Protective effects of green and white tea against benzo(a)pyrene induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in murine model

In the current investigation, the ameliorative effect of green tea (GT) and white tea (WT) against benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) induced oxidative stress and DNA damage has been studied in the livers and lungs of Balb/c mice. A single dose of BaP (125 mg/kg, b.w. orally) increased the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and decreased endogenous antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutahione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH) significantly. Pretreatment with GT and WT for 35 days before a single dose of BaP elevated the decreased activity of GR, SOD, and CAT in liver tissue and also tended to normalize the levels of GSH and LPO in both hepatic and pulmonary tissues. The percentage of DNA in comet tail and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels reflected the decreasing pattern of DNA damage from the BaP-treated group to the groups that received pretreatment with GT and WT. Our study concludes that both GT and WT are effective in combating BaP induced oxidative insult and DNA damage. However, WT was found to be more protective than GT with respect to CAT (only in the liver), percentage of DNA in comet tail (only in the lungs), GST activity, and GSH content in both the tissues.     

Role of selenium in mercury intoxication in mice

Studies were conducted to examine the effect of pre and post-treatment of selenium in mercury intoxication (20 micromole/ kg b.w. each given intraperitoneally) in mice in terms of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione (GSH) content, activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and mercury concentration in liver, kidney and brain. No significant alteration was observed in all the organs examined after mercury or selenium treatment in LPO and GSH but administration of selenium (pre and post) resulted in an increase in the level of LPO and GSH. The activity of SOD was depleted in liver and kidney while that of GPx was lowered in liver of mercury exposed animals. Selenium administration resulted in restoration of the depletion of these enzymatic activities. The activity of CAT in liver and brain was enhanced both in mercury and selenium treated animals. Administration of selenium significantly arrested enhanced CAT activity. Kidney showed the highest mercury concentration among the organs examined. Administration of selenium resulted in further enhancement of mercury concentration in the tissues. An increase in selenium level in liver was observed after mercury treatment, which was also restored by mercury selenium co-administration. Our results indicate that the prooxidant effect of selenium was greater by its pretreatment.     

Oxidative stress and genotoxic responses to resin acids in Mediterranean mussels

This study represents the first attempt to investigate the genotoxic effects and oxidative stress of resin acids in Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk). Mussels were exposed to 2.7 microM abietic acid (AA) and dehydroabietic acid (DHAA) for 6, 12, 18, and 24h. Gill and hepatopancreas conjugation activity, antioxidant defense system, lipid peroxidation (LPO), and DNA damage were determined as reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, LPO, and DNA strand breaks. AA caused significant GST inhibition in mussel gills at 12, 18, and 24h. Activity of the antioxidant enzymes, namely, GPx and CAT, was inhibited at 24 and 18 h, respectively, in mussel gills. A significant increase in gill LPO was observed at 24h. The DNA integrity of mussel hepatopancreas significantly decreased after 12 and 24 h exposure to AA. A significant increase in LPO was observed after 6h exposure to DHAA, in either mussel gills or hepatopancreas. DNA integrity was significantly decreased in mussel hepatopancreas after 12 and 24 h exposure to DHAA. AA induced oxidative damage and genotoxicity in mussels, because it promoted increases in LPO in gills and DNA strand breaks in hepatopancreas. DHAA promoted oxidative damage and genotoxicity in mussels, as significant increases were observed in LPO in gills and hepatopancreas and in DNA strand breaks in hepatopancreas.     

Effect of endosulfan on antioxidants of freshwater fish Channa punctatus Bloch: 1. Protection against lipid peroxidation in liver by copper preexposure

Effect of a single exposure of endosulfan (5 ppb) on catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and reduced glutathione (GSH) of liver, kidney, and gill of a freshwater fish (Channa punctatus Bloch) were evaluated after 24 h of treatment. Endosulfan exposure resulted in a significant induction (p < 0.05–0.001) of GPx, GST activity, and GSH levels in all the organs. However, CAT activity was found to be significantly decreased (p < 0.01–0.001). Lipid peroxidation (LPO) values were also determined in liver, kidney, and gill and a significant increase in LPO values (p < 0.05–0.01) was observed in all the organs. We also investigated whether preexposure to low concentration of copper (10 ppb) for 4 weeks has any protective effect against endosulfan-induced oxidative damage. In copper-acclimatized endosulfan-exposed fish, a significant decrease in GPx (p < 0.001), GST (p < 0.05), GSH (p < 0.001) levels, and LPO (p < 0.01) was observed in the liver, whereas CAT activity was increased significantly (p < 0.001). However, kidney and gill did not show any significant alterations in antioxidant levels. The results of this study demonstrate that endosulfan induces peroxidative damage in liver, kidney, and gill in response to which levels of antioxidant were modulated. However, when fish preacclimatized to copper were exposed to endosulfan, protection against oxidative damage was observed only in the liver. It is proposed that measurement of antioxidants in fish tissues may prove to be useful in biomonitoring of exposure to aquatic pollutants. Received: 28 November 2000/Accepted: 14 April 2001     

The influence of bisphenol A and of combined exposure to X-rays and bisphenol A to somatic cells of the bone marrow and liver of mice

The aim of study was to estimate the effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and combined exposure to X-rays and BPA to somatic cells of the bone marrow and liver of mice. Male mice Pzh: Sfis were irradiated with 0.05 Gy or treated with BPA (5 mg/kg mc, 10 mg/kg mc, 20 mg/kg mc) or exposed to a combination of both (0.05 Gy + 5 mg/kg BPA) for 8 weeks. Samples were taken at 24h, 1, 4 and 8 weeks after the end of exposure. Our study showed, that BPA can induce, measured by Comet assay, DNA damage in limphocytes of the bone marrow. The induction of DNA damage in somatic cells of the liver was not detected. After combined exposure to both agents a greater migration of DNA in cells of both organs than after the exposure to bisphenol A alone was observed. Probably the X-rays intensify the genotoxicity of BPA.     

Study on the relation between occupational fenvalerate exposure and spermatozoa DNA damage of pesticide factory workers

Aims: To determine sperm nuclear DNA integrity and to investigate the relation between fenvalerate (FE) exposure and spermatozoa DNA damage.

Methods: Sperm DNA fragmentation was detected by a modified alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (Comet) assay and a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay. The olive tail moment (OTM) and percentage tail DNA were measured by the Comet assay, and cell positive percentage was measured by the TUNEL assay for DNA damage evaluation.

Results: The DNA integrity of spermatozoa of external and internal control groups were both significantly greater than that of the FE exposed group. The median value of tail DNA percentage in the exposure group was 11.30, which was significantly higher than 5.60 in the internal control group and 5.10 in the external control group. The median value of OTM was 3.80 in the exposure group, significantly higher than 1.50 in the internal control group and 2.00 in the external control group. Mean cell positive was 31.2% in the exposure group, significantly higher than 17.4% in the internal control and 19.6% in the external control groups. Cell positive (%) was significantly correlated with tail DNA percentage and with OTM of whole subjects (n = 63).

Conclusions: Results showed that occupational FE exposure is associated with an increase in sperm DNA damage. A combination of the Comet and TUNEL assays would offer more comprehensive information for a better understanding of sperm DNA damage, and the biological significance of sperm DNA damage in sperm function and male infertility.

     

Time-Course Variations of DNA Damage and Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Exposed to Effluents From a Swine Industry

DNA damage (Comet assay), lipoperoxidation levels (TBARS), and several biomarkers of oxidative stress such as catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and contents of reduced (GSH) and total (TG) glutathione were measured in liver and blood (Comet assay) of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed for 7, 15, 30 (subchronic exposure), 60, and 90 days (chronic exposure) to two treatment lagoons of a swine-processing plant, the first an anaerobic lagoon and the second a final treatment lagoon. After the 15th day, TBARS increased in fish exposed to both lagoons, decreased on the 30th day, and on the 90th day remained similar to controls. Fish exposed subchronically and chronically to both effluents showed consistently greater DNA damage. The CAT and GPx activities showed similar profiles and were induced only during the first week and during the first and second months. GST activity was induced throughout the experimental period. On the other hand, GR activities showed inverted profiles, with progressively decreased activities in the liver of fish exposed to the anaerobic lagoon, and progressively increased activities in fish exposed to the final lagoon. GSH showed higher contents in liver after 60 and 90 days of exposure to the final lagoon. GSSG contents were higher in fish exposed to the final lagoon throughout the experimental period. After 15 days, tilapia exposed to both lagoons showed enhanced total glutathione contents. The hepatic antioxidant system and biomarkers of oxidative stress such as DNA fragmentation and TBARS contents of tilapia exposed to both lagoons presented biphasic profiles. These changes in the antioxidant status also indicate that the industrial treatment is not adequate to avoid damaging environmental effects.     

二氯乙烷对小鼠DNA损伤的器官特异性及时效关系研究

为了研究 1,2 二氯乙烷 (DCE)的遗传毒性、探测其致癌的靶器官 ,应用组织匀浆提取细胞核进行彗星试验 ,检测了DCE灌胃染毒 3、8、2 4h后对小鼠肝、肺、肾、脾、骨髓、睾丸、胃、肠、膀胱和外周血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤作用及修复动力学改变。实验结果 :1)DCE在小鼠体内遗传毒性的靶器官是肝、肺、肾、骨髓、结肠及胃粘膜细胞和外周血淋巴细胞 ;2 )DNA损伤和修复的动力学改变在器官间存在较大的差异 ,DNA损伤明显且修复较慢的器官或组织 (肺、胃和血液系统 )与其致癌的靶器官有较好的一致性。提示 :体内多器官的彗星试验对确定体内遗传毒性和预测致癌的靶器官是非常有用的 ;对暴露DCE的生物和人群 ,外周血淋巴细胞在彗星试验的拖尾 ,可作为体内DNA损伤效应的生物标志。     

低功率微波致雄性小鼠生殖细胞DNA损伤作用

目的探讨低功率微波对小鼠雄性生殖细胞DNA的损伤作用。方法选择清洁级昆明种雄性小鼠40只,随机分为1个对照组和3个辐照组,每组10只。微波辐射源平均功密度为250μW/cm2,频率为900 MHz的连续波,全身24 h暴露。分别于照射后5,10,15 d处死小鼠,观察小鼠睾丸细胞拖尾率、尾长、尾部DNA%和Olive尾矩(OTM)等。结果微波辐射连续照射使小鼠睾丸细胞拖尾率、尾长、尾部DNA%和OTM明显升高,照射后15 d拖尾率达45.8%,尾长、尾部DNA%和Olive尾矩分别为(33.81±16.87)μm,(33.92±20.32)%和(11.08±8.54),与对照组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论连续微波辐射对雄性小鼠生殖细胞DNA有损伤作用,具有时间效应关系。     

二氧化硫对小鼠胃组织氧化损伤的作用

目的　了解二氧化硫 (SO2 )对哺乳动物胃组织的毒理作用及其机制。方法　采用SO2 动态吸入SO2 技术 ,使昆明小鼠吸入SO2 ,浓度为 (2 2± 2 ) ,(6 4± 3) ,(1 4 8± 2 3)mg/m3 ,每天 6h ,连续 7d ,分析该小鼠胃组织氧化损伤及抗氧化状态。结果　在SO2 浓度为 2 2mg/m3 时 ,雄鼠胃组织的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶 (CAT)活力及雌鼠胃组织的脂质过氧化 (LPO)水平显著升高 ;在SO2 浓度为 6 4mg/m3和 1 4 8mg/m3 时 ,雌、雄鼠胃组织的LPO水平显著升高 ,SOD酶活力和还原型谷胱甘肽 (GSH)含量显著下降。结论　吸入SO2 可引起小鼠胃组织多种抗氧化指标发生显著变化 ,表明SO2 对小鼠胃组织产生了氧化损伤作用 ;SO2 的毒理作用与其诱发产生过量自由基有关     

Responses of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and DNA Damage on a Freshwater Snail (Bellamya aeruginosa) Stressed by Ethylbenzene

Ethylbenzene is classified as a priority pollutant; however, toxicity data, especially those regarding sublethal toxicity, are rarely reported on gastropods. The present work was performed to elucidate the sublethal effects of ethylbenzene using a freshwater snail, Bellamya aeruginosa (Reeve), exposed to ethylbenzene for 21 days followed by a 17-day recovery period. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) were used as biomarkers to evaluate oxidative stress in hepatopancreas of snails. In addition, alkaline comet assay was applied to determine the genotoxicity of ethylbenzene in hepatopancreas of snails. These biomarkers and DNA damage exhibited various responses to ethylbenzene in the tested snails. SOD and CAT activities were almost significantly stimulated during the exposure period. As exposure time was prolonged beyond 7 days, CAT activity gradually became significantly increased at higher doses of ethylbenzene. GSH concentration was positively and linearly related with exposure dose. MDA concentration was significantly greater than that in the control only under the lowest treatment after a 7-day exposure. Alkaline comet assay showed that ethylbenzene could significantly induce DNA damage in hepatopancreas of snails, and there was a good dose- and time-response in DNA damage, indicating potential genotoxicity of ethylbenzene on snails. At the end of the recovery period, the repair of DNA damage was not yet completed, showing that DNA repair requires more time. The findings from this study could indicate that SOD, GST, and GSH seem to be effective oxidative biomarkers for snails exposed to ethylbenzene in the short term. CAT proved to be a valuable discriminating biomarker in subchronic exposure to ethylbenzene, but MDA was not a suitable oxidative biomarker for exposure to ethylbenzene in either the short or long term. Alkaline comet assay was efficient tool with which to evaluate the potential genotoxicity of ethylbenzene.     

Perfluorooctanoic Acid Affects Mouse Brain and Liver Tissue Through Oxidative Stress

The aim of this study was to investigate oxidative stress induced by perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in the brain and liver tissues of Balb/c mice as well as protective effects of taurine and coenzyme Q₁₀ (CoQ₁₀) in both organs. For this purpose, animals were treated with PFOA (15 and 30 mg/kg) orally and their lipid peroxidation, total glutathione levels (GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities measured and both tissues analysed for histopathological changes. Our results showed a dose-dependent decrease in body weight and increase in relative brain and liver weights, PFOA-induced lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity in the brain tissue, and changes in GSH levels, GPx, superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver tissue. Pre-treatment with taurine or CoQ₁₀ provided protection against PFOA-induced Cu-Zn SOD reduction in the liver tissue. Our findings evidence the depleting effect of PFOA on antioxidative systems and confirm that PFOA exerts its (neuro)toxicity through oxidative stress, but further research is needed to identify the exact toxicity mechanisms, especially in the brain.Key words: body weight, CAT, CoQ₁₀, GPx, GSH, hepatotoxicity, in vivo, neurotoxicity, oxidative damage, PFOA, relative organ weight, SOD, taurine     

Arsenate-induced toxicity: effects on antioxidative enzymes and DNA damage in Vicia faba

A glasshouse hydroponic experiment was conducted to investigate the toxicity of arsenate to broad bean (Vicia faba) plants when grown with external arsenate concentrations at 10 micromol/L. The treated plants showed no obvious symptoms of phytotoxicity, but shoot/root growth was inhibited. Lipid peroxidation in leaves and roots increased with the addition of arsenate, indicating oxidative stress. We investigated the responses to arsenate exposure in the activities of several representative antioxidant enzymes, including peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), in plant tissues, and the DNA damage in plant leaves and root tips induced by arsenate in this plant was detected for the first time. Arsenate addition increased POD activity in the leaves significantly but decreased its activity in the roots in the 10 micromol/L treatment. Arsenate addition caused an induction of SOD and CAT activities in both leaves and roots, but not in roots at the arsenate concentration of 10 micromol/L. The DNA damage in V. faba was detected using Comet assay; in both leaves and roots, DNA damage increased with increasing arsenate concentrations, indicating genotoxicity of arsenate. These results indicate that arsenate toxicity causes oxidative stress in V. faba, which might be one of the mechanisms through which arsenic induces DNA damage.     

莲房原花青素对乙醇诱导肝细胞DNA损伤的拮抗作用

[目的]研究莲房原花青素(LSPC)对乙醇诱导的人胚肝L-02细胞株DNA损伤的拮抗作用。[方法]观察5、 10、25 mg/L的LSPC与200 mmol/L乙醇共同作用于L-02肝细胞24 h后,对细胞生存率,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,DNA损伤修复酶:[切除修复鼠缺陷交叉互补蛋白1(ERCC1)、O6- 甲基鸟嘌呤甲基转移酶(MGMT)、错配修复hMSH2基因、DNA依赖的蛋白激酶复合物(DNA-PKcs)]表达水平等方面的差异进行比较。[结果]与乙醇组相比,5、10 mg/L的LSPC使细胞的生存率分别由73．14%上升到84．79％和90．52％,细胞SOD、CAT、GSH含量增加(P<0．01),MDA含量减少(P<0．01);有效降低细胞DNA损伤程度(P<0．05)。5 mg/L的 LSPC可显著增加乙醇处理细胞中ERCC1、DNA-PKcs、hMSH2的表达(P<0．01),但对MGMT的表达无影响(P>0．05), 10、25 mg/L的LSPC与乙醇组比较,所有4种DNA损伤修复酶的表达均无明显改变。[结论]适量的LSPC可拮抗乙醇诱导的L-02肝细胞的DNA损伤作用。     

车前子对高脂血症大鼠脂质过氧化的影响

目的 :　探讨车前子对高脂血症大鼠脂质过氧化的影响。方法 :　采用大鼠血清及多脏器组织 ,观察车前子对高脂血症大鼠脂质过氧化的影响。结果 :　高脂对照组血清和心肌超氧化物歧化酶 ( SOD)活性显著降低 ,而脂质过氧化物 ( LPO)含量明显升高 ,血清和肝脏的过氧化氢酶( CAT)、谷胱苷肽过氧化物酶 ( GSH-Px)活性明显降低。补充车前子后显著升高血清及心肌组织SOD活性 2 2 %和 2 8% ,以及肝脏 GSH-Px活性 2 2 %。而使血清及心肌的 LPO含量分别下降 3 2 %和 1 7%。结论 :　 1 5 g/kg车前子可提高高脂血症大鼠体内抗氧化能力并免受自由基损伤     

氯化锂对小鼠脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响

观察氯化锂对小鼠血液和组织中脂质过氧化及抗氧化酶的影响。「方法」以氯化锂为受试剂,昆明种小鼠为受试对象,进行小鼠血液、心、肝、肾、肺、脑、睾丸、卵巢组织中脂质过氧化产物（ＬＰＯ）,谷光甘肽过氧化物酶和超氧化物歧化酶含量测定。结论一定剂量的氯化锂可能通过刺激体内产生自由基而对细胞产生一定的损害作用。     

Protective role of vitamin E on the microcystin-induced oxidative stress in tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus)

Microcystins (MCs) are potent hepatotoxins produced by cyanobacteria in water systems that induce oxidative stress in fish. The present study investigated the effect of vitamin E pretreatment on MC-induced oxidative damage in the liver, kidneys, and gills of tilapia fish (Oreochromis niloticus). Groups of fish were fed vitamin E supplements (200 or 700 mg per kilogram of diet) for 7 d or received only commercial fish food and then were exposed to a single oral dose of cyanobacterial cells (120 microg of MC-LR [2:Leu, 4:Arg] per fish), and were sacrificed in 24 h. The potential benefits of vitamin E were evaluated based on lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein oxidation, catalase (CAT, Enzyme Commission [EC] 1.11.1.6), superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9), glutathione reductase (EC 1.8.1.7), and the ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG). Microcystins induced a 1.6-fold increase in LPO values in liver, whereas vitamin E-pretreated fish showed no alteration on this biomarker. Enzyme activities levels were also ameliorated by the chemoprotectant, whereas protein oxidation and GSH/GSSG did not show any significant change. The higher vitamin E dose used proved to have the greater protective effects, particularly on the biomarkers LPO and CAT. The results show that vitamin E could have a potential use as a preventive or therapeutic measure in MC-exposed fish.     

Antioxidant Responses Versus DNA Damage and Lipid Peroxidation in Golden Grey Mullet Liver: A Field Study at Ria de Aveiro (Portugal)

The present work aimed to investigate golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) liver protection versus damage responses at a polluted coastal lagoon, Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), as a tool to evaluate the human impacts on environmental health at five critical sites in Ria de Aveiro (Portugal) in comparison to a reference site (Torreira; TOR). Protection was evaluated by measuring non-enzymatic [total glutathione (GSHt) and non-protein thiols (NPT)] and enzymatic [catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GR)] antioxidant defenses. Damage was assessed as DNA integrity loss and lipid peroxidation (LPO). No significant differences were found between sites in terms of non-enzymatic defenses (GSHt and NPT). CAT did not display significant differences among sites. However, GPx at Barra (BAR, associated with naval traffic), Gafanha (GAF, harbor and dry-dock activities area), Laranjo (LAR, metal contaminated associated with chlor–alkali plant), and Vagos (VAG, contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) was significantly lower than the reference site. GST was lower at GAF, Rio Novo do Príncipe (RIO, pulp mill effluent area), LAR, and VAG, whereas GR was lower at RIO. The loss of antioxidant defenses was paralleled by higher LPO levels only at GAF and VAG. However, no DNA integrity loss was found. Results highlight the importance of the adopted multibiomarkers as applied in the liver of L. aurata in coastal water pollution monitoring. The integration of liver antioxidant defense and damage responses can improve the aquatic contamination assessment.     

纳米ZnO对小鼠抗氧化防御系统的影响

目的探讨纳米ZnO对小鼠抗氧化防御系统的影响。方法将30只健康清洁级CD-ICR小鼠随机分为对照(1%羧甲基纤维素钠)组、小粒径(10～20nm)纳米ZnO染毒组和大粒径(60～80nm)纳米染毒组,每组10只,雌雄各半。以5g/kg剂量一次性经口灌胃染毒。染毒14天后称重,处死小鼠,取出小鼠的肝脏、肾脏、脾脏和心脏称重,并计算脏器系数。分别测定各脏器中丙二醛(MDA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活力以及锌(Zn)元素含量。结果各组小鼠体重及肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏的脏器系数间比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。与对照组相比,大粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠肾脏和小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠脾脏中SOD活力均下降,大、小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠肾脏和小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠心脏中MDA含量均上升,小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠脾脏和心脏中CAT活力均下降,大、小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠肾脏和小粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠脾脏中GSH含量均下降,大粒径纳米ZnO染毒组小鼠肾脏中Zn含量均升高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05或P0.01)。结论肾脏、脾脏和心脏均受到不同程度的氧化损伤,肾脏可能是纳米ZnO灌胃染毒后的主要蓄积器官。     

The effect of nitrobenzene on antioxidative enzyme activity and DNA damage in tobacco seedling leaf cells

Nitrobenzene, although widely used in industry, is a highly toxic environmental pollutant. To evaluate the toxicity of nitrobenzene to tobacco seedlings, seedlings were exposed to varying concentrations of nitrobenzene (0-100?mg/L) for 24?h. The contents of reactive oxygen species (hydrogen peroxide [H(2) O(2) ] and superoxide anion [O?2-]) and the activities of antioxidative enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], guaiacol peroxidase [POD], and catalase [CAT]) were measured in leaf cells. Damage to DNA was assessed by single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Compared with the control, the contents of H(2) O(2) increased significantly with nitrobenzene concentrations ranging from 5 to 100?mg/L. Activity of SOD was induced by 50 to 100?mg/L of nitrobenzene but not by 10 to 25?mg/L. Activity of POD was stimulated by nitrobenzene at 10 to 50?mg/L but inhibited at 100?mg/L. Activity of CAT was increased significantly only by 100?mg/L. Lipid peroxidation increased with 50 to 100?mg/L, which indicated that nitrobenzene induced oxidative stress in tobacco leaf cells. Comet assay of the leaf cells showed a significant enhancement of the head DNA (H-DNA), tail DNA (T-DNA), and olive tail moment (OTM) with increasing doses of nitrobenzene. The values of H-DNA, T-DNA, and OTM exhibited significant differences from the control when stress concentrations were higher than 10?mg/L. The results indicated that nitrobenzene caused oxidative stress, which may be one of the mechanisms through which nitrobenzene induces DNA damage. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2078-2084. ? 2012 SETAC.