单一外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的修复技巧及疗效分析

目的 探讨采用单一肘关节外侧入路治疗肘部损伤"三联征"的手术扩大显露、修复技巧及临床疗效.方法 对2007年5月至2010年3月收治的6例肘部损伤"三联征"患者采用单一肘关节外侧入路,由深至浅依次修复下列结构:冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折、外侧副韧带、伸肌总腱起点.并用自创的方法对冠状突骨折进行扩大显露,直视下复位与牢靠固定,对肘关节外侧结构的撕裂进行有效修复.本组患者均未做肘关节内侧副韧带的探查与修复.随访时采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)对患者肘关节功能进行评价.结果 本组患者随访3～24个月,平均11个月.所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合,肘部屈伸活动度105°～135°,平均120.0°;前臂旋转活动度150°～170°,平均168.3°;MEPS评分93～95分,平均93.3分,均为优.所有患者均无伤口感染,伤口一期愈合.结论 单一肘关节外侧入路结合相应手术技巧的改进,解决了肘部损伤"三联征"中冠状突骨折复位与固定的疑难问题,对肘关节外侧结构的修复也更加简单、牢靠,是一种临床可行且疗效满意的手术方式.     

肘关节“三联征”的手术疗效分析

目的:回顾分析手术治疗肘关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的临床疗效。方法:2004年1月至2009年3月,收治9例"三联征"患者。其中男7例,女2例;左侧4例,右侧5例;年龄21～67岁,平均41.2岁。桡骨头骨折根据Schatzker-Tile分类:Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型3例,Ⅲ型2例。尺骨冠状突骨折根据Regan-Morrey分类:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型2例。手术方式采用由深入浅的层次修复,依次为冠状突骨折、前关节囊、桡骨头骨折、外侧关节囊和伸肌总腱起点。如存在外翻不稳定,需要修复内侧副韧带。术后肘关节完全旋前位屈曲90°固定7～10d,6周以内避免进行完全伸直旋后位功能锻炼(这种体位容易导致肘关节旋后不稳定)。8周可以进行肌力锻炼,3个月左右可以恢复日常生活。结果:所有患者得到随访,时间6个月～5年,平均(31±6)个月。术后3个月:屈伸度为80°～110°,平均(102±3)°;前臂旋转度100°～150°,平均(135±6)°。根据Mayo肘关节评分标准,优5例,良3例,一般1例,差0例。其中3例术后6个月出现异位骨化,2例不影响功能未进行处置,1例影响屈伸功能,给予外侧入路切除骨化块,术后早期功能锻炼,MEP评分由一般升为良。结论:肘关节"三联征"的治疗关键是恢复正常的肱桡、肱尺关节解剖关系,修复损伤的韧带及关节囊,保证肘关节的稳定。如果软组织损伤严重可以采用铰链式外固定架固定促进软组织的修复,同时并不影响肘关节的早期功能锻炼,避免肘关节僵硬。     

影像学特征不典型的向后孟氏骨折的诊断与治疗

目的分析向后孟氏骨折的不典型影像学特征并探讨其诊断与治疗效果。方法回顾性分析2019年7至2020年12月北京积水潭医院创伤骨科收治的12例影像学特征不典型的向后孟氏骨折患者资料, 男7例, 女5例;年龄18～65岁, 平均46.5岁;肘关节X线及CT影像学特征:上尺桡脱位不明显;在冠状突水平或临近冠状突水平尺骨骨折端前方可见三角形或四边形蝶形骨片;肱桡关节正常或桡骨头向前脱位, 但桡骨头呈粉碎骨折、桡骨头前缘骨折或桡骨颈向后成角骨折。尺骨近端骨折采用鹰嘴解剖锁定钢板或辅助克氏针张力带固定, 尺骨冠状突骨折采用克氏针、拉力螺钉或微型钢板固定, 桡骨头骨折采用埋头钉、微型钢板或桡骨头置换, 外侧副韧带损伤严重者带线锚钉修复。记录患者骨折愈合时间、并发症及末次随访时肘关节活动度、Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)。结果 12例患者术后获6～28个月(平均16.4个月)随访。所有患者骨折均获骨性愈合, 愈合时间12～19周, 平均14.6周。末次随访时肘关节屈伸活动度75°～145°, 平均100.5°;前臂旋转度为80°～155°, 平均132.0°;MEPS为50～100分, 平均86....     

肘部损伤"三联征"的手术治疗及入路选择

目的 探讨肘部损伤"三联征"(肘关节后脱位复合桡骨头骨折、尺骨冠状突骨折)的手术方法,分析各种手术入路的优缺点和适应证,以期优化肘部损伤"三联征"的治疗.方法 2003年6月至2008年8月共收治17例肘部损伤"三联征"患者,男11例,女6例;年龄22～48岁,平均34.5岁;受伤至手术时间3～7d,平均5.4 d.桡骨头骨折按照Mason分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型5例;尺骨冠状突骨折按照ReganMorrey分型:Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型12例,Ⅲ型2例.采用外侧入路9例,外侧入路联合内侧入路2例,前侧入路6例.尺骨冠状突骨折行摘除1例,内固定16例;桡骨头骨折行内固定14例,单纯桡骨头切除1例,桡骨头置换2例.术后测量肘关节活动度,并对肘关节功能采用Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)进行评估.结果 所有患者获得12～48个月(平均21个月)随访.所有切口均一期愈合,无骨不连、骨不愈合及前臂缺血性肌挛缩发生.出现迟发性尺神经麻痹1例,异位骨化2例.末次随访肘关节平均活动度:屈伸128.3°±6.8°,旋转74.6°±4.2°.MEPS评分:优6例,良8例,可2例,差1例,优良率82.4%.除1例桡骨头切除患者外,其余患者术后肘关节稳定性好,影响评分的主要因素为运动受限和日常生活功能部分丧失.结论 肘部损伤"三联征"为复杂类型的肘关节损伤,应根据骨折和损伤类型选择合适的手术入路.     

肘关节"恐怖三联征"合并尺骨鹰嘴骨折的手术治疗

目的 介绍肘关节"恐怖三联征"合并尺骨鹰嘴骨折的手术方法和疗效.方法 肘关节"恐怖三联征"合并尺骨鹰嘴骨折患者12例,男8例,女4例;年龄21~75岁,平均40.4岁.桡骨头骨折按Mason分型:Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型5例;因合并肘关节脱位,按Johnston-Mason分型均为Ⅳ型.冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型:Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型4例,Ⅲ型6例.尺骨鹰嘴骨折按Mayo分型Ⅱa型2例,Ⅱb型2例,Ⅲa型2例,Ⅲb型6例.9例肘关节后脱位,3例为前脱位.12例均行手术治疗,冠突、鹰嘴骨折行内固定;桡骨头骨折行内固定、桡骨头切除、金属桡骨头置换,修复内、外侧副韧带.术后石膏托维持肘关节屈曲90°,前臂中立位固定3周.结果 8例(66.7%)患者获得随访,随访时间3~36个月.平均16.4个月.骨折全部愈合,愈合时间10~16周,平均14.2周.Broberg-Morrey评分为55~95分,平均88分,优4例,良2例,可1例,差1例,优良率为75.0%.肘关节屈伸范围为70°~150°,平均127.5°;前臂旋转范围为65°~155°,平均122.5°.结论 肘关节"恐怖三联征"合并尺骨鹰嘴骨折为高能量损伤,关节严重不稳定,必须重建骨关节及软组织的解剖结构,恢复肘关节稳定性.     

肘部损伤三联征再脱位原因分析及处理

[目的]分析肘部损伤三联征再脱位原因,介绍治疗方法及疗效.[方法]肘关节可怕三联征共24例,13例复位后发生再脱位,男10例,女3例,年龄24～62岁,平均38岁,桡骨头骨折按Mason分型Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型2例,按Johnston-Mason分型桡骨头均为Ⅳ型.冠状突骨折按Regan-Money分型Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型10例.在13例病人最初治疗中,8例保守治疗,行闭合复位石膏托固定,3～4周后发生再脱位.5例手术治疗,其中2例行桡骨头切除术,3例行桡骨头部分切除并切除冠状突骨片.13例再脱位患者均再次手术治疗.冠状突骨折Ⅰ型采用套索方法,缝线绕过骨片顶部和关节囊前方,通过尺骨预先钻的骨道进行缝合.Ⅱ型骨折采用切开复位螺钉、空心螺钉、克氏针固定.7例附加超肘外固定器固定.随访包括临床检查、肘关节x线片和MEPS肘关节功能评分(Mayo elbow performance score).[结果]随访1～3年,平均随访时间17个月.根据MEPS评分平均86分(62～98分),优4例,良8例,可1例.4例无痛或微痛,6例恢复了伤前工作,3例出现了并发症.[结论]单纯闭合复位、忽略对小块冠突骨折进行固定、桡骨头切除是肘部可怕三联征再脱位的主要原因.对于肘部不稳定性骨折再脱位,使用超关节肘部外固定架不但可以辅助同定,可允许关节早期活动,能获得更加满意的疗效.     

肘关节三联征的诊断和治疗进展

肘关节三联征是一种复杂的肘关节骨折脱位,复位后肱尺关节和肱桡关节可达到同心圆复位、肘关节稳定,桡骨及冠突骨折块较小可保守治疗,但需定期复查。若需手术治疗,必须修复桡骨头骨折及外侧副韧带复合体。可以采用单一外侧入路也可以联合前内侧入路。MorryⅠ型和Ⅱ型冠状突骨折是否需固定,是否附加外固定支架固定及同时修复内侧副韧带损伤仍存在争议。     

应用微型可吸收钉治疗尺骨冠状突骨折

目的 介绍尺骨冠状突骨折应用微型可吸收钉的治疗方法.方法 对9例尺骨冠状突骨折行开放复位、微型可吸收钉内固定,合并桡骨头骨折者复位后同样以微型可吸收钉固定.同时缝合修复损伤的关节囊及肘关节内、外侧侧副韧带.术后肘关节功能位固定4周后行肘关节功能锻炼.结果 8例进行了随访,随访时间6～20个月,平均18个月,骨折均愈合,肘关节稳定,无疼痛,肘关节屈伸功能平均110°,前臂旋转幅度平均100°.按Morrey等肘关节功能评分:优5例,良3例.结论 尺骨冠状突骨折对肘关节的功能影响不容忽视,既使较小的骨折片往往伴有较严重的肘关节复合损伤.整复骨折,微型可吸收钉固定实用有效.     

单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节恐怖三联征

目的探讨单纯外侧入路内固定治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术技巧及临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2004-01—2016-12诊治的21例肘关节"恐怖三联征",均采用外侧入路手术,尺骨冠状突骨折及桡骨头骨折均用无头挤压螺钉内固定,撕裂的外侧副韧带用带线锚钉修复重建。结果 21例均获得随访,随访时间平均31.6(12~72)个月。骨折愈合时间10~16周,平均12周。末次随访时所有患者肘关节屈伸、旋转活动及内外翻应力时肘关节均保持稳定,屈伸活动范围均可达到15°~130°,旋转活动度平均140°。末次随访时肘关节功能MEPS评分平均89(75~100)分,其优8例,良11例,可2例。结论单纯外侧入路手术治疗肘关节"恐怖三联征"可取得满意的疗效,尺骨冠状突骨折、桡骨头骨折固定及修复外侧副韧带后,肘关节已经获得相对稳定,无需作内侧切口修复内侧副韧带。     

尺骨鹰嘴骨折-脱位伴桡骨头及冠状突骨折的手术治疗

目的总结尺骨鹰嘴翻转入路内固定或桡骨头置换治疗尺骨鹰嘴骨折-脱位伴桡骨头及冠状突骨折的疗效及此类骨折命名。方法 2013年8月—2017年3月,收治16例伴桡骨头及冠状突骨折且无上尺桡关节脱位的尺骨鹰嘴骨折-脱位患者,采用后正中尺骨鹰嘴翻转入路内固定或桡骨头置换治疗。男10例,女6例;年龄25～66岁,平均37.8岁。交通事故伤9例,高处坠落伤7例。受伤至手术时间5～11 d。9例前脱位患者中冠状突骨折ReganⅠ型2例、Ⅱ型3例、Ⅲ型4例,桡骨头骨折MasonⅡ型4例、Ⅲ型5例;7例后脱位患者中冠状突骨折ReganⅠ型1例、Ⅱ型3例、Ⅲ型3例,桡骨头骨折MasonⅡ型3例、Ⅲ型4例。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。16例术后均获随访,随访时间9～18个月,平均11.9个月。X线片示骨折均于术后12～18周达临床愈合,随访期间肱尺关节、肱桡关节对合关系正常,骨折复位无丢失,内固定物及桡骨头假体无松动。术后发生肘关节轻度异位骨化2例,轻度创伤后关节炎2例,克氏针退出2例。末次随访时肘关节稳定,活动度恢复较好。Mayo肘关节功能评分(MEPS)为70～100分,平均86.5分。VAS评分0～3分,平均0.5分。结论伴桡骨头及冠状突骨折且无上尺桡关节脱位的尺骨鹰嘴骨折-脱位可以"经尺骨鹰嘴肘关节周围骨折脱位"命名,采用尺骨鹰嘴翻转入路内固定或桡骨头置换可取得满意疗效。     

Surgical reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fracture in terrible triad injury of the elbow

The terrible triad injury of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, a radial head fracture and a coronoid process fracture. In this study, we explored the outcome of a modified protocol for terrible triad injury of the elbow in a consecutive series of 14 patients, with a focus on reconstruction of comminuted coronoid fractures. Fourteen patients with terrible triad injuries of the elbow were retrospectively reviewed at a mean follow-up of 23?months (range, 15–30?months) and were clinically and radiographically evaluated. For comminuted coronoid fractures, autografting with resected radial head fragment or ilium fragment with cartilage surface and transosseous suture with non-absorbable suture were performed. Internal fixation of the radial head was performed in six cases and arthroplasty in five. The collateral ligaments were repaired. Mean flexion at last follow-up was 125°, ranging from 100° to 135°. Mean extension loss was 13°, ranging from 0° to 38°. Mean pronation was 70° and mean supination was 66°. No patient experienced dislocation of the radial head prosthesis. The mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score (MEPS) was 87 (range, 75–100), with six excellent cases and eight good cases. According to our intraoperative examination, no patient demonstrated unacceptable residual instability in extension following restoration of all of the osseous and ligamentous lesions. In conclusion, our protocol can achieve stable reconstruction of the coronoid process, which promotes the functional outcome of surgical treatment on terrible triad injuries of the elbow.     

人工桡骨头置换在肘关节恐怖三联征中的应用

 目的 观察人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的近期疗效。方法 2011年6月至2012年6月采用人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征6例,男4例,女2例;年龄23~50岁,平均39岁。新鲜肘关节骨折脱位5例,陈旧性骨折1例。桡骨头骨折MasonⅡ型2例,MasonⅢ型4例。对肘关节恐怖三联征进行切开复位,尺骨冠突骨折固定（螺钉固定1例、不可吸收缝线固定4例）、人工桡骨头置换、外侧韧带复合体修复及环状韧带修复或重建（修复环状韧带1例、掌长肌腱重建环状韧带2例）。术后第5至7天逐步开始肘关节功能锻炼。术后复查肘关节正侧位X线片,术后3个月复查肘关节三维CT,并采用Myao肘关节功能评分（Myao elbow performance score,MEPS）评价肘关节功能。结果 6例均获得随访,随访时间10~24个月,平均16.8个月。术后3个月肘关节MEPS评分85~95分,平均91.7分;优5例,良1例。肘关节活动度（采用标准中立位0度法测量）：屈82°~95°,平均87°;伸15°~32°,平均21°;旋前82°~90°,平均86°;旋后45°~80°,平均56°。随访期间未出现肘关节不稳、脱位或半脱位、创伤性关节炎及感染。1例因桡骨头假体位置欠佳使肱骨与桡骨头假体间隙变窄而影响肘关节屈曲活动度。2例出现未影响肘关节功能的Hahi 1级异位骨化。结论 采用人工桡骨头置换治疗伴有桡骨头粉碎性骨折的肘关节恐怖三联征能恢复肘关节稳定性,减少肘关节僵硬、脱位及半脱位等并发症的发生。     

肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的 总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会.方法 回顾5例典型肘关节"恐怖三联征"的手术治疗结果.手术方法包括:经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点.经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤.最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位,恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性.于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估.结果 5例平均手术时间为76 min(60-150 min),平均随访时间8.8个月(3-13个月).外固定支架拆除时间6周(4-9周).至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为(127±25)°.按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分(80-95分),优2例,良3例.无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症.结论 通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节"恐怖三联征"患者肘关节的功能及预后,对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗.     

桡骨头置换在肘关节恐怖三联征中的应用

目的总结采用人工桡骨头置换在治疗肘关节恐怖三联征中的临床疗效。方法自2008年2月至2013年8月,采用人工桡骨头置换治疗肘关节恐怖三联征13例,其中男7例,女6例;年龄33~75岁,平均46.7岁。左侧6例,右侧7例。受伤至手术时间为2~14 d,平均7.6 d。冠突骨折按Regan-Morrey分型,Ⅰ型8例,Ⅱ型5例;桡骨头骨折按Mason分型,Ⅱ型2例,Ⅲ型11例。采用Mayo评分评价术后肘关节功能。结果 13例患者均获得随访,随访时间为12~22个月,平均15.6个月。13例患者评分,优10例,良2例,可1例。末次随访时,可见1例人工桡骨头松动,未见脱出,肘关节功能可,12例未见感染、异位骨化、人工关节松动、脱出、肘关节滑膜炎、功能障碍、旋转时疼痛等并发症。结论人工桡骨头置换在治疗肘关节恐怖三联征的短期临床应用效果良好,可早期恢复肘关节稳定性,能够使肘关节早期活动,有利于康复。     

Surgical management of medial and lateral elbow instability secondary to acute atypical complex elbow dislocation: Case report and literature review

Introduction and importanceElbow dislocation is common in adults, and complex elbow dislocations are generally associated with bone fractures. Anteromedial coronoid fracture, in association with lateral collateral ligament (LCL) disruption, often results from varus posteromedial forces. “Terrible triad” injuries are more likely to result from valgus posterolateral forces. However, our case presentation has combined medial and lateral elbow instability in addition to “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with no radial head injury.Case presentationThe patient was a 38-year-old man with an atypical complex elbow dislocation. He was successfully treated by stabilizing the medial epicondyle and coronoid anterolateral facet fractures, in addition to LCL repair and medial collateral ligament (MCL) reconstruction. A radial head fracture was unnoted. The procedure yielded satisfactory functional outcome, with a stable and painless full elbow range of motion.Clinical discussionMulti-ligament injuries with coronoid fractures result in highly unstable elbow joints, forming a variant of the “terrible triad” injury. Surgical options vary according to the surgeon’s experience and equipment availability. In this case, direct LCL repair and MCL reconstruction were performed and were well tolerated. Elbow stability improved and the patient experienced improved functionality with minimal pain. However, it may be premature to report a definite outcome in this case because of short follow-up time postoperatively.ConclusionThe injury described in this case has a unique presentation as a multi-ligamentous injury will make the elbow very unstable. Thus, careful clinical judgment, knowledge, and experience are needed to identify the underlying injury and for optimal management.     

Elbow dislocation with intra-articular fracture: the results of operative treatment without repair of the medial collateral ligament

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of a protocol for the treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow based on the concept that, if dislocation of the elbow with associated fractures can be made to resemble a simple elbow dislocation by repairing or reconstructing the fractured structures, repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) will not be necessary. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, a single surgeon operated on 34 patients with a posterior dislocation of the elbow associated with one or more intra-articular fractures. The mean age of these 19 men and 15 women was 48 years. Associated fractures included the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle in 3 patients; the olecranon in 1 patient; and the radial head in 30 patients (with concomitant fracture of the coronoid process-the so-called "terrible triad" of the elbow-in 22 patients, and concomitant fracture of the coronoid and olecranon in 1 patient). Operative treatment consisted of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or prosthetic replacement of all fractures and reattachment of the origin of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex to the lateral epicondyle. The MCL was not repaired. RESULTS: Two patients (1 with a terrible triad injury and 1 with fracture of the capitellum and trochlea) had postoperative instability related to noncompliance, had reconstructive procedures, and were considered failures. An average of 32 months after injury, the remaining 32 patients regained an average of 120 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 142 degrees forearm rotation. Twenty-five of 34 patients (74%) had good or excellent results according to the system of Broberg and Morrey. Patients with terrible triad injuries had an average of 117 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 137 degrees forearm rotation, and 17 of 22 patients (77%) had good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: MCL repair is unnecessary in the treatment of dislocation of the elbow with associated intra-articular fractures, provided that the articular fractures and the LCL are repaired or reconstructed.     

Surgical management of elbow dislocation associated with non-reparable fractures of the radial head

BackgroundThe “terrible triad” of the elbow is the combination of an elbow dislocation, radial head and a coronoid process fracture. Because of a combined sagittal, frontal and transverse instability, these injuries are notoriously difficult to treat. We report our results with a technique for reconstruction of “terrible triad” injuries with either no facture or a type I fracture of the coronoid process in addition to a non-reparable radial head fracture. The hypothesis of this study was that standard surgical treatment of this lesion using a “deep to superficial” stabilisation by a single lateral approach and radial head replacement enables early and reliable functional results.PatientsFrom June 2004 to January 2007, 13 patients with an average age of 40 years at the date of trauma (range 18–77) underwent reconstruction of a “terrible triad” injury of the elbow with the same technique. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range 15–48).ResultsEighty-four percent of the patients were very satisfied and satisfied. Average flexion was 131° (110–140). Average extension was ?11° (?30–0). Average pronation was 72° (40–80). Average supination was 70° (50–80). The grip strength averaged 75% of that of the non-injured side (50–105). All elbows were stable at review. Eight complications occurred.ConclusionOur results suggest that some terrible triad injuries can be successfully managed with deep to superficial stabilisation by lateral approach, consisting in three-dimensional stabilisation done by anterior capsular reinsertion with absorbable anchors, radial head replacement and lateral collateral ligament repair. This standard management provides enough stability to allow early active rehabilitation, preventing post-operative instability and stiffness. This procedure appears to be reliable and reproducible.