Pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: critical analysis of prospective randomised trials

This is a critical analysis of prospective randomised trials that compare pancreatic reconstruction techniques with the stomach and the intestine, after pancreaticoduodenectomy. A questionnaire with questions from the Evidence Based Medicine Centre of Oxford University (PICO analysis) was used, following the criteria for the evaluation of randomised prospective studies for surgical interventions of the McMaster University in Ontario. It was found that the studies differed in methodological aspects, the most important being the lack of a uniform definition of a pancreatic fistula. The techniques for performing pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy were not homogeneous. There were no differences in the percentage of pancreatic fistula in three of these studies; one which modified the pancreaticogastrostomy technique had more favourable results. New comparative studies should use new definitions of the complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy and standardise the pancreatic reconstruction technique.     

��ʮ��ָ���г����������ϲ���Ѫ��������ʽ̽��

??A reoperation method for pancreatic fistula with hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy WU Wen-guang, WU Xiang-song, LI Mao-lan, et al. Department of General Surgery, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
Corresponding author: LIU Ying-bin, E-mail: laoniulyb@163.com
Abstract Objective To evaluate a reasonable reoperation method for pancreatic fistula with hemorrhage after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Methods From May 2009 to December 2012, 143 cases of pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) were performed in Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. Among them, 3 cases had pancreatic fistula with hemorrhage. Pancreatic juice external drainage, binding pancreaticojejunostomy, and binding pancreaticogastrostomy was performed in 1 case respectively for residual pancreatic reconstruction. Results Three cases had no serious complication and the first case underwent reoperation after 6 months for pancreatic juice internal drainage. Conclusion Binding pancreaticojejunostomy (pancreaticogastrostomy) describes a new binding anastomosis technique instead of direct suture for residual pancreatic reconstruction in reoperation, and is worthy of operating method for pancreatic fistula with hemorrhage after PD.     

Meta-analysis of pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Pancreaticoduodenectomy is the primary treatment for periampullary cancer. Associated morbidity is high and often related to pancreatic anastomotic failure. This paper compares rates of pancreatic fistula, morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy in patients having reconstruction by pancreaticogastrostomy with those in patients having reconstruction by pancreaticojejunostomy. METHODS: A meta-analysis was performed of all large cohort and randomized controlled trials carried out since 1990. RESULTS: Eleven articles were identified for inclusion: one prospective randomized trial, two non-randomized prospective trials and eight observational cohort studies. The meta-analysis revealed a higher rate of pancreatic fistula associated with pancreaticojejunostomy reconstruction (relative risk (RR) 2.62 (95 per cent confidence interval (c.i.) 1.91 to 3.60)). A higher overall morbidity rate was also demonstrated in this group (RR 1.43 (95 per cent c.i. 1.26 to 1.61)), as was a higher mortality rate (RR 2.51 (95 per cent c.i. 1.61 to 3.91)). CONCLUSION: Current literature suggests that the safer means of pancreatic reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy is pancreaticogastrostomy, but much of the evidence comes from observational cohort study data.     

Pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background

The best reconstruction method for the pancreatic remnant after pancreaticoduodenectomy remains debatable. We aimed to investigate the perioperative outcomes of 2 popular reconstruction methods: pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy.

Data Sources

Randomized controlled trials comparing pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy were identified from literature databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library).The meta-analysis included 8 studies: 607 patients who underwent pancreaticogastrostomy and 604 who underwent pancreaticojejunostomy. Postoperative pancreatic fistula and intra-abdominal fluid collection rates were significantly lower after pancreaticogastrostomy compared with pancreaticojejunostomy. No statistically significant differences were found in the incidence of delayed gastric emptying, biliary fistula, hemorrhage, reoperation, wound infection, overall morbidity, mortality, and length of hospital stay.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis suggests that pancreaticogastrostomy not only reduces the rate of postoperative pancreatic fistula but also decreases its severity. Pancreaticogastrostomy is associated with a lower rate of intra-abdominal fluid collection. Our results suggest that pancreaticogastrostomy should be the preferred reconstruction method.     

Prevention of pancreatic anastomotic leakage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Leakage at the pancreaticoenteric anastomosis remains a common and serious complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Over the past decade, various measures directed towards prevention of pancreatic leakage have been studied. This article reviews the available data on the efficacy of these measures. DATA SOURCES: The Medline database from 1990 to 2000 was searched for studies on the prevention of pancreatic anastomotic leakage, and the bibliographies of the articles were reviewed for additional references. RESULTS: A meta-analysis of the results of prophylactic octreotide in preventing pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy from data available in three randomized controlled studies yielded an odds ratio of 1.08 (95% confidence interval 0.64 to 1.84). Pending further trials to clarify its role, the routine use of octreotide in pancreaticoduodenectomy cannot be recommended. Retrospective or nonrandomized prospective studies suggested that technical modifications such as duct-to-mucosa anastomosis, pancreaticogastrostomy and external pancreatic duct stenting may reduce the leakage rate, but there is a paucity of randomized trials. A randomized trial comparing pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy did not reveal a significant difference in the leakage rate. CONCLUSIONS: Further randomized controlled studies are required to determine the optimum technique of pancreaticoenteric anastomosis after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

A prospective randomized trial of pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy.

OBJECTIVE: The authors hypothesized that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy and less likely to be associated with a postoperative pancreatic fistula. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, occurring in 10% to 20% of patients. Nonrandomized reports have suggested that pancreaticogastrostomy is less likely than pancreaticojejunostomy to be associated with postoperative complications. METHODS: Between May 1993 and January 1995, the findings for 145 patients were analyzed in this prospective trial at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. After giving their appropriate preoperative informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to pancreaticogastrostomy or pancreaticojejunostomy after completion of the pancreaticoduodenal resection. All pancreatic anastomoses were performed in two layers without pancreatic duct stents and with closed suction drainage. Pancreatic fistula was defined as drainage of greater than 50 mL of amylase-rich fluid on or after postoperative day 10. RESULTS: The pancreaticogastrostomy (n = 73) and pancreaticojejunostomy (n = 72) groups were comparable with regard to multiple parameters, including demographics, medical history, preoperative laboratory values, and intraoperative factors, such as operative time, blood transfusions, pancreatic texture, length of pancreatic remnant mobilized, and pancreatic duct diameter. The overall incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 11.7% (17/145). The incidence of pancreatic fistula was similar for the pancreaticogastrostomy (12.3%) and pancreaticojejunostomy (11.1%) groups. Pancreatic fistula was associated with a significant prolongation of postoperative hospital stay (36 +/- 5 vs. 15 +/- 1 days) (p < 0.001). Factors significantly increasing the risk of pancreatic fistula by univariate logistic regression analysis included ampullary or duodenal disease, soft pancreatic texture, longer operative time, greater intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and lower surgical volume (p < 0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the factors most highly associated with pancreatic fistula to be lower surgical volume and ampullary or duodenal disease in the resected specimen. CONCLUSIONS: Pancreatic fistula is a common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy, with an incidence most strongly associated with surgical volume and underlying disease. These data do not support the hypothesis that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy or is associated with a lower incidence of pancreatic fistula.     

Is pancreaticogastrostomy safer than pancreaticojejunostomy?

Background/Purpose Failure of a pancreatic–enteric anastomosis very frequently leads to morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy. Pancreaticojejunostomy or pancreaticogastrostomy is often used after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The many reports on pancreaticogastrostomy support the low rates of anastomotic leakage and mortality compared with pancreaticojejunostomy. Methods Between January 1995 and December 2004, 155 pancreaticojejunostomies and 58 pancreaticogastrostomies were performed after pancreatic resection in the Second Department of Surgery of Nagoya University Hospital. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were analyzed. Results The incidence of pancreatic fistula was similar for the pancreaticojejunostomy (12.2%) and pancreaticogastrostomy (20.7%) groups and the mortality rate was 0% in both groups. Conclusions This restrospective clinical study suggested no significant difference in the incidence rate of pancreatic fistula and mortality between pancreaticojejunostomy and pancreaticogastrostomy.     

Pancreatic Anastomoses after Pancreaticoduodenectomy: Do We Need Further Studies?

Pancreatic anastomotic leak is the single most important factor responsible for the considerable morbidity and mortality associated with pancreaticoduodenectomy. Management of the pancreatic remnant is controversially discussed, reflecting the complexity of anastomosing a pancreas of different textures to the digestive tract. A number of studies evaluating diverse options have often provided conflicting conclusions. This information is confusing particularly to those surgeons outside of large-volume centers with broad experience and to general surgeons who perform pancreatic surgery. A PubMed search with the key words pancreaticoduodenectomy, pancreatic anastomosis, pancreaticojejunostomy, pancreaticogastrostomy, and pancreatic fistula was performed. Major series of pancreatic anastomosis published between 1990 and 2002 were studied from diverse centers worldwide. Their results with regard to pancreatic fistula, morbidity, and mortality were documented. Nine series of pancreaticojejunostomy and seven series of pancreaticogastrostomy were evaluated. Eight comparative studies evaluating the two techniques were also analyzed. A single randomized controlled trial was identified among these comparative studies. Equally good results were observed with the two techniques. Other uncommon methods of management of the pancreatic remnant (duct occlusion and ligation) were also evaluated. Pancreaticojejunostomy followed by pancreaticogastrostomy are the most favored techniques. A duct-to-mucosa anastomosis is preferred over other methods. Fistula rates of less than 5%–10% should be the standard irrespective of the technique used. Unlike in the past, mortality can be reduced even in the event of an anastomotic dehiscence, and this aspect is primarily dependent on a meticulous anastomosis based on sound surgical principles rather than the method per se. Based on the information accumulated, adherence to these specific principles could ensure a safe and reliable pancreatic anastomosis with mimimal morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, even in the hands of general surgeons operating outside high-volume centers.     

Jejunum or Stomach for the Pancreatic Anastomosis After Pancreaticoduodenectomy

Objective: The authors hypothesized that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy after pancreaticoduodenectomy and less likely to be associated with a postoperative pancreatic fistula.Summary Background Data: Pancreatic fistula is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy, occurring in 10% to 20% of patients. Nonrandomized reports have suggested that pancreaticogastrostomy is less likely than pancreaticojejunostomy to be associated with postoperative complications.Methods: Between May 1993 and January 1995, the findings for 145 patients were analyzed in this prospective trial at The Johns Hopkins Hospital. After giving their appropriate preoperative informed consent, patients were randomly assigned to pancreaticogastrostomy or pancreaticojejunostomy after completion of the pancreaticoduodenal resection. All pancreatic anastomoses were performed in two layers without pancreatic duct stents and with closed suction drainage. Pancreatic fistula was defined as drainage of greater than 50 mL of amylase-rich fluid on or after postoperative day 10.Results: The pancreaticogastrostomy (n=73) and pancreaticojejunostomy (n=72) groups were comparable with regard to multiple parameters, including demographics, medical history, preoperative laboratory values, and intraoperative factors, such as operative time, blood transfusions, pancreatic texture, length of pancreatic remnant mobilized, and pancreatic duct diameter. The overall incidence of pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy was 11.7% (171145). The incidence of pancreatic fistula was similar for the pancreaticogastrostomy (12.3%) and pancreaticojejunostomy (11.1%) groups. Pancreatisc fistula was associated with a significant prolongation of postoperative hospital stay (36±5 vs. 15±1 days) (p<0.001). Factors significantly increasing the risk of pancreatic fistula by univariate logistic regression analysis included ampullary or duodenal disease, soft pancreatic texture, longer operative time, greater intraoperative red blood cell transfusions, and lower surgical volume (p<0.05). A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed the factors most highly associated with pancreatic fistula to be lower surgical volume and ampullary or duodenal disease in the resected specimen.Conclusions: Pancreatic fistula is a common complication after pancreaticoduodenectomy, with an incidence most strongly associated with surgical volume and underlying disease. These data do not support the hypothesis that pancreaticogastrostomy is safer than pancreaticojejunostomy or is associated with a lower incidence of pancreatic fistula.     

Which is the best technique for pancreaticoenteric reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy? A critical analysis

The definitive surgical management of periampullary tumors is a challenging endeavor. This article reviews the available data on the efficacy of various methods of pancreaticoenteric reconstruction designed for the prevention of pancreatic fistula (PF). A literature search of the Medline database was used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) with pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). A total of two metaanalyses and four prospective RCTs were identified. Individual RCTs comparing PJ and PG allow the surgeons participating in the trial to choose technical modifications of one particular technique. As a result, there is no universal agreement as to whether one particular variation is safer and less prone to PF than the others. In addition, the majority of RCTs failed to stratify patient risk of PF. Further studies are therefore necessary to define the optimal technique of pancreatic reconstruction after PD conducted in high-volume centers by high-volume surgeons.     

胰十二指肠切除术胰肠、胰胃两种吻合方式的Meta分析

目的 比较胰十二指肠切除术后采用胰胃吻合术与采用胰空肠吻合术在围手术期死亡率、术后并发症发生率、术后胰瘘、胃排空延迟、出血、腹腔积液、二次手术等方面有无明显差异.方法 计算机检索PubMed、Cochrane Library、Medline、Embase等数据库,同时根据以上检索所得文献的参考文献进行扩大检索.使用Jadad法进行质量评价,采用Cochrane协作网提供的RevMan5.2.7统计软件进行Meta分析.结果 共纳入8项研究,共计1211例病人.结果显示,胰胃吻合组（PG）与胰空肠吻合组（PJ）相比,在围手术期并发症发生率、围手术期死亡率、胃排空延迟、出血以及二次手术方面并差异无统计学意义.而在术后胰瘘及腹腔积液方面,PG组优于PJ组,差异具有统计学意义.结论 胰胃吻合术的安全性不亚于胰空肠吻合术,并可在一定程度上降低术后胰瘘以及腹腔积液的发生率.但是尚需要更多相关的高质量临床研究,以进一步对PG及PJ两种术式进行比较.     

Reconstruction by pancreaticojejunostomy versus pancreaticogastrostomy following pancreatectomy: results of a comparative study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of pancreaticogastrostomy versus pancreaticojejunostomy following pancreaticoduodenectomy in a prospective and randomized setting. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: While several techniques have been proposed for reconstructing pancreatico-digestive continuity, only a limited number of randomized studies have been carried out. METHODS: A total of 151 patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy with soft residual tissue were randomized to receive either pancreaticogastrostomy (group PG) or end-to-side pancreaticojejunostomy (group PJ). RESULTS: The 2 treatment groups showed no differences in vital statistics or underlying disease, mean duration of surgery, and need for intraoperative blood transfusion. Overall, the incidence of surgical complications was 34% (29% in PG, 39% in PJ, P = not significant). Patients receiving PG showed a significantly lower rate of multiple surgical complications (P = 0.002). Pancreatic fistula was the most frequent complication, occurring in 14.5% of patients (13% in PG and 16% in PJ, P = not significant). Five patients in each treatment arm required a second surgical intervention; the postoperative mortality rate was 0.6%. PG was favored over PJ due to significant differences in postoperative collections (P = 0.01), delayed gastric emptying (P = 0.03), and biliary fistula (P = 0.01). The mean postoperative hospitalization period stay was comparable in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: When compared with PJ, PG did not show any significant differences in the overall postoperative complication rate or incidence of pancreatic fistula. However, biliary fistula, postoperative collections and delayed gastric emptying are significantly reduced in patients treated by PG. In addition, pancreaticogastrostomy is associated with a significantly lower frequency of multiple surgical complications.     

�ȳ�����θ�ǺϷ�ʽ����ѡ��������

胰十二指肠或中段胰腺切除后胰腺残端-消化道的重建方式主要包括胰肠吻合和胰胃吻合两大类。两种吻合方式在围手术期并发症尤其是胰瘘发生率方面差异无统计学意义,胰胃吻合对胰腺远期内外分泌功能的影响尚不明了。对有望获得长期生存,或已经有胰腺内外分泌功能不全的病人,为避免远期的进一步损害,选择胰肠吻合较合理;而对于中段胰腺切除或胰管内乳头状黏液性肿瘤(IPMNs)的病人,可考虑胰胃吻合。总之,选择何种重建方式应综合考虑术者的操作习惯、手术方式、原发疾病的性质、胰腺的质地和内外分泌功能状态等诸多因素。     

Pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy: the impact of a standardized technique of pancreaticojejunostomy

Background The leading cause for morbidity and mortality after pancreaticoduodenectomy is a pancreatic anastomotic leak and fistula. The two most commonly performed anastomoses after pancreaticoduodenectomy are pancreaticogastrostomy (PG) and pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ). The role of standardization on outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy has not been sufficiently addressed. Aim The goal is to study the impact of a standardized technique of pancreatic anastomosis (PJ) after pancreaticoduodenectomy in a tertiary referral cancer teaching hospital. Materials and methods A single-institution database was analyzed over 15 years. The entire data were subdivided into two periods, viz., period A (1992 to 2001), when PG (dunking) was predominantly used, and period B (2003–2007), when a standardized technique of PJ (duct to mucosa) was employed. Results There were 144 pancreaticoduodenectomies performed during period A with a pancreatic fistula rate of 16%. During period B, 123 pancreaticoduodenectomies were performed with a pancreatic fistula rate of 3.2% (p < 0.0005). Conclusions It appears that a standardized approach to the pancreatic anastomosis and a consistent practice of a single technique can help to reduce the incidence of complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy.     

捆绑式胰胃重建在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用体会

目的探讨捆绑式胰胃重建（binding pancreaticogastrostomy,BPG）手术在胰十二指肠切除术（panc-reaticoduodenectomy,PD）中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院科室2010年1月至2013年3月期间施行PD并胰腺残端与胃行BPG的13例患者的临床资料,统计并分析患者术后并发症的发生率。结果本组患者术后出现胰腺残端出血1例,经保守治疗后痊愈;术后无胰瘘、胆瘘、胃排空延迟等并发症发生;术后患者腹腔引流液及腹腔引流液淀粉酶水平逐渐减少或降低,胃肠功能恢复较好。全部患者均痊愈出院。结论在PD术中,BPG有其自身独特优点,合理应用胰胃吻合术有可能降低术后胰瘘发生率。     

Toward zero pancreatic fistula after pancreaticoduodenectomy with pancreaticogastrostomy

BACKGROUND: Postoperative morbidity after pancreaticoduodenectomy has been associated mainly with the development of pancreatic fistula. However, postoperative complications unrelated to pancreatic fistula cannot be disregarded after pancreaticoduodenectomy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the postoperative morbidity in a large series of pancreaticoduodenectomies with pancreaticogastrostomies without pancreatic fistula. METHODS: The present study analyzed the data from 194 consecutive patients undergoing a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a pancreaticogastrostomy between July 1997 and June 2003 in whom no postoperative pancreatic fistula occurred. RESULTS: The overall rate of postoperative morbidity was 33.5%. Specific and general complications occurred in 16% and 17.5% of the patients, respectively. An American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score of 3 and blood transfusion were the only independent factors associated with postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Our study found that the overall morbidity after a pancreaticoduodenectomy with a pancreaticogastrostomy still remains high even in the absence of pancreatic fistula and is associated with the preoperative medical condition (ASA score) of the patients and with blood transfusion.     

Complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy

The most frequent complications after pancreaticoduodenectomy are analysed in this review. These include, delayed gastric emptying, pancreatic fistula, post-operative bleeding, and the complications after vascular reconstruction in the cases of locally extended pancreatic cancer. For this, randomised prospective studies, systematic meta-analyses and clinical guidelines on the definition, clinical severity grade and treatment of these complications have been evaluated.     

Duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy is a safe anastomosis following pancreaticoduodenectomy

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula following pancreaticoduodenectomy is relatively common, and remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of two-layered duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy as a method for restoring pancreaticoenteric continuity. METHODS: Prospectively collected data from 100 consecutive patients who underwent Whipple's pancreaticoduodenectomy for tumour were evaluated. All operations were performed by the same surgeon. RESULTS: The perioperative 60-day mortality rate was 1.0 per cent. There were no pancreatic fistulas or anastomotic leaks. Sixteen patients had significant complications that delayed discharge from hospital. Twenty-one patients subsequently required empirical pancreatic exocrine supplements. CONCLUSION: Two-layered duct-to-mucosa pancreaticogastrostomy for restoration of pancreaticoenteric continuity after pancreaticoduodenectomy is associated with a low incidence of complications.     

Pancreaticojejunostomy Versus Pancreaticogastrostomy After Pancreaticoduodenectomy: An Up-to-date Meta-Analysis

Background: The reconstruction of the pancreas after pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) is a crucial factor in preventing postoperative complications as pancreatic anastomosis failure is associated with a high morbidity rate and contributes to prolonged hospitalization and mortality. Several techniques have been described for the reconstruction of pancreatic digestive continuity in the attempt to minimize the risk of a pancreatic fistula. The aim of this study was to compare the results of pancreaticogastrostomy and pancreaticojejunostomy after PD. Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published up to January 2015 comparing patients with pancreaticogastrostomy (PG group) versus pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ group). Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility and quality of the studies. The meta-analysis was conducted using either the fixed-effect or the random-effect model. Results: Eight RCTs describing 1,211 patients were identified for inclusion in the study. The meta-analysis shows that the PG group had a significantly lower incidence rate of postoperative pancreatic fistulas [OR 0.64 (95% confidence interval 0.46–0.86), p = .003], intra-abdominal abscesses [OR 0.53 (95% CI, 0.33–0.85), p = .009] and length of hospital stay [MD ?1.62; (95% CI 2.63–0.61), p = .002] than the PJ group, while biliary fistula, mortality, morbidity, rate of delayed gastric emptying, reoperation, and bleeding did not differ between the two groups. Conclusion: This meta-analysis suggests that the most effective treatment for reconstruction of pancreatic continuity after pancreatoduodenectomy is pancreaticogastrostomy. However, the advantage of the latter could potentially be demonstrated through further RCTs, including only patients at high risk of developing pancreatic fistulas.     

胰十二指肠切除术后出血的危险因素及其诊治

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术后出血的危险因素及治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2009年5月至2011年10月期间上海交通大学医学院附属新华医院78例胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。结果 78例患者中术后发生出血者8例,发生率为10.3%。8例出血病例中,腹腔出血2例(早期和晚期各1例);消化道出血6例(早期1例,晚期5例)。单因素分析显示术中出血量、术后腹腔感染、胰瘘及胰胃吻合为术后出血的危险因素;多因素分析显示胰胃吻合、术后腹腔感染和胰瘘为独立危险因素。结论确切的手术、术后预防胰瘘和控制腹腔感染是减少术后出血的关键,应根据出血的部位、时间和严重程度采取相应的止血措施。预防其发生是关键。