Radical resection of a massive venous malformation of the thumb and immediate reconstruction with a microsurgical toe transfer

A massive venous malformation involving the entire thumb, first web space, and index finger in a young child was treated by radical resection of the venous malformation, including amputation of the thumb distal to the mid-metacarpal and immediate reconstruction with a microsurgical second toe transfer. Five years after surgery, the patient has excellent function of the hand and no evidence of recurrence of the malformation. This case is unique in two respects: first, the venous malformation was of massive size, and second, the unusual venous malformation required total amputation of the thumb and immediate reconstruction with a complete toe transfer.     

趾背动脉供血的微型⻊母甲瓣在甲床美学修复中的应用

目的探讨应用趾背动脉供血的微型蹲甲瓣修复甲床缺损的方法及临床效果。方法自2012年1月至2016年1月,以趾背动脉供血的微型躅甲瓣修复12例拇指、7例示指、2例中指、2例环指甲床及背侧皮肤软组织缺损．缺损面积6mm×12mm～14mm×28mm。供区予直接缝合、全厚皮片植皮或带蒂皮瓣修复。结果术后足母甲瓣全部成活。随访6～48个月,23例患指指甲生长平整、光滑,外形饱满,功能恢复好。供区未见明显畸形,功能未受影响。结论游离移植趾背动脉供血的微型足母甲瓣是拇、手指甲床缺损美学修复的理想方法。     

Thumb reconstruction with combination of the wrap-around flap prefabricated by medialis pedis perforator flap with nail bed and phalanx banked from the amputated thumb: A case report

Thumb reconstruction has been a very challenging issue for hand surgeons. In this report, we present a case of thumb reconstruction with combination of the wrap-around flap prefabricated by the medialis pedis perforator flap with phalanx and nail bed banked from the amputated thumb. A 22-year-old man suffered from the left thumb amputation as well as large soft tissue defect of hand and comminuted fracture in wrist due to a crush accident. The distal phalanx and nail bed of left thumb were exposed and no suitable vessels for microsurgical anastomosis could be found, resulting in the great difficulty of replantation. After debridement, nail bed of the amputated thumb was dissected and banked on the medial side of foot, while the distal phalanx was buried in the abdominal subcutaneous tissue. The fracture was fixed with an external fixation and the soft tissue defect was covered with a free anterolateral flap. Wound and bone healing was achieved 6 months after the initial treatment. Thumb was reconstructed with combination of the banked phalanx and a wrap-around flap prefabricated by the medialis pedis perforator flap and the banked nail bed. The postoperative course was uneventful with complications from both reconstruction and donor sites. The nail of the reconstructed thumb grew normally. Thumb oppositional function was rebuilt. The patient was satisfied with the aesthetic and functional outcome at 5-year postoperative follow-up. We propose that tissue banked from the nonreplantable amputated thumb could be used for secondary reconstruction with the technique of flap prefabrication.     

足趾移植拇指与手指再造的临床研究

目的探讨足趾移植拇指与手指再造的方法和疗效。方法采用部分坶趾移植拇指部分再造22例,躅甲瓣或带足背皮瓣船甲瓣移植拇指再造13例,第2足趾移植再造拇指4例,再造手指3例,及带足背皮瓣的第2足趾移植再造拇指7例,带足背皮瓣的第2,3足趾移植再造手指7例,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣或第2趾和第2,3趾组合移植再造拇手指10例,双足第2足趾移植全手缺失二指再造2例,共68例97指。结果再造拇手指和皮瓣全部成活,成活率为100％,术后经3月～10年的随访和信访,按中华医学会手外科学会拇、手指再造功能评定试用标准评定：优62指,良24指,可9指,差2指,优良率达88．66％。结论采用部棚趾、第2足趾棚甲瓣移植再造拇手指,带足背皮瓣的躅甲瓣、第2趾或第2,3趾组合移植行合并手部皮肤缺损的拇手指再造,效果满意。     

指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣结合甲床扩大术修复指端缺损

目的 介绍指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣结合甲床扩大术治疗外伤性手指末节软组织缺损伴指甲缺损.方法 采用此方法治疗手指末节软组织伴指甲缺损35例38指.结果 所有皮瓣均成活,术后随访3～6个月,伤指的指端及指甲外形满意.结论 指动脉逆行岛状皮瓣结合甲床扩大术是治疗外伤性手指末节软组织伴指甲缺损的有效方法.     

Digital reconstruction and donor site resurfacing: a two-flap technique

Use of a great toe pulp flap is one of the methods to repair partial soft-tissue defect of the thumb or other digits. However, the conventional application of free skin grafts to close the donor site may bring donor-site morbidity. The authors present a two-flap technique that a reverse first dorsal metatarsal artery (FDMA) flap resurfaces the defect of the free great toe pulp flap. Six patients with soft-tissue defects of the thumbs or fingers were treated with this technique. Both the pulp and reverse flaps survived uneventfully after reconstruction of the thumbs and fingers. The reverse flap to resurface the donor site on the great toe was sensate and durable. Satisfactory appearance and function were gained in all patients. Results revealed that this technique can be accepted as an alternative method when treating soft tissue defect of the thumb or finger.     

静脉动脉化拇趾甲瓣再造拇、手指指甲

目的 探讨指甲严重损伤或缺损后的修复方法。方法 采用游离带蒂拇趾甲瓣，将拇趾甲瓣静脉与受指动脉吻合重建趾甲血供，并对治疗结果进行随访。结果 16例17指中，有14指成活，3指因创面感染而坏死，远期效果优良。结论 该方法免除了因技术条件限制而行末节截指引起的残疾、外观缺陷，有一定的实用价值。     

Microtransfers for nail and fingertip replacement

We have reported the cases of vascularized nail flap transfer with a short pedicle fashion. We consider that reconstruction of fingers should be conducted positively, even in the case of the nail defect, except the thumb. Because these operations are aimed at aesthetic improvement, reconstruction with a short pedicle fashion seems to be the method worth employing because it leaves short skin incisions. The final goal of nail surgery is for the patients to use the reconstructed finger in public. To achieve this goal, we must keep in our mind the aesthetic considerations in nail surgery.     

吻合血管组织移植在创伤与修复外科的临床应用

目的：探讨吻合血管组织移植在创伤与修复外科临床应用经验。方法：1986年以来行吻合血管组织移植127例，其中各种皮瓣或肌皮瓣60例，骨皮瓣移植6例，骨或半关节移植15例，足趾移植拇手指再造35例41指，趾甲皮瓣修复拇，指末节6例，趾关节移植修复指间关节2例，空肠或结肠移植重建咽食道3例。结果：2例皮瓣坏死，余均成活，效果良好。结论：以皮支血管为蒂的皮瓣移植、肌腱穿皮瓣组合移植，血管的端－侧或端－残支吻合、指－趾或跖血管吻合的应用使组织移植更为精确。     

Transversely‐inset great toe hemi‐pulp flap transfer for the reconstruction of a thumb‐tip defect

Thumb‐tip defect is a common traumatic disease, and replantation of an amputated thumb‐tip is the first choice of treatment when available. When an amputee is not available, local flaps such as volar advancement flap are used for reconstruction. However, it is difficult to cover whole defect area by a local flap when a defect is relatively large. In this report, we present a case of the use of a free great toe hemi‐pulp flap transfer to reconstruct a thumb‐tip defect. A 69‐year‐old right‐handed male suffered from the right thumb‐tip crush amputation in Tamai Zone 2. The distal phalanx and the nail matrix were preserved, and the defect size was 5 cm × 4 cm. The thumb‐tip was reconstructed with a free great toe hemi‐pulp flap under local anesthesia. The flap included extended subcutaneous adiposal tissue (skin size 4.5 cm × 3 cm; fat size 4.5 cm × 5.5 cm) to reconstruct the nail bed, and was transversely inset at the recipient site to cover the whole area of the defect. The donor site could be primarily closed without skin grafting. At postoperative 6 months, the patient was satisfied with good results of the reconstructed thumb‐tip and the donor site. Transversely‐inset great toe hemi‐pulp flap may be useful to reconstruct a thumb‐tip defect, which allows relatively wide defect reconstruction. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery 35:235–238, 2015.     

Reconstruction of the thumb

Based on 25 years of experience (1960-1984) with 188 cases, six approaches to thumb reconstruction are categorized as follows: pollicization using the index finger; pollicization using a finger stump; free transplant of a toe to reconstruct the thumb; reconstruction of the thumb by bone grafting and free flap transfer from the great toe with the nail; reconstruction of the thumb by turning up the skin over the dorsum of the stump and lengthening with bone grafting, and reconstruction of the thumb with bone grafting and tubular skin grafting. A well-reconstructed thumb should be in proper position with good stability, have good sensation, be of proper length, and have a satisfactory aesthetic appearance. Proper selection of patients, based on the level of thumb loss, condition of other fingers, and age, occupation, and activities of the patient, is a key to successful reconstruction of the thumb. Care must be taken to avoid excessive interference with the original function of the donor site.     

Microvascular free on-top plasty in a mutilated hand

Amputation of the index, middle, and ring fingers leaves a poor, unstable pinch and grasp between the thumb and little finger. In this type of mutilated hand, it is necessary to reconstruct one or two fingers for firm chuck pinch and good grasp. Functionally and cosmetically, toe transfer is superior to other methods of finger reconstruction because of its mobility, sensibility, pulp size, and nail availability. However, a transfer from the foot may not always be available. In such a case, any finger stump may be considered as a possible donor finger. The authors performed a microvascular free transfer of the remaining portion of the ring finger including the metacarpophalangeal joint to the top of the remaining portion of the index finger in a mutilated hand with intact thumb and little finger because the patient declined toe transfer. Postoperatively, more effective strength and stability, provided by three converging digits, was achieved in the hand. Accordingly, it was easier for the patient to grip small and large objects. The authors describe this procedure as a microvascular free on-top plasty.     

离断拇指复合组织回植皮瓣包埋再造拇指

目的 介绍一种非显微手术行离断拇指再造的良好方法。方法 离断拇指复合组织回植、腹部真皮下血管网皮瓣包埋再造拇指。结果 ５例５指皮瓣及回植的断指复合组织均成活,再造拇指有指甲生长,外形美观,功能良好。感觉略为迟钝。结论 离断拇指,在丧失再植条件,病人拒行足趾移植,并要求重建恢复拇指外形、功能时,采用此法可获较好效果。     

拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损

目的探讨吻合神经的拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损的临床效果及并发症的防治。方法利用拇指背侧皮神经营养血管逆行皮瓣修复拇指软组织缺损23例,11例将皮瓣内皮神经与受区内指神经外膜吻合,以重建受区感觉。结果23例皮瓣手术,22例皮瓣成活,1例皮瓣远端部分坏死。6例皮瓣远端出现张力性水泡,经积极处理后缓解。术后随访4～24个月,1例发生嵌甲,2例出现虎口轻度挛缩,成活皮瓣质地良好,手部外形与功能恢复满意,皮瓣恢复保护性感觉。结论该皮瓣手术操作简单,皮瓣外形好,可恢复部分感觉,是修复拇指软组织缺损的理想皮瓣。     

拇手指末节缺损的再造

目的 报道应用部分足趾组织移植进行指-趾动脉吻合的拇指、手指末节缺损再造的临床效果. 方法 拇指、手指末节及指尖缺损126例141指,包括拇指79指,示指37指,中指19指,环指6指.其中15例为2指同时再造.拇指再造病例中,应用部分躅趾组织移植者34指,部分第二足趾组织移植者45指:手指再造应用部分第二足趾组织移植者45指,部分第三足趾组织移植14指,部分第四足趾组织移植3指. 结果 术后发生动脉危象16指、静脉危象9指,经手术和药物治疗全部成活.31例行二期整形.87例94指得到随访,随访时间为6个月～15年.患者对再造指外形感到满意,能作指腹捏夹动作,感觉恢复到S3+以上者94指,其中76指的两点辨别觉达到6-8mm.供区无手术并发症. 结论 应用部分足趾组织移植进行指-趾动脉吻合的拇指、手指末节及指尖再造手术,术后的拇指、手指功能与外形比较符合患者的期望.     

Ⅰ期趾甲延长术9例报告

目的:总结Ⅰ期在第2足趾游离移植再造拇(手)指中行趾甲延长的临床应用经验.方法:采用趾甲延长方法对9例(男7,女2例)第2足趾移植再造拇(手)指的患者进行了趾甲延长术,其中拇指8例,食指1例.年龄18～46岁,平均25岁.在再造指距甲根皮缘5 mm处,去除1块矩形皮肤,勿损伤皮下血管网.其高度2 mm,宽度与趾甲相等,将U形皮瓣向近端柔和推剥并缝合.结果:1例术后供区发生表浅感染,经换敷料逐渐愈合.再造的拇(手)指全部成活,可延长趾甲2～3 mm,改善了再造拇(手)指的外形,无指甲生长畸形发生.随访7个月～2年(平均13个月),趾甲外形较好.结论:在第2足趾游离移植再造拇(手)指中应用Ⅰ期趾甲延长术,使趾甲从短小向纵向延长,缩小手指甲与足趾甲之间差异,能改善再造拇(手)指甲外形,且不影响再造指的活动功能,是一种简单有效的手术方法.     

Free "kite" flap: a new flap for reconstruction of small hand defects

Small, thin, and pliable flaps are frequently required in hand surgery to reconstruct defects in functionally important areas such as the pulp or the "contact zones" of the digits. The innervated first metacarpal artery flap ("kite" flap) is a reliable procedure to restore sensibility in the thumb and the digits. Four microsurgical (free) kite flaps to the hand were performed between February, 1993 and August, 1999 in male patients. Follow-up examinations were performed in three patients. The static two-point discrimination in the kite flaps ranged from 8 to 15 mm and did not show any difference compared to flaps from the foot described in the literature. Semmes-Weinstein testing results ranged from normal to protective sensation with a normal sharp vs. dull discrimination. A free kite flap provides a valuable, safe alternative to venous flaps or other free flaps for reconstruction of small defects in the hand     

Reconstruction of finger tip amputations with advancement flap and free nail bed graft

Fifteen finger tip amputations through the proximal half of the nail bed were reconstructed with palmar V-Y advancement flaps and full thickness nail bed grafts. The undersurface of the V-Y flap was sutured to the nail bed remnant and the raw area was covered with full thickness nail bed grafts from the amputated part. They were followed for a minimum period of one year and the nail bed grafts took fully in all patients. The results were best in the thumb and least favourable in the little finger but all the patients were happy with the cosmetic result and the functional outcome. This technique results in an average gain of 5 mm of extra length to the nail. This is a useful technique when replantation of a distal fingertip amputation is not possible.     

Treatment of post-traumatic nail bed deformities with split-thickness nail bed grafts

INTRODUCTION: Split-thickness nail bed graft have been proposed for treatment of post-traumatic nail bed dystrophies. Only three papers reported good results in 60 to 90% of cases. We report our experience. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We reviewed 18 cases of split-thickness nail bed grafts from operative and consultation files and photographs. Evaluation was made using criteria as the nail plate shape, its adhesion on the nail bed, patient satisfaction and possible sequelae on the donor finger. RESULTANTS: Thirteen patients have been reviewed with a sufficient follow-up to assess the results. In 13 cases, the graft was taken from the hallux. The nail-bed graft was used for hallux reconstruction two times, the thumb six times, index six times, middle and ring finger one each, and the little finger two times. In every patient the graft was molded using either the patient nail or the nail plate from the donor finger. Clinical results were excellent in five cases, good in three and poor in five cases. Five failures were due to wrong indications in three cases in which matrix problem has been underestimated, and infectious failures in two cases. Fifteen per cent of our patients had some sequelae on the donor finger.     

手指甲床损伤的分型与治疗

目的 探讨手指甲床损伤的分型与治疗方案的选择.方法 2006年1月-2009年12月,对我院105例120指甲床损伤患者进行分析,按照损伤程度将其分为三型,Ⅰ型（甲床无缺损）40指,Ⅱ型（部分性甲床缺损）40指,Ⅲ型（完全性甲床缺损）40指,Ⅰ～Ⅱ型根据损伤特点又分为A、B、和C三个亚型,其中Ⅱ型损伤的A和B亚型又分出两个次级亚型.根据甲床损伤不同分型,分别采用拔甲术、甲床缝合、各种带蒂皮瓣和足趾甲皮瓣移植等进行修复.结果 Ⅰ型缺损中Ⅰ C型共3例出现甲床坏死,改行皮瓣修复后成活,Ⅱ和Ⅲ型损伤采用皮瓣或趾甲皮瓣修复全部成活.随访3～9个月,修复与再造的甲床指甲生长良好,皮瓣外观满意.结论 手指甲床损伤的分型有助于治疗方案选择及预后的判断,带蒂皮瓣是Ⅱ和Ⅲ型甲床损伤修复的有效方法,而足趾甲床皮瓣是修复ⅡB2和Ⅲ型甲床损伤较理想的治疗方法.