中山市2006～2007年中小学生近视调查分析

Objective To estimate the prevalence and correlative factor of myopia in primary and middle school students in Zhongshan City. Methods An epidemiological survey was carried out by Zhongshan SuHuaChan hospital, including three schools in town, three schools in urban, apply question investigation and retinoscopy. Results In this investigation, there were 9379 persons, the prevalence of myopia (spherical equivalent, SE＞-0.50D) was 58.03%, it increased from 8.04% (first grade in primary school) to 86.68% (latest grade in senior middle school). There was no difference of the prevalence of myopia between in town primary school and in urban primary school (P＞0.05), in junior middle school it was higher in urban than in town (P＜0.01), it was higher in graduation class than in non-graduation class (P＜0.05 in town, P＜0.001 in city). In this investigation it showed that eyes exercise had not effect upon preventing myopia from increasing (P＞0.05). Total time reading in one day, time reading in one time, time reading outside of class time was close correlative to the prevalence of myopia; correlation coefficients were 0.995, 0.992 and 0.999, respectively. Conclusions The prevalence of myopia is high in primary and middle school in Zhongshan City, and it increases yearly, it is important that relieve study burden of students to prevent myopia from increasing.     

Progression of myopia among undergraduate students in central China

AIM: To investigate the progression of myopia and risk factors among university students in central China. METHODS: A total of 7359 first-year undergraduate students at Huazhong University of Science and Technology in central China were recruited to the study and invited to a centralized clinic for medical examination, including optometry, and re-examined after one year. Correlation analyses were performed to assess the associations between one-year myopia progression and various parameters. RESULTS: The spherical equivalent refraction for the overall population was -3.14±2.28 D at baseline. The rate of myopia progression over 0.50 D after one year was 41.9%, and the 1-year progression of myopia was -0.47±0.58 D. There was no difference of mean 1-year myopia progression between male and female or difference among age group. The myopia progression of original myopia was severer than progression of new-onset myopia. There was also difference of mean myopia progression among different degrees of myopia at baseline. The under corrected eyes had a higher percentage of myopia progression than well corrected eyes (χ2=7.90, P<0.01). There was no correlation between myopia progression and height, weight, body mass index, hemoglobin (Spearman correlation, ρ=-0.078, -0.152, -0.170, -0.096, respectively, all P>0.05). CONCLUSION: Myopes still progress in undergraduate students, especially in high myopes.     

Improving myopia awareness via school-based myopia prevention health education among Chinese students

AIM: To investigate the myopia awareness level, knowledge, attitude, and skills at baseline and to implement and evaluate the efficacy of myopia prevention health education among Chinese students. METHODS: A total of 1000 middle school students from 2 middle schools were invited to participate in the study, and myopia prevention health education was conducted. The students were assessed at baseline, followed by a survey. The efficacy of health education was evaluated using the self-comparison method pre- and post-health education. RESULTS: The study included 957 and 850 pre- and post-health education participants, respectively. The baseline knowledge of all respondents on myopic symptoms (87.5%), myopia is a risk of eyes (72.9%), myopia prevention (91.3%), myopia increases with age (86.7%), performing periodic eye examinations (92.8%), and one first, one foot, and one inch (84.8%) significantly increased after health education (P<0.001 for all). However, the percentage of students who still did not think it necessary to take breaks after 30-40min of continuous near work was 27.0%. The opinion that “myopia can be cured” was still present in 38.3%. CONCLUSION: Implementing school-based myopia prevention health education improves knowledge, attitudes, and skills regarding myopia among Chinese middle school students.     

Investigation of children’s habits of smartphone usage and parental awareness of myopia control in underdeveloped areas of China

AIM: To investigate the behaviors of smartphone usage and parental knowledge of vision health among primary students in the rural areas of China. METHODS: In this school-based, cross-sectional study, a total of 52 606 parents of students from 30 primary schools in the Xingguo County were investigated through an online questionnaire from July 2020 to August 2020. The self-designed questionnaire contained three parts: the demographic factors of both children and parents, parental knowledge and attitude toward myopia, and the preventive treatment of myopia. RESULTS: A total of 52 485 appropriately answered questionnaires were received, showing an effective response rate of 95.1%. The average age of the primary students was 10.1±0.98y and the prevalence of myopia among the primary students was 40.3%. The age of myopia occurrence in elementary students was significantly correlated with the parents’ educational level (95%CI: 0.82-0.98, P=0.013), children’s gender (95%CI: 1.08-1.20, P<0.001), school location (county or countryside) (95%CI: 0.59-0.66, P<0.001), children’s smartphone ownership (95%CI: 1.09-1.26, P<0.001), and the average time spent on smartphone per day (95%CI: 0.78-0.88, P<0.001). School location in the county town, high family income, and high parents’ educational level significantly affected both parents’ myopia awareness and children’s vision-threatening behaviors (P<0.01). Left-behind children showed a higher incidence of vision-threatening habits than those who lived with their parents (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The results reveal the current situation of myopia development among rural primary school students and their parents. This survey will serve as a guidance for designing myopic prevention policies in the rural areas of China.     

Proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11y: the Shenzhen elementary school eye study

AIM: To investigate the proportion and characteristic of emmetropia in schoolchildren aged 6-11, especially estimate the normal value of ocular biometric parameters of emmetropia. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted on children aged 6-11y in Shenzhen. Totally, 2386 schoolchildren from two primary schools were involved. The axial length (AL) and the corneal radius of curvature (CRC) were measured by partial coherence laser interferometry. Noncycloplegic refraction and refractive astigmatism (RA) was measured using autorefraction. The axial length-to-corneal radius of curvature ratio (AL/CRC), corneal astigmatism (CA) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were calculated. RESULTS: The proportion of emmetropia in elementary school students was 41.30%. This percentage decreased gradually from 6 to 11 years of age and decreased rapidly after 9 years of age. The mean and 95%CI of each parameter were provided for boys and girls aged 6 to 11 years of age with emmetropia according to each age group. The change trend of parameters of boys and girls are similar. After 7 years of age, the AL of non-emmetropia started to increase faster than that of emmetropia. The change trend of AL/CRC was the same as that of AL. The other parameters tend to be stable after 7 years of age. CONCLUSION: The age of 7-9 is an important period for the changes of refractive state and ocular biometric parameters of primary school students, and it is a special focus period for children myopia prevention. The normal value and variation of ocular biometric parameters of emmetropia can provide the basis for the clinical judgment of whether or not children’s ocular biometric parameters obtained by single measurement and changes obtained by multiple measurements are abnormal.     

Effect of artificial natural light on the development of myopia among primary school-age children in China: a three-year longitudinal study

AIM: To assess the efficacy of artificial natural light in preventing incident myopia in primary school-age children. METHODS: This is a prospective, randomized control, intervention study. A total of 1840 students from 39 classes in 4 primary schools in Foshan participated in this study. The whole randomization method was adopted to include classes as a group according to 1:1 randomized control. Classrooms in the control group were illuminated by usual light, and classrooms in the intervention group were illuminated by artificial natural light. All students received uncorrected visual acuity and best-corrected visual acuity measurement, non-cycloplegic autorefraction, ocular biometric examination, slit lamp and strabismus examination. Three-year follow-up, the students underwent same procedures. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction ≤ -0.50 D and uncorrected visual acuity <20/20. RESULTS: There were 894 students in the control group and 946 students in the intervention group with a mean±SD age of 7.50±0.53y. The three-year cumulative incidence rate of myopia was 26.4% (207 incident cases among 784 eligible participants at baseline) in the control group and 21.2% (164 incident cases among 774 eligible participants at baseline) in the intervention group [difference of 5.2% (95%CI, 3.7% to 10.1%); P=0.035]. There was also a significant difference in the three-year change in spherical equivalent refraction for the control group (-0.81 D) compared with the intervention group [-0.63 D; difference of 0.18 D (95%CI, 0.08 to 0.28 D); P<0.001]. Elongation of axial length was significantly different between in the control group (0.77 mm) and the intervention group [0.72 mm; difference of 0.05 mm (95%CI, 0.01 to 0.09 mm); P=0.003]. CONCLUSION: Artificial natural light in the classroom of primary schools can result in reducing incidence rate of myopia during a period of three years.     

Analysis of the Prevalence and Situation of Myopia in Adolescents from South China

Purpose: To conduct dynamic detection of refraction changes in adolescents with myopia and analyze the correlation between different reexamination times and factors that included age of onset, initial refractive power, and rate of myopia progression.Methods: A total of 900 adolescents(aged 6-15 years) with myopia admitted to Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between2009 and 2013 were randomly selected in this investigation.All participants underwent objective refraction measurement with an autorefractometer(Topcon 8900) or streak retinoscopy and subjective refraction detection with an autorefractor(Nidek).or minus-lens procedures at different time intervals(6months, 1, and 2 years). Accurate refractive power was obtained..All data were analyzed with SPSS 18.0 statistical software.Results:.The mean refractive power was increased by 0.56 ±0.37 diopters(D) after 6 months,.by 0.83±0.45 D after 1 year,.and by 1.50±0.70 D after 2 years..Among the 900 adolescents,.the most rapid increase in refractive power was observed at the age of 8 years at the 6-month reexamination, at the age of8 and 9 years at the 1-year reexamination,.and at the age of 7-9 years at the 2-year reexamination..The increase in index of refraction tended to diminish with aging..The different cycles of reexamination revealed a slowing of the rate of myopia progression along with the increase in the initial index of refraction..The highest rate of myopia progression was noted in low-myopic adolescents with initial refractive power ranging from-0.25 to 2.75 D.Conclusion:.No positive correlation was documented between different cycles of reexamination and the refractive power. The increase in refractive power was associated with factors that included the reexamination cycle, age of onset, and initial refractive power.     

Prevalence of heterophoria in a population of school children in central China:the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

AIM:To investigate the prevalence of heterophoria and the relationship between heterophoria and refractive error in a school-based study conducted in central China.METHODS:A total of 23637 th-grade children were recruited into the cross-sectional school-based Anyang Childhood Eye Study(ACES)by cluster sampling method.Heterophoria was examined using alternate cover and cover-uncover testing.The Maddox rod and prism test were conducted at 33 cm and 6 m distance fixation.Uncorrected viual acuity(UCVA)and best-corrected viual acuity(BCVA)were recorded as logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution(logM AR)with cycloplegic autorefraction by administrating of Mydrin-P and 1.0%cyclopentolate.Hyperopia was defined as the spherical equivalent(SE)refraction of+0.50 D or greater,and higher hyperopia was defined as+2.00 D or greater.Emmetropia was defined as the SE refraction in the range of-0.49 to+0.49 D,and myopia was in the SE refraction range from-0.50 D to less.RESULTS:Totally 2260 students in grade 7 were examined.Response rate among eligible children was 95.64%.Totally 486 children,22.66%of the population,were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 479 were diagnosed with exophoria at near distance,and 6 with esophoria.Totally 89(4.15%)children were diagnosed with heterophoria in which 82 had exophoria,and 7 had esophoria at far distance.Exophoria was common at near fixation(22.33%).Myopia was examined to be related to exophoria at near distance(OR 3.03,95%CI 2.33-3.95)and far distance fixation(OR 1.90,95%CI 1.09-3.32).CONCLUSION:Exophoria is a predominant heterophoria for 7 th-grade junior school in central China.Significant associations are discovered between heterophoria and refractive error.Hyperopia is associated with esophoria,and myopia is associated with exophoria.     

Eleven-year Experience with Radial Keratotomy

1 900 consecutive eyes that underwent radial keratotomy by the senior author were evaluated retrospectively. 3 months after surgery, minimum reduction in mean spherical equivalent of 0. 67D was achieved with 1 incision and maximum 7. 250 with 24 incisions. Unconnected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was obtained in 99. 4% of eyes with low myopia, 64. 2% with moderate myopia and 32. 4% with high myopia. For anisometropia, bilateral RK reduced refractive error from -12. 12D to -5. 22D in more myopic eyes and -8. 18D to -3. 4D in less myopic eyes and unilateral surgeries reduced refractive error from -9. 45D to -3. 85D. Anisometropia after surgery became clinically and physically acceptable and aniseikonia was significantly improved. No vision threatening complications occurred. Our results indicate that radial keratotomy is a relatively safe and effective surgical procedure for myopia. Eye Science 1994;10: 6-12.     

【In Press】 Three-year results of small incision lenticule extraction and wavefront-guided femtosecond laser-Assisted Laser in situ keratomileusis for correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism

AIM: To compare the 3-year refractive results, higher-order aberrations, contrast sensitivity and dry eye after small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and wavefront-guided femtosecond laser-Assisted Laser in situ keratomileusis（FS-LASIK）for correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism. METHODS: In this prospective, non-randomized comparative study, 78 eyes with a mean spherical equivalent (SE) of -8.11±1.09 diopters (D) received a SMILE surgery using VisuMax femtosecond laser, and 65 eyes with a mean SE of -8.05±1.12 D received a wavefront-guided FS-LASIK surgery with the VisuMax femtosecond laser for flap cutting. Visual acuity, manifest refraction, contrast sensitivity, higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and tear break-up time (TBUT) were evaluated during a 3-year follow-up. RESULTS: The best postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was achieved at 1mo after FS-LASIK, and at 3 months after SMILE, whereas the difference of the mean UDVA between two groups at 3 years were not statistically significant (t=-1.59, P=0.13). The postoperative change of SE was 0.89 D in the FS-LASIK treated eyes (t=5.76, P=0.00), and 0.14 D in the SMILE treated eyes (t=0.54, P=0.59) from 1 month to 3 years after surgery. At 3 years postoperatively, both the HOAs and spherical aberrations in the SMILE treated eyes were markedly less than those in the FS-LASIK treated eyes ( P=0.00), but the coma RMS was higher in the SMILE treated eyes (0.59±0.26) than in the FS-LASIK treated eyes (0.29±0.14, P=0.00). The mesopic contrast sensitivity values between two groups at all spatial frequencies were not statistically significant at 3 years postoperatively. Compared to the FS-LASIK group, lower OSDI scores and longer TBUT values were found in the SMILE group at 1 month and 3 months postoperatively. With regard to safety, no eye lost any line of CDVA in both groups at 3 years after surgery. CONCLUSION: Both SMILE and wavefront-guided FS-LASIK procedures provide good visual outcomes and an efficacious correction of high myopia and myopic astigmatism with similar levels of safety. SMILE surgery achieved more stable long-term refractive outcome and better control of early postoperative dry eye as compared to FS-LASIK.     

西安市2003年中学生动态眼屈光状况调查

目的:对中学生眼健康状况中的动态屈光基本情况进行调查,为青少年眼保健提供研究资料。方法:采用横断面调查设计,对中学生3711人次7422眼动态眼屈光状态等指标进行采集,用SPSS11.0软件进行统计分析。结果:1)中学生(年龄13～18岁)在正常动态情况下,近视眼的检出率为91.2%,其中低度近视为51.7%,中度近视31.8%,高度近视7.7%,正视眼仅占5.7%,远视眼占3.1%;2)中学生平均屈光度为(-2.76±2.24)D,其中低度近视平均(-1.68±0.76)D,中度近视平均(-4.35±0.84)D,高度近视平均(-7.47±1.33)D。6个年级平均屈光度为:初1(-1.57±1.66)D,初2(-1.94±2.04)D,初3(-3.26±2.09)D,高1(-3.29±2.49)D,高2(-3.09±2.31)D,高3(-3.57±2.25)D。6个年级间的屈光度比较有显著性差异(P=0.000),初三与高一、高二间无显著性差异;3)女生组平均屈光度大于男生组;综合中学生全体,女生为(-2.88±2.25)D,男生为(-2.65±2.23)D,统计学提示性别的显著性差异(P=0.000),说明中学阶段女生的近视进展趋势均早于男生;4)眼别中右眼组平均屈光度[(-2.86±2.19)D]大于左眼组[(-2.67±2.29)D](P=0.000),男女生右眼组平均屈光度大于其相应左眼组(P男=0.045,P女=0.002),低度近视组右眼平均屈光度大于左眼(P=0.015),提示中学阶段右眼在近视化进展期早于左眼。结论:6个年级相比,中、高度近视组在初3年级明显升高,正视、远视组在6年间递减,提示近视眼的检出率在初三年级及其以后发生了明显增加。整个中学阶段,学生的屈光度在初中,尤其是初三年级有明显的近视化,高一、高二稳定,在高三年级有继续向近视发展的趋势。女生在近视进展期早于男生,右眼早于左眼。应针对中学各年级学生这一人群的近视化发展趋势,采取积极措施,对其近视化过程进行医学干预。     

甘肃省兰州市中小学生近视的患病率及相关因素调查

目的了解兰州市中小学生近视患病状况,为中小学生近视的预防和控制提供科学依据。方法横断面调查研究。采取分层整群随机抽样的方法,随机抽取兰州市城关区、七里河区、安宁区各1所小学、初中及高中,再从每个年级随机抽取1个班作为调查对象,普查其眼科情况,包括普通视力、眼压（IOP）、电脑验光、光学相干生物测量仪（IOLMaster）检查等。不同年级之间各屈光参数进行单因素方差分析,等效球镜度（SE）与各屈光参数关系采用Pearson线性相关分析,不同年级及性别之间近视患病率差异比较采用卡方检验。结果总共抽查兰州市中小学生1 802人（3 604眼）,近视的患病率为71.50%,其中男、女生近视患病率分别为70.61％、72.55％,差异有统计学意义（χ²=10.43,P<0.05）。小学、初中、高中近视患病率依次为51.1%、88.1%、94.5%,小学一年级至高中三年级各年级近视患病率分别为17.7％、36.4％、49.6％、64.8%、64.8%、75.7%、81.6%、90.4%、93.2%、93.4%、94.5%、95.4%,各个年级间近视患病率差异具有统计学意义（χ²=1501,P<0.05）。眼轴长度随着年级增高也呈增长趋势（小学一年级、初中一年级及高中三年级之间相互比较,P＜0.05）,裸眼视力（UCVA）随着年级增高呈下降趋势（小学一年级、初中一年级及高中三年级之间相互比较,P＜0.05）,角膜曲率随着年级增高未见明显变化趋势。SE与身高、体质量呈中度相关（r=-0.479,P<0.05;r=-0.439,P<0.05）,与UCVA、眼轴长度高度相关（r=0.708,P<0.05;r=-0.710,P<0.05）,与角膜曲率无相关性（r=0.002,P＞0.05）。结论兰州市中小学生近视患病率高达71.50%,女生高于男生。近视患病率随年级升高而增高,SE与UCVA、眼轴长度相关。     

中山市2006～2007年中小学生近视调查分析

目的 探讨中山市中小学近视情况及相关因素.方法 采用随机整群抽样调查方法.在2006年至2007年期间,对中山市中小学通过随机抽样在市区和镇区6所学校(包括市区3所镇区3所)进行调查,采用问卷调查和散瞳验光检查其屈光度.各年级间及镇区与市区之间学生近视发病率采用卡方检验,近视率与用眼时间用相关系数分析.结果 此次调查对象共9379人,近视5443人,近视率58.03%,近视率从小学一年级8.04%上升到高三86.68%,市区和镇区小学近视率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),初中阶段市区近视率明显高于镇区(P＜0.01),高中阶段高三毕业班近视率明显高于高一高二非毕业班(P＜0.05镇区P＜0.001市区).此次调查中眼保健操对预防近视加深无明显作用(P0.05),每天看书总时间、一次持续看书时间、看课外书时间与近视发生呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.995、0.992、0.999.结论 中山市中小学生近视率较高,近视率与用眼时间密切相关.如何适当减轻学生的学习负担是预防近视的关键.     

通辽市蒙汉族中小学生视力及屈光调查分析

目的了解蒙汉族中小学生视力及屈光状态,为中小学生视力保健提供依据。方法对通辽市2002年至2005年7～18岁蒙汉族、城乡中小学生以随机分层、整群抽样方法,进行裸眼视力检查,对视力低常者做常规眼科检查。共调查学生35944名,蒙族学生9084名,汉族学生26860名。正常视力者24471名,占总数68.1%。在视力低常学生中抽取2760名,除11名其它眼病外,对2749名进行散瞳验光,汉族1576人,蒙族1173人。结果视力低常者为11473名(22946眼),占受检总数31.9%,其中小学生视力低常率为18.8%,初中为39.2%,高中为55.9%。蒙族视力低常率为28.4%,汉族为33.1%。随学龄增长增高4.6倍。视力低常者中近视眼有3518眼,占视力低常者64%,轻度近视占视力低常者的38.5%,中度近视22.7%,重度近视2.8%;远视眼占18.8%,正视眼占12.1%,混合散光5.1%;弱视占1.6%,其它占0.4%。视力低常者中近视居首位,7岁时近视眼42.3%,13岁时近视眼66.7%,16岁时近视眼77.9%。随着年龄增长而近视眼患病率增高。视力低常率、近视患病率在中小学生、蒙汉族、城乡、男女之间差异有高度统计学意义(P<0.01)。蒙族学生低于汉族,男生低于女生,农村低于城市。结论通辽市蒙汉族中小学生视力低常率高于国内报告的其它少数民族地区,视力低常率近视患病率随年龄增长而增高,中小学生视力低常的主要原因是近视眼。     

后巩膜加固术与角膜塑形术治疗中小学生近视的疗效比较

目的对后巩膜加固术与角膜塑形术治疗中小学生近视进行比较。方法 后巩膜加固术36例72眼,角膜塑形术75例150眼,对手术前后视力,屈光变化及不良反应进行分析,术后观察时间平均19.6个月。结果 后巩膜加固术有1例近视发展-0.75D,4例近视度减少-0.25D～0.50D,其余不变,有效率97％,无其他不良反应;角膜塑形术有效率56％,随着时间推移,近视回退率逐渐增多,不良反应有异物感、畏光、角膜上皮剥脱、散光增加。结论 后巩膜加固术治疗中小学生近视的疗效优于角膜塑形术。     

The prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Dezful, Iran

AIM: To determine the prevalence of refractive errors among schoolchildren in urban and rural areas of Dezful County, Iran. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, using random cluster sampling, 5721 Dezful schoolchildren were selected from 39 clusters. The participants in the study totalled 5544; 3673 elementary and middle school students and 1871 high school students. For the former group, cycloplegic refraction and for the latter, non-cycloplegic refraction was tested. In all participants, uncorrected visual acuity and best corrected visual acuity were determined, and those with a visual acuity of 20/40 or worse, underwent a complete ophthalmic examination to determine the cause of visual impairment. A spherical equivalent of -0.5 diopter (D) or worse was defined as myopia, +2.0 D or more was defined as hyperopia, and a cylinder refraction greater than 0.75 D was considered astigmatism. RESULTS: The uncorrected visual acuity was 20/40 or worse in the better eye of 224 schoolchildren (3.8% of participants). This figure (percentage) was 14 (0.03%) based on their best corrected visual acuity and 96 (1.7%) with their presenting vision. According to results of cycloplegic refraction, 3.4% (95% confidence interval (CI), 2.5 to 4.4) of the primary and middle school students were myopic and 16.6% (95% CI, 13.6 to 19.7) were hyperopic. For high school students, these rates were 2.1% (95% CI, 0.7 to 3.5) and 33.0% (95% CI, 24.9 to 41.1), respectively, with non-cycloplegic refraction. In the multivariate logistic regression for primary and middle school students, myopia was correlated with age (p = 0.030), and hyperopia was correlated with age (p<0.001) and area of residence (p = 0.007). In high school students, hyperopia again showed a correlation with their area of residence (p = 0.029). CONCLUSION: The present study reveals the considerable prevalence rates of refractive errors among schoolchildren in Dezful County and the high rate of an unmet need for their correction. Although myopia is not very prevalent, the high rate of hyperopia in the studied population emphasises its need for attention.     

深圳市中小学生视力及视力低常原因

目的　了解深圳市中小学生视力及屈光状态 ,为防治中小学生视力不良提供依据。方法　2 0 0 1年 6月至 2 0 0 1年 9月 ,用随机整群抽样方法 ,对深圳市 2 3 76名 (4 75 2眼 )中小学生进行视力普查 ,对其中视力低常者进行屈光检查 ,并对结果进行分析。结果　在 2 3 76名中小学生中 ,视力低常人数 1 42 7名 (2 794眼 ) ,占普查人数的 60 0 6% ,主要原因为屈光不正。小学组以远视眼为主 (占5 4 3 4% ) ,初、高中组以近视眼为主 (分别占 5 4 0 6% ,74 68% )。自戴眼镜矫正视力 1 0以上者仅占 48 1 7%。结论　深圳市中小学生中视力低常者超过半数 ,主要原因为屈光不正。近视眼的患病率增加。半数以上已戴眼镜者镜片屈光度不够准确。     

广州城乡结合部中小学生视力不良与干眼发生情况调查

目的:探讨广州市城乡结合部中小学生干眼症发生与视力不良的关系.方法:采用分层整群随机抽样,抽取城乡结合部小学和初中,自制问卷调查学生3572名,同时现场进行眼科常规检查及泪液分泌试验、泪膜破裂时间测定和角结膜荧光素染色三项检查,采用SPSS19.00软件对数据进行分析.结果:本次调查中3572名7144眼对象中,视力不良总体人数为764名1447眼,按眼数计算总体视力不良率为20.25%,其中小学视力不良率为14.08%,初中视力不良率为29.51%,初中视力不良率明显高于小学(P<0.05);干眼症总体人数为424例848眼,总体干眼症发生率为11.87%,其中小学干眼症发生率为5.14%,初中干眼症发生率为21.96%,初中干眼症发生率明显高于小学(P<0.05);有序多分类Logistic回归分析,结果显示初中、每天做作业时间1~3h及>3h、眼与书本距离<30cm,躺着看书、每天看电视玩电脑手机时间1~3h及>3h、干眼症和营养状况(肥胖和消瘦)是中小学生视力不良的影响因素(OR=3.862、1.164、1.210、1.212、1.315、1.319、3.040、1.110、1.057、1.141).结论:中小学生视力不良的影响因素多,其中干眼症是广州市城乡结合部中小学生视力不良的危险因素之一.     

223例高中学生3年间眼屈光状况的纵断面变化

目的 观察高中学生3年间眼屈光状况及相关参数的变化.方法 对2007届高中学生追踪观察,全年级共完成3次完整记录和检查者223例,其中,男性115例（51.6%）,女性108例（48.4%）.采用NIKON SPEEDY-K自动验光仪、在非睫状肌麻痹情况下进行动态眼屈光指标进行采集;检查项目包括：（1）客观眼部检测;（2）问卷调查.结果 ①进入16岁的高中阶段,学生的眼屈光度平均为-3.00D以上的中度近视;与初三年级的屈光度相比,高一、高二年级学生眼近视化过程呈现近视减缓（暂称为＆quot;回退现象＆quot;）,并在高二、高三年级学生眼近视化过程呈现近视加重（暂称为＆quot;递增现象＆quot;）;高一、高二球镜回退时,柱镜呈进展趋势,早于高二、高三的近视加速.在高中3年间,左眼的近视加重速度高于右眼、男生的近视加重速度高于女生,近视屈光度的眼别的差异和性别的差异在高三消失.身高、体重、眼压等参数随屈光改变发生相应的变化.②高中3年期间,男生身高增加1 cm,女生仅0.35 cm;体重男生增加1.62 kg,女生1.06 kg.到高3时,男生平均身高174.83 cm,女生162.39 cm;男生平均体重64.88 kg,女生52.51 kg.③高中3年期间,眼压呈降低趋势,右眼降低幅度大于左眼,女生眼压降低幅度大于男生,男生右眼降低0.7 mm Hg、左眼0.45 mm Hg,女生右眼降低1.46 mm Hg、左眼1.51 mm Hg.高一时女生、右眼眼压偏高,到高三时左右眼、男女生眼压趋于一致,男生平均眼压右眼16.73 mm Hg、左眼16.76 mm Hg,女生右眼16.68 mm Hg、左眼16.65 mm Hg.结论 进入高中阶段,持续医源性干预可以有效的控制近视的发展,有可能将近视度数控制在较为安全的单纯性的低度近视范围,具体措施包括有效的矫正散光,关注身体发育速度,检测和控制眼压在正常平均值以下,同时控制的关键点是青春发育期的13～15岁,应将近视的医源性干预工作重点放在近视的快速进展期在初中三年级以前.     

2 837名中学生近视进展情况的调查研究

目的了解中学生近视进展情况及相关因素,分析近视进展的原因。方法以调查表的形式,调查了本市７所中学在校患近视眼的学生,选出符合条件的２８３７名作为调查对象。结果２８３７名学生中３ａ来近视进展者１８６１名,占６５．６０％,且近视进展率随年级增加而呈上升趋势,高中学生近视进展率较初中学生有非常显著性差异。近视进展度数在－０．７５～－１．５０Ｄ之间的占７４．１６％．相关因素中,每日学习时间达１２～１３ｈ的占８９．５３％;经常连续学习超过９０ｍｉｎ的占６７．２５％;每日睡眠不足８ｈ的占４７．３４％．结论长时间的近距离作业、睡眠不足是近视进展的主要原因。减轻学生的学习负担,是防止近视进展的关键。