小于胎龄儿生后早期肾脏功能初探

目的对小于胎龄儿(SGA)生后早期肾脏功能进行回顾性对照研究,以探寻SGA儿早期肾功能损害的诊断方法。方法选择早产SGA儿40例、足月SGA儿33例作为研究组,并以早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)80例、足月儿AGA 33例作为对照组。比较各组入院48 h内血清尿素氮(BUN)、血清肌酐(SCr)、估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、血压、单位体重尿量以及蛋白尿的发生情况。结果早产儿SGA组的BUN低于AGA组(P0.05),两组间SCr、eGFR、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与足月儿AGA组比较,SGA组的SCr较高、eGFR较低,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组间BUN、血压的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿或足月儿AGA与SGA之间单位体重尿量的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。早产儿AGA与SGA之间蛋白尿发生率的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),足月儿AGA与SGA组均无蛋白尿发生。结论 SCr、eGFR对评估SGA早期肾脏损害较为敏感。足月儿SGA较AGA肾脏功能减低。     

小于胎龄儿生长相关异常及生长激素治疗

小于胎龄儿(SGA)又称宫内生长迟缓(IUGR)，一般指出生体重低于同胎龄、同性别平均体重的第十百分位以下或同胎龄平均体重2个标准差的新生儿。人群中SGA的发生率约为3％～10％，在中国为7．5％。大部分SGA儿生后出现追赶生长而达到正常范围，但仍有10％～15％不能赶上，其中约半数至成年后身高会低于正常平均身高的2个标准差，对这部分儿童可应用生长激素(GH)，以促进生长，改善最终身高。现主要介绍SGA儿的内分泌、GH治疗对SGA儿的生长发育及代谢的影响。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育(出生体重、身长、头围)情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素,自1999年5月～2000年12月,对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对,进行前瞻性调查.结果显示小于胎龄儿(SGA)36例,发生率为8.5%,适于胎龄儿(AGA)294例,大于胎龄儿(LGA)94例,SGA组除出生体重外,身长、头围三项指标均低,与AGA组有非常显著意义(P值均＜0.001).影响SGA体格发育Logis-tic回归分析最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐、被动吸烟、贫血、羊水量过少和母患妊高征.母亲身高、文化程度、胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关.SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33.3%,与AGA组的2.7%比较有非常显著意义(P＜0.01).因此,防治常见妊娠合并症,加强孕期营养,提高自我保护意识,将有助于降低SGA发生.     

不同类型小于胎龄儿的生长发育比较

各国报道的小于胎龄儿发生率约为3％。小于胎龄儿是导致围生期患儿发病和死亡的重要原因之一,且预后与成年期多种疾病相关。仅通过出生体重来判断小于胎龄儿的生长受限不够全面,因为未考虑到小于胎龄儿的身体比例。根据孕期影响因子的来源、作用于胎儿的时间和作用严重程度的不同,会产生两类小于胎龄儿：匀称型小于胎龄儿和非匀称型小于胎龄儿。二者出生后的体格和神经发育情况可能存在差异。该文通过比较各分类指标,并在各分类指标下探讨匀称型小于胎龄儿和非匀称型小于胎龄儿的体格神经发育差异。     

小于胎龄儿相关因素的研究

为了解不同类型胎儿体格发育（出生体重，身长，头围）情况及小于胎龄儿相关因素，自1999年5月－2000年12月，对在我院分娩的单胎活产新生儿及其母亲424对，进行前瞻性调查。结果显示：小于胎龄儿（SGA）36例，发生率为8．5％，适于胎龄儿（AGA）294例，大于胎龄儿（LGA）94例，SGA组除出生体重外，身长，头围三项指标均低，与AGA组有非常显著意义（P值均＜0．001），影响SGA体格发育Logistic回归分析：最主要危险因素为母孕早期剧吐，被动吸烟，贫血，羊水量过少和母患妊高征，母亲身高，文化程度，胎盘重量与胎儿体格发育呈正相关，SGA组新生儿生后五天内发病率最高为33．3％，与AGA组的2．7％比较有非常显著意义（P＜0．01），因此，防治常见妊娠合并症，加强孕期营养，提高自我保护意识，将有助于降低SGA发生。     

小于胎龄儿大脑的发育及与适于胎龄儿的比较

人脑生长的关键期在妊娠中期至生后二年,小于胎龄儿(SGA)的畸形发生率与死亡率都比适于胎龄儿(AGA)高,出生后体格及智能发育亦常受到影响,一些SGA出生后智能发育落后,是否与其在宫内脑发育受到影响有关?为了了解SGA大脑的发育情况,我们应用颅脑超声对SGA大脑发育情况进行了观察,并与AGA婴儿进行比较,现报告如下。对象和方法一、对象1996年11月～1997年11月在我院的SGA共48例,男21例,女27例,其中足月SGA36例,胎龄为39.7±1.4周,出生体重为2453.3±310.7g;早产SGA12例,胎龄为35.1±1.6周,出生体重为1757±298.7g。AGA共151例,男91…     

我国小于胎龄儿现状分析

研究我国小于胎龄儿（SGA）的现状。方法　调研我国22个省、自治区、直辖市的86所医院提供的2005 - 01 - 01 T 00:00:00至2005 - 12 - 31 T 00:00:00出院的产科出生的新生儿（45 014例）中SGA的发生率,总结分析该86所医院新生儿科住院患儿（54 466例）中SGA的临床资料。结果　（1）产科出生的 新生儿中SGA 的发生率为6.61 %,其中早产儿中SGA发生率（13.10 %）高于足月儿（6.05 %）;（2）新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的比例为9.19 %;（3）SGA中窒息 、呼吸窘迫综合征（RDS） 、肺出血、呼吸暂停、缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）、胃潴留、消化道出血、坏死性小肠结肠炎（NEC）、寒冷损伤综合征、先天畸形的构 成比高于适于胎龄儿（AGA）和大于胎龄儿（LGA）;（4）在SGA的转归中,治愈、好转率分别为57.47 %和27.41 %, 自动出院占13.17 %,病死率为1.95 %。其 中SGA病死率明显高于AGA和LGA, 而治愈好转率（84.88 %）则明显低于AGA 和LGA。 结论　我国新生儿科住院患儿中SGA的患病率和病死率较高,加强围生期监 测和干预以减少SGA发生、积极防治SGA并发症仍是我国目前围产工作的重点。     

早产小于胎龄儿与适于胎龄儿住院期间生长代谢的临床研究

目的 探讨早产小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）住院期间生长代谢的差异.方法 回顾性分析我院2008年1月至2012年12月收治的胎龄28 ～ 34周早产儿病例,根据胎龄与出生体重的关系分为SGA组与AGA组,比较两组早产儿一般情况、体格增长、血生化指标及合并症等.结果 纳入研究的早产儿共164例,SGA组78例,AGA组86例.2组早产儿入院胎龄、性别、发生呼吸窘迫综合征的比例、恢复出生体重日龄等差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.SGA组与AGA组相比,窒息比例高（25.6％比12.8％）,住院时间长[36.5（28,45.5）天比28（22,36）天],肠外营养时间长[26（19,35）天比22（16,30）天],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.恢复出生体重后,SGA组与AGA组相比平均每日体重增长速率快[（20.6＆#177;3.3） g/（kg＆#183; d）比（18.4＆#177;3.8）g/（kg＆#183;d）],每周头围增长速度快[（0.71＆#177;0.25） cm比（0.55＆#177;0.26） cm],差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,每周身长增长速度差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.SGA组前白蛋白低于AGA组,胆汁酸高于AGA组,败血症和慢性肺疾病发生率均高于AGA组（20.5％比9.3％,11.5％比1.2％）,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,早产儿视网膜病和坏死性小肠结肠炎发生率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 SGA早产儿恢复出生体重后生长速率及头围增长速度快于AGA早产儿,但身长增长速度无差异;SGA早产儿出生及出院时血前白蛋白水平均低于AGA早产儿;SGA早产儿更易发生胆汁淤积、败血症及慢性肺疾病.     

适于胎龄儿和小于胎龄儿小脑发育的对比研究

目的 探讨适于胎龄儿（AGA）和小于胎龄儿（SGA）的小脑发育是否存在差异。方法 选取165例胎龄25~40⁺⁶周的AGA和105例相应胎龄的SGA纳入研究。于新生儿出生24~48 h内采用超声测量小脑横径、小脑蚓部高度、小脑蚓部面积、小脑蚓部周长、小脑横径切面小脑面积、小脑横径切面小脑周长。采用Pearson相关分析法进行各测量值与胎龄关系的分析。结果 不论AGA还是SGA,小脑各测量值和胎龄均呈正相关（r=0.50~0.81,P < 0.05）。AGA和SGA各测量值在胎龄25~27⁺⁶周、28~30⁺⁶周、31~33⁺⁶周亚组中的比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,但在胎龄34~36⁺⁶周、37~40⁺⁶周亚组中,SGA的各测量值均明显低于AGA（P < 0.05）。结论 胎龄 < 34周SGA的宫内小脑发育与同胎龄的AGA类似,而≥34周SGA的宫内小脑发育落后于AGA。     

生长激素治疗小于胎龄儿的有关问题

小于胎龄儿(SGA)是指出生体质量位于同胎龄平均体质量的第10百分位数以下或低于2s的小儿,其成年后易出现身材矮小、代谢性疾病及心血管疾病。近年来,重组人生长激素(rhGH)治疗身材矮小的儿童取得了不错的效果,其应用指征也得到了极大的丰富。本文就rhGH在SGA的应用,包括剂量、治疗年龄、对机体代谢的影响及不良反应进行简要综述。     

Natural growth in children born small for gestational age with and without catch-up growth

This first report from a population-based postnatal growth study of 3650 healthy Swedish subjects born at full term provides new reference values for height and weight and shows that over the last 20 years there has been a small secular trend in height (0.2–0.4 SDS over the whole age range) in Sweden in both boys and girls. Within this cohort, 111 (3.1%) were of low birth weight (below –2 SDS) and 141 (3.5%) were of low birth length (below –2 SDS); 54 (1.5%) were both light and short at birth. Of the children born small for gestational age, 87% showed full catch-up growth within 2 years of life. They attained puberty at a normal or early age and reached a mean final height of –0.7 SDS. The remaining subgroup of 13% born small for gestational age remained below –2 SDS throughout childhood and reached puberty somewhat early. Their mean final height was –1.7 SDS. The current data set is too small to identify possible background factors, but it is being expanded with this objective in mind.     

Aetiology and classification of small for gestational age infants

Objective: To determine important aetiological factors in small gestational age (SGA) infants and the effectiveness of anthropometric indexes in identifying patterns of growth retardation.
Methodology: Eighty-four SGA infants and 81 controls were enrolled. Maternal biological, lifestyle and psychosocial factors were compared for the total group and the term Caucasian subset. Anthropometric indexes were also examined in relation to growth patterns.
Results: Decreased maternal size, poor weight gain, previous SGA infant and smoking were significantly associated with SGA status. Poor parental education and unemployment was increased in the study group. Mothers of SGA infants, especially the term Caucasian group, had a greater prevalence of hypertension and depressive and stress symptomatology. Ponderal index failed to identify discreet patterns of disproportionate/proportionate growth retardation.
Conclusion: Biological, lifestyle and psychosocial differences remain important aetiological factors of intrauterine growth retardation. Identification of specific patterns of growth retardation by ponderal index remains controversial.     

Growth hormone treatment of short children born small for gestational age: metanalysis of four independent, randomized, controlled, multicentre studies

A minority of children born small for gestational age (SGA) fail to achieve sufficient catch-up growth during infancy and remain short throughout childhood, apparently without being growth hormone (GH) deficient. The effect of GH administration was evaluated over 2 years in short prepubertal children born SGA. The children ( n = 244), who were taking part in four independent multicentre studies, had been randomly allocated to groups receiving either no treatment or GH treatment at a daily dose of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.3 IU/kg (0.033, 0.067 or 0.1 mg/kg) s.c. At birth, their mean length SD score (SDS) was -3.6 and their mean weight SDS -2.6; at the start of the study, mean age was 5.2 years, bone age 3.8 years, height SDS -3.3, height SDS adjusted for parental height -2.4, weight SDS -4.7 and body mass index (BMI) SDS -1.4. The untreated children had a low-normal growth velocity and poor weight gain. Although bone maturation progressed more slowly than chronological age, final height prognosis tended to decrease, according to height SDS for bone age. GH treatment induced a dose-dependent effect on growth, up to a near doubling of height velocity and weight gain; BMI SDS was not altered. Bone maturation was also accelerated differentially; however, final height prognosis increased in all GH treatment groups. The more pronounced growth responses were observed in younger children with a lower height and weight SDS. In conclusion, GH administration is a promising therapy for normalizing short stature and low weight after insufficient catch-up growth in children born SGA. Long-term strategies incorporating GH therapy now remain to be established.     

小于胎龄儿肾功能、肾血流改变的观察分析

目的观察小于胎龄儿(SGA)肾功能、肾血流等相关指标,为早期诊治和随访提供依据。方法对87例SGA及20例正常足月新生儿的肾功能、肾血流变化等相关因素进行分析。结果与正常足月新生儿比较,足月SGA的彩超肾动脉血流参数中收缩期峰值流速(PSFV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDFV)在日龄第1天显著减低(P<0.05),而搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI)则显著升高(P<0.05)。与早产SGA相比,足月SGA的PSFV、EDFV在日龄第1天显著减低(P<0.05),而RI则显著增高(P<0.01);第7天各项指标基本恢复,与正常组比较差异无统计学意义。足月SGA尿素氮、肌酐虽在正常范围,但第1天与早产SGA和正常新生儿比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),第7天差异无统计学意义。结论SGA早期存在肾血流和肾功能等改变和并发症,临床应予足够的重视。     

Longitudinal follow-up of growth in children born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was followed in a population-based group of 123 small-for-gestational-age (SGA, birth weight < -2 SD) children (66 boys and 57 girls) to four years of age in order to determine the incidence and time of catch-up growth. Gestational age was determined by ultrasound in gestational weeks 16–17 in all pregnancies, thus eliminating the problem of distinguishing between SGA and preterm infants. Infants with well-defined causes for slow growth rate, i.e. those infants with chromosomal disorders, severe malformations, intrauterine viral infections or cerebral palsy, were excluded. The boys showed an extremely fast weight catch-up, 85% of them reaching weights greater than -2 SD at the age of three months and remaining above this level to the end of the study period. Such a fast catch-up growth was observed in only two-thirds of the girls, but at four years of age 85?4 of the girls were also above -2SD. Length catch-up was more gradual than weight catch-up. Of the boys, 54% had lengths below -2 SD at birth, 26% at 1 year of age, 22% at 2 years of age, 17% at 2.5 years of age and 11% (n= 8) at 4 years of age. Corresponding figures for girls were: 69% at birth, 28%) at 1 year, 15% at 2 years, 12% at 2.5 years and 5%) (n = 3) at 4 years. At 4 years of age, only six boys and three girls remained below -2 SD for both weight and height. We conclude that in Sweden the prognosis for catch-up growth for an SGA child, when children with well-defined causes of growth disturbances are excluded, is very good and it is extremely rare for the child still to have a height below -2 SD by the age of 4 years.     

Breastfeeding and catch-up growth in infants born small for gestational age

Postnatal growth was prospectively measured from birth to 1 y in 54 term infants born small for gestational age (SGA), fed either breast milk or a standard term infant formula. Breastfeeding was associated with a 0.36 and 0.64 standard deviation (SD) increase in weight at 2 weeks and 3 months of age. respectively, which persisted beyond the breastfeeding period (0.64 SD at 1 y). Breastfed infants also showed greater catch-up growth in head circumference [SD score (SDS) 0.53 higher at 3 months], and greater body length gain (SDS 0.68 higher at 6 months). This increased growth was independent of potentially confounding obstetric, social and demographic factors. Our findings suggest that breastfeeding may promote faster growth in infants compromised by poor growth in utero. SGA infants may be programmed for a number of adverse outcomes; the possibility that such events are altered by choice of postnatal diet is a key issue for future research.     

晚期早产儿与足月小于胎龄儿生长发育状况比较

目的比较均为低出生体质量的晚期早产与足月小于胎龄(SGA)儿童的生长和发育状况。方法随机选取100例出生体质量<2 500 g的3岁儿童,其中50例为晚期早产儿童,50例为足月SGA儿童,对其进行体格测量及盖赛尔(Gesell)发育量表评估。结果晚期早产和足月SGA儿童的出生体质量、出生身长相近,但3岁时晚期早产儿童的身高、体质量、头围明显优于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);Gesell发育评估显示,晚期早产儿童的动作能、应物能、语言能、应人能均高于足月SGA儿童,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论同为低出生体质量,晚期早产儿童的长期生长和发育状况优于足月SGA儿童。     

Risk factors for small for gestational age

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the paper was to determine the risk factors for small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants at full term, in Japan. METHODS: The study was conducted at four hospitals and clinics in the Tokyo metropolitan area. A retrospective review of 2972 mothers and their infants born from singleton pregnancies at any time during the years 2002 and 2003 was conducted. RESULTS: Of these women, 8.4% gave birth to SGA infants. The proportion of SGA infants was significantly higher among heavy smokers (>10 cigarettes/day; 13.7%, P < 0.01). The odds ratio (OR) for SGA decreased significantly in proportion to the pregnancy body mass index (OR, 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.84-0.94, P < 0.001). The OR of SGA for stratified maternal weight gain was 1.79 (95%CI: 1.24-2.58, P 12 kg. CONCLUSION: The present study clearly confirms the detrimental effect of a low prepregnancy body mass index, low maternal weight gain and maternal smoking during pregnancy on the incidence of SGA infants.     

小于胎龄儿新生儿期ghrelin水平与生长轴关系的研究

目的通过比较小于胎龄儿（SGA）与适于胎龄儿（AGA）新生儿早期血ghrelin水平和代谢促生长轴各因素的差别和相关性,探索ghrelin在SGA发病机制中的作用。方法通过配对对17例SGA和17例AGA的血清ghrelin、IGF-1、生长激素、胰岛素、血糖浓度进行比较并分析其差异的意义。结果与AGA组相比,SGA组血ghrelin水平显著升高（P〈0．05）,血IGF-1、胰岛素水平显著下降（P〈0．05）,血生长激素和血糖水平差异无统计学意义。结论与AGA相比,SGA新生儿有高ghrelin血症。SGA新生儿的高血ghrenlin水平伴随其低下的出生体重、身长、血IGF-1、胰岛素水平,在一定程度上反映了其宫内营养不良状况。ghrelin作为胰岛素的反调节激素,SGA的ghrelin高分泌可能是宫内能量负平衡所致低胰岛素、低IGF-1状态反馈和／或重整性调控的结果。