group B).
Results:  After preoperative management, TR improved in six of the 31 patients and was unchanged in 25; in five of the nine group B patients, TR before management improved to the level of group A after management. In-hospital deaths after surgery included 17 of the 48 patients in group A and five of the six in group B, but there was only one death in the five patients for whom TR improved from group B to group A level.
Conclusion:  Preoperative management of HLHS resulted in an improvement in the degree of TR. The short-term prognosis was better for the patients in group A than those in group B, and so preoperative management is useful for HLHS patients, especially those with moderate or severe TR at admission, with the exception of severe dysplasia of tricuspid valve.     

Progression of fetal heart disease and rationale for fetal intracardiac interventions

The outcome of cardiac disease diagnosed before birth is paradoxically worse than that diagnosed postnatally. In part, this is because fetal screening detects cases that are already showing failure of cardiac growth which are usually progressive with secondary damage to the myocardium, lungs and brain. Fetal valvuloplasty has been proposed for cases of critical aortic and pulmonary stenosis or atresia, and atrial septostomy for a restrictive oval foramen associated with aortic stenosis, hypoplastic left heart syndrome and transposition of the great arteries. The rationale for fetal therapy is to restore forward flow and reduce intraventricular pressure, thus improving coronary perfusion and minimizing ischaemic damage. Successful valvuloplasty has reduced systemic venous pressures and reversed fetal hydrops, thus prolonging pregnancy. It has resulted in improved ventricular growth in some cases and spontaneous opening of a closed oval foramen with normalization of pulmonary venous waveforms. These signs suggest better fetal cardiopulmonary development and improved surgical outcomes.     

超声评估先天性心脏病心功能的研究进展

近年来,血流频谱多普勒、组织多普勒、应变与应变率显像、斑点追踪和速度向量成像等超声技术在先天性心脏病整体及局部心功能评估中的应用越来越广泛,其自身技术特性在不同类型先天性心脏病围手术期心功能评估中各有优势与缺陷.该文拟结合近几年国内外最新的临床研究成果对此作一综述,以期有助于小儿超声心动图技术的合理选择和应用,进一步指导临床用药、手术方案的制定和心功能的近、远期预后评估.     

Insertion of a pacing lead via the tricuspid valve does not affect cardiac function and tricuspid valve regurgitation in young dogs

A preliminary experimental study in dogs was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of transvenous cardiac pacing in the fetus with complete heart block associated with hydrops. Four young mongrel dogs were anesthetized with intravenous administration of sodium pentobarbital and mechanically ventilated, and a pacing lead was inserted via the tricuspid valve. The right ventricular cardiac output, aortic pressure and central venous pressure were measured, and the tricuspid valve regurgitation was measured semi-quantitatively using echo-Doppler color flow imaging. The relationship between the location of the pacing lead and the tricuspid valve regurgitation and cardiac function was examined. The mean right ventricular cardiac output when the pacing lead was inserted into the superior vena cava (126 ± 54 mL/min per kg) was not significantly different from that when it was inserted into the right ventricle (110 ± 43 mL/min per kg). The aortic pressure was 66 ± 7.7 mmHg and 67 ± 6.6 mmHg, respectively, and the central venous pressure 5.9 ± 1.7 mmHg and 5.7 ± 1.6 mmHg, respectively, under the two conditions (not significantly different). The ratio of demonstrating significant tricuspid valve regurgitation was 4/13 into the superior vena cava and 5/13 into the right ventricle, respectively (not significantly different). The location of the pacing lead did not change the cardiac function or the amount of the tricuspid valve regurgitation in our experimental study. It was therefore concluded that the transvenous cardiac pacing technique has potential application in intrauterine transvenous cardiac pacing in the fetus with complete heart block.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断先天性心脏病的准确性及其对外科手术指导价值的研究

目的 评价彩色多普勒超声心动图（CDE）诊断先天性心脏病（先心病）的准确性及其对外科手术的指导价值，并探讨该技术的局限性。方法 以复旦大学附属儿科医院制定的超声心动图规范化诊断方法进行CDE检查，每个病例至少显示12个超声切面观，结合Van Praagh顺序节段分析法并做出诊断。采用Philips/SONOS 7500、HP/SONOS 5500或HP/SONOS 2500多功能超声诊断仪。以手术诊断为金标准，评价CDE诊断的灵敏度、特异度、符合率、阳性预测值和阴性预测值等，并与心导管造影（ANGIO）诊断进行比较。结果 2001年1月至2006年12月，接受外科手术治疗的先心病患儿共2 786例，其中复杂病例1 046例（占37.6％），年龄1 d至24岁5个月，平均（2.83±2.63）岁，其中婴幼儿2 301例（2 301/2 786），占82.6％，<1岁者38.8％，～3岁者43.8％，围术期死亡35例（1.26％，35/2 786）。以手术诊断为金标准，CDE诊断2 786例先心病患儿主要畸形的敏感度98.38%，特异度99.97%，符合率99.92%，阳性预测值99.06%，阴性预测值99.95%。在463例同时接受CDE和ANGIO检查者中，计算ANGIO诊断的敏感度99.08%，特异度99.96%，符合率99.92%，阳性预测值99.02%，阴性预测值99.95%；与CDE诊断比较，主动脉缩窄CDE诊断的敏感度较低（P＝0.036）。结论 规范化CDE诊断方案可以对绝大多数先心病患儿做出准确诊断，绝大部分先心病患儿在CDE检查后可直接施行手术治疗，但如果术前需要了解肺动脉压力/阻力和肺血管发育情况，或CDE诊断不完全明确或怀疑合并有其他心血管畸形如主动脉缩窄等，仍然需要接受进一步心导管造影检查。     

胎儿先天性心脏病产前诊断与临床意义

先天性心脏病是最常见的出生缺陷之一.孕早期先天性心脏病筛查的方法主要有颈后透明层厚度测量、静脉导管血流测量以及直接进行胎儿超声心动图检查等.孕中期绝大部分的胎儿心脏病可以直接通过胎儿超声心动图检查获得诊断,除心脏解剖结构畸形外,心律失常的诊断以及心功能的评估也是重要检查内容.加强先天性心脏病的相关基因研究,也能够为产前...     

血清生长分化因子-15与先天性心脏病患儿心功能的关系及其对心力衰竭的诊断价值

目的：探讨生长分化因子-15（GDF-15）与先天性心脏病患儿心功能的关系及其对心力衰竭的诊断价值。方法：2011年3月至2012年5月成都市妇女儿童中心医院就诊的先天性心脏病患儿97例,依据改良Ross评分法分为心力衰竭组（71例）和无心力衰竭组（26例）。ELISA法检测两组血清GDF-15和B型脑钠肽前体(NT-proBNP)水平,超声心动图检测左室射血分数(LVEF)。采用Spearman相关分析对GDF-15与改良Ross评分、LVEF及NT-proBNP的相关关系进行分析。绘制ROC曲线并计算GDF-15曲线下面积及诊断心力衰竭的截断值。结果：心力衰竭组患儿血清GDF-15和NT-proBNP水平较无心力衰竭组显著增高,LVEF明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。血清GDF-15水平与改良Ross评分及血清NT-proBNP水平呈正相关（分别r=0.705和0.810,P<0.01）,与LVEF呈负相关（r=－0.421,P<0.01）。GDF-15诊断心力衰竭的ROC 曲线下面积为0.757,当GDF-15的诊断界值为1306 ng/L,敏感性和特异性分别为68.8%和71.2%。结论：先天性心脏病合并心力衰竭患儿血清GDF-15明显升高,血清GDF-15水平与先天性心脏病患儿心功能、LVEF及NT-proBNP水平均有不同程度的相关关系;GDF-15可能成为诊断小儿先天性心脏病合并心力衰竭的一项检测指标。