34例房室通道缺损的手术治疗

目的：探讨提高房室通道缺损手术疗效的方法。方法：2001年9月～2008年6月间，手术治疗房室通道缺损34例，其中部分型28例及过渡型3例采用补片修补缺损及二、三尖瓣成形术矫治，完全型3例采用“双片法”修补室州隔缺损及原发孔房间隔缺损。结果：痊愈32例，死亡2例（占5．88％），手术后存活病人心功能明显改善。结论：房窀通道缺损手术疗效的关键在于防止传导束损伤及恢复房室瓣的结构和功能；而完全型房室通道缺损的手术疗效的关键还在于避免手术所致的心室流出道狭窄。     

44例完全性房室通道的外科治疗

目的 总结我院近年来手术治疗完全性房室通道的经验.方法 我院自2003年1月至2008年12月共手术治疗完全性房室通道44例.Rastelli分型:A型43例(其中过渡型17例),B型1例.合并畸形包括:法洛氏四联症2例,动脉导管未闭6例,右室流出道狭窄2例,永存左上腔4例.手术在浅中低温体外循环下进行.采用戊二醛处理的自体心包补片连续缝合修补间隔缺损,单片法6例,双片法21例.17例过渡型采用直接下压共瓣修补室缺,间断缝合二、三尖瓣瓣裂,反复注水测试二尖瓣关闭情况直至满意.冠状静脉窦区采用浅缝合,冠状静脉窦开口留在右房.结果 手术死亡1例,术后死亡2例,术后早期发生Ⅲ0AVB 5例,4例经治疗在术后3周恢复窦性心律,1例安装永久起搏器.存活病例术后随访5个月～6年,症状消失,生长发育良好,心功能均低于Ⅱ级,2例失访.术后Echo检查显示二尖瓣轻度返流8例,中度返流2例,残余室间隔缺损4例,均在半年后自愈. 结论完全性房室通道的患儿在诊断明确后应尽早争取在6个月内行根治性手术,同时尽量完善修复二、三尖瓣裂,会取得良好的效果.     

联合心脏瓣膜病101例外科治疗分析

目的:总结二尖瓣主动脉瓣双瓣置换术(DVR)治疗联合心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验.方法:2008年1月~2011年12月,我科室应用 DVR术治疗联合心脏瓣膜疾病101例,其中男46例、女55例,年龄32~63岁,体重45.2~68kg.风湿性心脏瓣膜病81例,退行性变瓣膜病变14例,感染性心内膜炎6例.NYHA心功能 II级16例,III级74例,IV级11例.结果:全组体外循环时间(107.8±34.4) min,主动脉阻断(78.5±27.2)min,术后呼吸机辅助(10.5±4.8)h,术后监护(61.2±15.5)h,术后住院(10.4±4.3)d.手术死亡6例(5.94%),各类手术并发症22例(21.78%).术后84例随访时间4~48月,11人失访.随访患者心功能都有不同程度好转,活动能力显著改善;术后2年出现左房血栓1例,脑栓塞致左侧肢体瘫痪1例,二尖瓣轻度瓣周漏1例,尚未发现死亡病例.结论:充分的术前准备,术中良好的心肌保护,主动脉瓣间断缝合、二尖瓣连续缝合、保留二尖瓣后瓣及三尖瓣环缩等外科技术的改进和加强术后处理可降低双瓣膜置换术的风险,提高疗效.     

联合心脏瓣膜病101例外科治疗及疗效分析

目的：总结二尖瓣主动脉瓣双瓣置换术（DVR）治疗联合心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗经验。方法：2008年1月-2011年12月,我科室应用DVR术治疗联合心脏瓣膜疾病101例,其中男46例、女55例,年龄32～63岁,体重45．2～68k。风湿性心脏瓣膜病81例,退行性变瓣膜病变14例,感染性心内膜炎6例。NYHA心功能Ⅱ级16例,Ⅲ级74例,Ⅳ级11例。结果：全组体外循环时间（107．8±34．4）min,主动脉阻断（78．5±27．2）rain,术后呼吸机辅助（10．5±4．8）h,术后监护（61．2-．I-15．5）h,术后住院（10．4±4．3）d。手术死亡6例（5．94％）,各类手术并发症22例（21．78％）。术后84例随访时间4—48月,11人失访。随访患者心功能都有不同程度好转,活动能力显著改善;术后2年出现左房血栓1例,脑栓塞致左侧肢体瘫痪1例,二尖瓣轻度瓣周漏1例,尚未发现死亡病例。结论：充分的术前准备,术中良好的心肌保护,主动脉瓣间断缝合、二尖瓣连续缝合、保留二尖瓣后瓣及三尖瓣环缩等外科技术的改进和加强术后处理可降低双瓣膜置换术的风险,提高疗效。     

超声诊断胎儿先天性心内膜垫缺损

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿心内膜垫缺损的临床价值。方法对2004年10月～2008年10月77832例孕18w以上的胎儿心脏应用超声检查,以胎儿四腔心切面为常规,多切面扫查观察胎儿心脏大小、形态、房室结构、房室瓣开闭、左右心室流出道。结果发现心内膜垫缺损16例,伴发其他畸形4例,漏诊1例。结论产前超声是诊断胎儿先天性心内膜垫缺损的可靠方法及技术,可阻止严重先天性畸形——心内膜垫缺损的胎儿出生。     

儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术技巧及效果

目的 总结1999年9月至2006年9月14例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的经验。探讨儿童瓣膜置换的手术指征、辩膜选择、手术技术和术后抗凝治疗等问题。方法 全组14例中10例为先天性心脏瓣膜病变，3例风湿性病变，1例先天性室间隔缺损致心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜菌栓。在中低温体外循环下手术，二尖瓣置换7例，主动脉瓣置换6例，二尖瓣置换＋主动脉瓣置换1例。均采用机械瓣。若合并其它先天性心脏畸形或三尖瓣关闭不全，同期矫治。术后常规应用华法林抗凝。结果 本组手术死亡1倒，12例心功能恢复至Ⅰ级，1例心功能Ⅱ级。发生1例感染性心内膜炎，治愈。均坚持采用华法林抗凝，无血栓栓塞及抗凝相关并发症发生，辩膜功能良好。结论 儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果较好；应用低强度的华法林进行抗凝治疗安全可靠。     

儿童心脏瓣膜置换手术技巧及效果

目的总结14例儿童心脏瓣膜置换术的经验,探讨儿童瓣膜置换的手术指征、瓣膜选择、手术技术和术后抗凝治疗等问题。方法全组14例中10例为先天性心脏瓣膜病变,3例风湿性病变,1例先天性室间隔缺损致心内膜炎、主动脉瓣膜菌栓。在中低温体外循环下手术,二尖瓣置换7例,主动脉瓣置换6例,二尖瓣置换 主动脉瓣置换1例。均采用机械瓣。若合并其它先天性心脏畸形或三尖瓣关闭不全,同期矫治。术后常规应用华法林抗凝。结果本组手术死亡1例,12例心功能恢复至I级,1例心功能II级。发生1例感染性心内膜炎,治愈。均坚持采用华法林抗凝,无血栓栓塞及抗凝相关并发症发生,瓣膜功能良好。结论儿童心脏瓣膜置换术采用机械瓣效果较好;应用低强度的华法林进行抗凝治疗安全可靠。     

两种人工瓣环置入修复单纯二尖瓣环扩张引起的二尖瓣关闭不全的比较

背景：退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的病例有逐渐增加的趋势,而单纯二尖瓣环扩张引起的二尖瓣关闭不全是退行性二尖瓣关闭不全的一种类型,国内尚无关于此类二尖瓣关闭不全的外科治疗的临床研究报告。 目的：观察单纯瓣环置入修复单纯二尖瓣环扩张引起的二尖瓣关闭不全早中期生物相容性的反应。 方法：单纯二尖瓣瓣环扩张致二尖瓣关闭不全患者48例,均行二尖瓣人工瓣环置入修复,其中使用Carpentier-Edwards生理环23例、SJMTM刚性鞍形成形环25例。出院后随访,采用超声心动图观察心功能和二尖瓣反流程度等变化,并比较两种瓣环与宿主生物相容性有无差别。 结果与结论：围术期无死亡,均治愈出院。48例均获随访,随访率100%,随访时间3个月至4年,无死亡病例。NYHA心功能分级Ⅰ级32例,Ⅱ级16例。与术前比较,随访期超声心动图显示左心房内径、左心室舒张末期内径、左心室收缩末期内径、肺动脉收缩压和反流速面积/左房面积均明显减少(P < 0.01),左室射血分数明显增加(P < 0.01)。跨瓣压差均< 3 mm Hg。二尖瓣无明显返流36例,微量返流10例,轻度反流2例。未出现成形环断裂、成形环撕脱及溶血现象。Carpentier-Edwards生理环组和SJMTM刚性鞍形成形环组比较,上述各指标差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。结果提示对于因单纯二尖瓣环扩张引起的退行性二尖瓣关闭不全,通过正确的置入技巧、选择合适的人工瓣环,应用人工瓣环置入有与宿主生物较好的生物相容性反应,置入后的瓣膜替代功能良好。中国组织工程研究杂志出版内容重点：生物材料;骨生物材料; 口腔生物材料; 纳米材料; 缓释材料; 材料相容性;组织工程全文链接：     

多普勒超声对二尖瓣球囊成形术后二尖瓣返流的远期随访分析

应用多普勒超声心动图对74例二尖瓣球囊成形术(PBMV)病人术前、术后1天及4年的二尖瓣返流(MR)进行研究，将MR划分为Ⅳ级，术后1天与术前比较，MP程度不变59例(80％)、加重Ⅰ级12例(16％）、加重Ⅲ级1例(1％)、减轻Ⅰ级2例(3%)，术后4年与术后1天比较．MR程度不变55例(74％)，加重Ⅰ级11例(15％)、加重Ⅲ级1例(1％)、减轻Ⅰ级7例(10％)。表明轻度MR(≥2 )是PBMV木后常见并发症．仅极少数病人出现严重MR(≥3 )，且部分病人随访过程中MR程度减轻。     

保留瓣膜及瓣下结构的二尖瓣替换术25例

25例保留二尖瓣瓣下结构的二尖瓣替换MVRP手术，与常规二尖瓣替换手术（MVR）比较，有利于术后心功能的恢复，尤其是左心室功能恢复的优点。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.