舒降之对维持血透患者微炎症状态的影响

目的: 通过观察舒降之对维持性血液透析患者相关炎症和营养指标白介素-6(IL-6)、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)、白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白的影响,了解其对维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态的作用,探讨他汀类药物在透析患者中应用指征.方法: 将34例稳定维持血液透析患者,随机分为实验组19例及对照组15例.实验期间实验组每位患者每日服用舒降之20 mg,对照组不服药,时间为2月,分别在实验开始、1月末、2月末检测患者血IL-6、CRP、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白及血脂浓度.实验结果采用t检验分析.结果:和实验前相比,实验结束时实验组IL-6明显升高、CRP明显降低、白蛋白与转铁蛋白升高 ,均具有统计学差异(P<0.01);而前白蛋白虽有一定幅度上升,但结果无统计学差异 .实验前后,总胆固醇、LDL浓度改变未显示出统计学差异.而实验结束时甘油三酯较1月末及实验开始时显著降低,结果具有统计学差异.对照组各项指标试验前后无明显改变.结论:舒降之可降低维持性血液透析患者血液CRP、IL-6浓度,升高转铁蛋白、白蛋白浓度,改善患者营养及微炎症状态,这种作用并不依赖于其调脂功能.     

左卡尼汀对血液透析患者微炎症及营养状况的影响

目的探讨左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者微炎症及营养状况的影响。方法选择62例维持性血液透析患者,随机分为左卡尼汀组和对照组,检测二组患者治疗前、治疗后血C反应蛋白（CRP）、血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（Alb）和血肌酐（SCr）值,计算Kt／V值。结果与治疗前及对照组治疗后比较,左卡尼汀组患者治疗后CRP水平下降,Alb、Hb升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;对照组患者治疗前后CRP、Alb、Hb无统计学差异（P〉0.05）;二组患者治疗前后SCr、Kt/V值均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论左卡尼汀可减轻维持性血液透析患者微炎症反应,改善患者营养状态。     

番茄红素对血液透析患者静脉铁剂诱导微炎症状态的影响

目的：观察维持性血液透析（MHD）患者由静脉铁剂诱导的微炎症状态,探讨番茄红素对其的干预作用。方法：60例MHD患者,随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各30例。对照组：在患者透析时给予蔗糖铁注射液100mg,2次／周,共10次,观察时间8周。试验组：除蔗糖铁注射液使用外,同时口服番茄红素胶囊,2粒／次,2次／d,用药8周,观察时间8周。观察并比较两组患者治疗前及治疗8周后的血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞比容（Hct）、血清铁（SI）、铁蛋白（SF）、转铁蛋白饱和度（TSAT）以及白细胞介素-1β（IL-18）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子（TNF—α）、C反应蛋白（CRP）等指标的变化。结果：两组患者治疗后IL-18、IL-6、TNF—α及CRP水平较治疗前均有显著性升高（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）,但是试验组升高幅度显著性小于对照组（P〈0．01）;试验组患者治疗后IL-10水平较治疗前有显著性升高（P〈0．01）,并且试验组升高幅度显著性大于对照组（P〈0．05）;两组血清IL-6、TNF—α水平均与SF呈正相关（P〈0．01）：两组Hb、Hct、SI、SF、TSAT较治疗前均有显著性升高（P〈0．01）,并且两组升高幅度相似,差异无统计学意义。结论：静脉铁剂治疗加剧了MHD患者的微炎症状态。番茄红素可减轻这种微炎症状态。     

血液灌流对维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨血液灌流治疗对维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态的影响。方法选择我院血液净化中心维持性血液透析患者60例,随机分为治疗组（男18例、女12例）和对照组（男16例、女14例）。另选择20名健康人作为正常组,监测治疗前后超敏C反应蛋白（hypersensitive C-reactive protein,hs-CRP）、同型半胱氨酸（homocysteine,HCY）、降钙素原（procalcitonin,PCT）以及营养学指标（血浆白蛋白、血浆前白蛋白、血红蛋白）的变化。结果与正常组相比,维持性血液透析患者的炎症因子hsCRP、HCY、PCT水平均显著升高,而血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白等营养学指标水平均显著降低。血液灌流治疗6周、12周后,治疗组CRP、HCY、PCT水平明显降低,血浆白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白明显升高,且随着时间延长,变化愈明显。结论血液灌流治疗可降低血hs—CRP、HCY、PCT水平,升高血门蛋白、前白蛋白和血红蛋白水平,显著改善维持性血液透析患者微炎症状态和营养状态。随治疗时间的延长,效果更加明显。     

左旋肉碱对腹膜透析患者微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨左旋肉碱（L-CN）对持续不卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者微炎症和营养状态的影响。方法选择我院肾内科透析龄超过3个月的CAPD患者39例,将其随机分为观察组和对照组。观察组给予静脉注射L-CN（每次1g、每周3次,共16周）。治疗前后检测超敏C-反应蛋白（hs—CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）,同时测定血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、转铁蛋白、肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷等生化指标。并用改良主观全面营养评价法（MSGAN）对患者进行微炎症和营养状态评估。结果观察组治疗后炎症因子hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α较治疗前均降低,血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白、转铁蛋白较治疗前升高,两组比较,差异具有统计学意义。而治疗前后肌酐、尿素氮、钙、磷的差异无统计学意义。结论左旋肉碱可改善CAPD患者的微炎症和营养状态。     

生脉注射液联合左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析低血压和微炎症状态影响

目的 观察生脉注射液联合左卡尼汀治疗维持性血液透析低血压的疗效及对微炎症状态的影响.方法 选择维持性血液透析低血压患者30例,分别观察生脉注射液联合左卡尼汀治疗前、治疗后患者的血压变化及低血压发生频次及炎症因子(hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α)的变化.结果 生脉注射液联合左卡尼汀治疗后患者血透中低血压发生率较治疗前明显下降(P＜0.05);透中最低血压和透后血压在治疗后较治疗前明显改善(P＜0.01);治疗后炎症因子(hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α)的水平较治疗前明显降低(P＜0.01).结论 生脉注射液联合左卡尼汀治疗维持性血液透低血压病例安全有效,提高了低血压患者对透析的耐受性,同时对维持性血透患者微炎症状态有改善作用.     

海昆肾喜胶囊对维持性血液透析患者脂质代谢及微炎症状态的影响

目的探讨海昆肾喜胶囊对维持性血液透析患者脂质代谢及微炎症状态的影响。方法选择2010年4月至2010年6月我院维持性血液透析患者40例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,各20例。选择30名健康体检者为正常组。治疗组和对照组均行规律血液透析及常规药物治疗,治疗组加用海昆肾喜胶囊,每天3次,每次2粒,疗程2个月。检测3组治疗前、后血红蛋白（Hb）、血浆白蛋白（Alb）、总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子a（TNFa）和24h尿量,并进行比较。结果与治疗前相比,治疗组治疗后Alb、尿量升高,TC、TG、血清hs—CRP、TNF-α、IL-6降低（P〈0．05）;治疗后,治疗组Alb、尿量较对照组升高,TC、TG、血清hs—CRP、TNF-α、IL-6较对照组降低（P〈0．05）。结论海昆肾喜胶囊可调节脂质代谢,改善微炎症状态,从而有效改善维持性血液透析患者的生存质量。     

维持性血液净化患者微炎症状态的临床研究

目的：观察血液透析患者与腹膜透析患者微炎症状态存在情况,比较两种不同类型血液净化治疗微炎症状态的差别。方法：选择我院透析中心血液透析患者58例,腹膜透析患者49例,健康对照组57例,空腹采取静脉血检测超敏CRP（hs-CRP）、IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α,比较各组数值的情况。结果：血液透析组、腹膜透析组超敏CRP（hs-CRP）、IL-6、TNF-α均高于健康对照组（P〈0.05）;IL-8均高于对照组,但无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。血液透析组与腹膜透析组比较,超敏CRP（hs-CRP）高于腹膜透析组（P〈0.05）;两组比较IL-6、IL-8、TNF-α均无统计学差异。结论：血液透析、腹膜透析患者均存在较高的微炎症状态,两者相比血液透析患者微炎症状态高于腹膜透析,但腹膜透析患者的前炎症因子与血液透析水平相同。     

左旋卡尼汀治疗维持性血液透析患者肉碱缺乏症的临床研究

目的研究静脉注射左旋卡尼汀对维持血液透析（ＨＤ）患者肉碱缺乏症的治疗作用。方法采用多中心、双盲、随机、对照的研究方法,选择ＨＤ患者１９７例,分为治疗组、对照组和开放组,每次透析结束后,治疗组和开放组静脉注射左旋卡尼汀１ｇ,对照组注射生理盐水,为期３个月。结果治疗组和开放组体力、精神状态、食欲、恶心、呕吐、透析耐受性、透析中肌痉挛或低血压等症状的改善十分显著,血浆肉碱浓度明显升高（治疗前比治疗后：２８８２±１２５８ｖｓ．１８１３１±７４５７,Ｐ＜００１）,对照组以上各项均无变化,治疗组与对照组相比变化差异十分显著（Ｐ＜００１）;治疗组及开放组血浆总蛋白、白蛋白、前白蛋白和转铁蛋白等营养参数也明显升高。左旋卡尼汀治疗主要不良反应为转氨酶轻度升高和血小板降低,发生率分别为５．３％和２．３％,停药即可恢复正常。结论左旋卡尼汀能安全有效地治疗维持ＨＤ患者肉碱缺乏症。     

血液透析患者微炎症状态与骨骼肌消耗性营养不良的临床研究

目的:明确血液透析患者循环炎症因子水平与营养状态及骨骼肌消耗的关系。方法:选择年龄和性别匹配的维持性血液透析患者62例,依据血清高敏C反应蛋白(high sensitivity C reactive protein,CRP)水平将患者分为两组:微炎症状组(CRP≥5 mg/L)、非微炎症状态组(CRP<5 mg/L)。主观全面营养评价法(SGA)评估患者营养状态,采集人体测量学数据,收集临床生化指标,Elisa方法检测CRP、白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor alpha,TNF-α)等炎症因子水平,核磁共振(MRI)图像分析测量患者右下肢骨骼肌含量,分析肌肉横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)。结果:微炎症状态组的体重和体质量指数略低于非微炎症状态组,但SGA分值、人体测量学指标差异均无统计学意义;微炎症状态组的CRP和IL-6水平明显升高,但TNF-α在两组间差异无统计学意义;该组的血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白水平显著降低,血红蛋白和红细胞比积略低于非炎症状态组,血脂、电解质等差异无统计学意义;MRI显示两组患者的肌肉组织均呈不同程度的萎缩,皮下脂肪分布不均匀,局部变薄,但微炎症状态组的肌肉萎缩更显著,肌肉横截面积(CSA)降低(P<0.05)。结论:持续性循环炎症因子水平升高所导致的机体微炎症状态,可引起血透患者营养指标降低,使血红蛋白更难达标,并加剧透析相关性骨骼肌消耗。微炎症状态可能是引起或加剧透析患者营养不良的重要原因。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.