811例酵母样真菌感染的临床分布及药敏分析

目的分析临床酵母样真菌感染的分布情况,结合真菌的鉴定及药敏,指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析真菌感染者的临床资料、检出的酵母样真菌的分布及对抗真菌药物的耐药特点。结果真菌感染以60岁以上老年人居多,占69.4%,感染部位主要为呼吸道、泌尿道及肠道;基本都有抗生素使用史,多有创伤性介入治疗。检出真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌,共526例,另有热带假丝酵母菌117例,光滑假丝酵母菌86例,近平滑假丝酵母菌57例,其他酵母菌25例。10种抗真菌药物中,耐药性较高的为特比奈芬、制霉菌素和两性霉素B,比较敏感的为5-氟胞嘧啶和酮康唑。两性霉素B33.9%和氟康唑22.6%的耐药率,大大高于以往熟知的程度,这与临床大量常规使用其预防真菌感染有密切联系。结论应加强真菌检测,指导临床合理使用抗生素,减少多重耐药出现。     

医院内真菌感染的病原种类和耐药性分析

目的研究某教学医院侵袭性真菌感染的发病率、耐药性和病原分布特点,为临床医师合理用药提供科学依据。方法回顾分析2008-2010年住院患者真菌培养的检出率、标本来源、菌种分布及其对常见抗真菌药物的耐药性。结果医院内侵袭性真菌感染近3年的检出率19.32%,2008-2010年真菌检出率呈逐年上升的趋势,2008与2009年、2009与2010年差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.61、69.33,P〈0.05）;感染部位以呼吸道最多,其次为泌尿道;检出的真菌种类以假丝酵母菌属为主,约占99.78%,且白色假丝酵母菌居多,占49.04%。白假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌对三唑类药物敏感性仍较好,光滑假丝酵母菌及其他两种真菌则对三唑类药物耐药率较高,所有菌株对两性霉素B均较敏感。结论白色假丝酵母菌仍是医院内侵袭性真菌感染的主要病原菌,临床应根据药物敏感试验结果合理使用抗生素,防止侵袭性真菌的发生,延缓其耐药性的进一步发展。     

儿童真菌感染的病原学研究

目的探讨广州地区儿童真菌感染的病原分布特点及其耐药状况,为防治儿童真菌感染提供实验室依据。方法对患儿感染部位的真菌进行分离培养和鉴定：以ATB^TM FUNGUS3酵母样真菌药敏试验条进行常用抗真菌药物的敏感性分析。结果从患儿标本中分离出558株真菌,主要来自呼吸道有299株,占53．58％;其次是消化道、伤口（创口）、泌尿系统和血液等,分别占28．14％、6．27％、4．66％、3．76％。其中白色假丝酵母菌367株,占65．77％;其次为热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、季也蒙假丝酵母菌等,分别占15．28％、5．02％、4．48％、3．41％、2．69％。从骨髓中检出5株马尔尼菲青霉,从脑脊液中检出3株新型隐球菌。真菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑等总耐药率分别为8．78％、4．84％、10．54％、1．36％、0．85％。结论引起儿童真菌感染的主要病原菌是白色假丝酵母菌。对真菌感染应该有针对性地使用高效的抗真菌药物进行早期治疗。     

947株尿培养病原菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的:探讨947株尿培养病原菌分布及耐药特征。方法:收集2017年1月至2019年5月我院中段尿标本,共检出947株菌株纳入研究。根据临床检验操作流程进行标本接种,观察菌株构成情况、病原菌分布情况及耐药特征分析。结果:在检出的947株非重复菌株中,革兰阴性杆菌584株,占61.67%;革兰阳性球菌275株,占29.04%;真菌88株,占9.29%。女性感染率高于男性(P0.05)。在检出的947株非重复菌株中,泌尿外科病原菌303株(32.00%),所占比例最高。革兰阴性杆菌在尿培养结果中较常见。其中,主要是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌。革兰阳性球菌在尿培养结果中也占有一定比例。其中,主要是屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌。临床常见真菌为白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌。对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素敏感率均为100.00%。白假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、氟康唑敏感率为97.18%、98.69%、96.79%。结论:947株尿培养病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、真菌,女性感染率高于男性,泌尿外科病原菌检出比例最高,临床需根据病原菌分布情况及耐药特征进行用药治疗,而且要避免交叉感染。     

老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎致病菌及临床特征

目的 总结老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎的致病菌及临床特征,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法 纳入2017年1月至2020年12月于北京世纪坛医院住院的92例继发真菌性肺炎的老年晚期肺癌患者,收集临床资料和实验室检查结果进行分析。结果 纳入患者的痰标本分离假丝酵母菌属居多,其中白色假丝酵母菌71株,占比最多,达77.2%,对氟康唑的耐药率为8.5%,对伏立康唑耐药率为1.4%。不同致病菌在腺癌和鳞癌患者中分布差异无统计学意义。胸部X线或CT表现以斑片状阴影最多见,占81.5%。合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病患者较多,分别占40.0%,31.6%和19.7%。所有患者均有不同程度的发热,并伴有咳嗽、咳痰症状。经抗真菌药物治疗后,治愈率为79.3%,病死率20.7%,多数患者死于呼吸衰竭。结论 老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎的致病菌多为白色假丝酵母菌,耐药率低,胸部影像不典型,多数表现为斑片状阴影。患者合并症多,多数死于呼吸衰竭,临床应综合分析病情,合理用药。     

流式细胞术快速检测假丝酵母菌药物敏感性方法的建立及应用北大核心CSCD

目的：建立基于流式细胞分析技术快速检测假丝酵母菌临床菌株药物敏感性或耐药性的方法。方法以碘化丙锭（ PI）为荧光染料,采用白假丝酵母菌ATCC90029株确定流式药敏试验门设置及最佳实验条件。采用所建立的真菌流式药敏试验检测110株假丝酵母菌临床菌株对氟康唑和伏立康唑的敏感性或耐药性并经典的M27-A3常量稀释法进行比较。结果调整电压可将白假丝酵母菌ATCC90029株活菌与死菌在流式细胞仪SS/log（ FL3）门中分为边界清晰的两群细胞,不同比例死菌与活菌混合液与流式药敏试验检测值之间有高度相关性（r＝0．999）。流式药敏试验30 min内可出结果,其最适菌液浓度为1．0×106/ml、药物与真菌最适孵育时间为3 h、最佳染色方法及时间为脱氧胆酸钠预处理后PI染色5 min。流式药敏试验与M27-A3常量稀释法对110株假丝酵母菌临床菌株对氟康唑和伏立康唑敏感或耐药总符合率分别为98．2％和87．3％。结论较之经典的常量稀释法,流式药敏试验用于检测真菌对药物的敏感性或耐药性具有快速、准确、敏感等优点,具有临床应用前景。     

52株生殖道念珠菌病病原菌的鉴定及药敏分析

目的分析女性生殖道念珠菌感染状况以及耐药性情况。方法临床标本接种到沙保弱培养基,分离培养出的真菌经革兰染色、芽管形成试验、CHROMagar显色培养进行鉴定,并进行氟康唑、两性霉素B药敏分析。结果120份临床标本分离培养出念珠菌52株。白色念珠菌占69.2%,热带念珠菌占7.7%,克柔念珠菌占5.8%,其他念珠菌占17.3%;分离出的52株念珠菌对氟康唑、两性霉素B敏感率分别为86.5%、94.2%。结论女性生殖道念珠菌感染仍以白色念珠菌为主。念珠菌对氟康唑和两性霉素B的敏感性有差异,应重视念珠菌的培养鉴定和药敏试验,以指导临床合理选择抗真菌药物。     

816株真菌感染分布及药敏分析

目的了解本院医院感染真菌分布的特点及对常用抗真菌药物的耐药情况。方法CHROMagar显色培养基及ATB真菌试剂盒进行鉴定;药敏试验采用纸片扩散K—B法。结果2008年1月至2009年6月我院临床共分离真菌816株,其中白色念珠菌（占53．2％）是引起真菌感染的最常见菌种,其次是热带念珠菌（21．6％）、光滑念珠菌（15．6％）、近平滑念珠菌（5．0％）和克柔念珠菌（2．3％）。药敏试验结果显示各种真菌对两性霉素B、制霉菌素的敏感性最高,分别达98％和99％,其次是氟康唑、伊曲康唑。结论真菌感染率呈逐年上升趋势,耐药率也逐渐增高。因此应及时对送检标本进行真菌培养和药敏试验,合理使用抗真菌药物,减少医院感染多重耐药和深部真菌感染的发生。     

新生儿重症监护病房真菌血症病原学及临床分析

目的探讨自2004年1月至2008年12月我院新生儿重症监护病房获得性真菌血症病原学及临床特征,为真菌血症防治提供依据。方法回顾分析5年中新生儿重症监护室发生的33例真菌血症的病原学和临床资料。结果33例真菌血症均为医院获得感染的假丝酵母菌,其中白色假丝酵母菌17株、热带假丝酵母菌10株、近平滑假丝酵母菌5株、光滑假丝酵母菌1株。结论假丝酵母菌属是新生儿重症监护病房真菌血症的主要致病菌,以白色假丝酵母菌最常见,但非白色假丝酵母菌也占较大比例;真菌血症与早产、极低体重儿、机械通气、静脉导管、全胃肠外营养等因素有关。5-氟脲嘧啶、伊曲康唑、两性霉素B和氟康唑对假丝酵母菌耐药性较低,氟康唑是治疗假丝酵母菌属的有效药物。     

肺结核合并下呼吸道感染的病原菌谱分析

目的了解临床肺结核病人合并下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药特点。方法对深圳市第三人民医院2009-2011年间临床确诊为肺结核病人的痰标本细菌培养结果进行分析。结果从临床确诊的结核病人中共分离出结核菌以外的病原菌213株,其中真菌占44.1%（94/213）,革兰阴性杆菌占45.5%（97/213）,革兰阳性球菌仅占10.3%（22/213）。肺结核病人并发下呼吸道感染的病原菌前5位依次为白假丝酵母菌、铜绿假单胞菌、流感嗜血杆菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌肺炎亚种,药物敏感试验显示多数耐多种抗生素。结论肺结核合并下呼吸道感染病原菌的构成比与普通住院病人不同,以白假丝酵母菌和铜绿假单胞菌等耐多种抗生素条件致病菌为主。     

Candida dubliniensis at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia

Candida dubliniensis is a newly described yeast species that is a close phylogenetic relative of C. albicans. Although it has been reported from different parts of the world, no detailed investigation of this species has been done in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the present study was to identify C. dubliniensis isolates recovered from clinical specimens at a tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the drug susceptibility profiles of those isolates. Over a period of 8 months, 823 germ tube- and chlamydospore-positive yeasts identified as C. albicans and recovered from different clinical specimens were screened for their ability to grow at 45 degrees C on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Isolates which failed to grow at 45 degrees C were presumptively identified as C. dubliniensis. The species identities were further confirmed by the production of pseudohyphae and chlamydospores on Staib agar and their inability to assimilate D-xylose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by using the API 20C AUX system. A total of 27 (3.3%) isolates were identified as C. dubliniensis. They were all recovered from 23 human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. The prevalence of C. dublinensis in bronchoalveolar lavage (33.3%), oral (16.7%), and blood (16.7%) specimens was high. In addition, 33 isolates previously identified as C. albicans and preserved among our stock blood culture isolates were also recruited for the study. Of these, 5 isolates were found to be C. dubliniensis, thus making the total number of isolates identified as this species 32. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the C. dubliniensis isolates showed 100% sensitivity to amphotericin B, 97% sensitivity to each of fluconazole and ketoconazole, and 87.5% sensitivity to itraconazole. However, in contrast to other studies, the majority of the isolates (65.6%) showed high levels of resistance to flucytosine (MIC > 64 microg/ml). Further studies are warranted to investigate the cause of this unusually high rate of resistance to flucytosine of the C. dubliniensis isolates in this region.     

Use of CHROMagar Candida for genital specimens in the diagnostic laboratory.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate CHROMagar Candida (CA), a new yeast differential medium, for yeast isolation in a clinical laboratory for the routine examination of high vaginal swabs. METHODS: Results of high vaginal swab cultures processed in a standard manner on plates containing equal halves of Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA) and CA were compared. Non-Candida albicans yeast isolates were further speciated with API 20C AUX or API 32C. To assess the ease of use of CA, laboratory staff lacking in experience of the medium were asked to identify 23 unlabelled yeast cultures on CA by referring to six labelled reference plates. RESULTS: Of the 1784 swab cultures processed, yeasts were isolated from 373 SDA and 368 CA. Of the 78 non-albicans isolates further speciated, CA identified correctly all cultures of C krusei and C tropicalis, and 82% of C glabrata. All the 38 inexperienced laboratory staff achieved 100% accuracy for C albicans and over 90% for C krusei and C tropicalis. CONCLUSIONS: CA is a satisfactory isolation medium for genital specimens, allowing immediate and correct identification of the commonly encountered yeasts and easy recognition of mixed cultures.     

Suppression of fungal growth exhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Three surgery patients were monitored postoperatively, with particular reference to lung infection. In each case there was a clinical impression that Pseudomonas aeruginosa suppressed the growth of Candida albicans in patients with clinically significant lung infections from whom both of these organisms were isolated from serial sputum samples. Regrowth of C. albicans after P. aeruginosa eradication occurred in two patients, despite fluconazole therapy, to which both C. albicans isolates were susceptible. In all three patients, the strain of P. aeruginosa was found to inhibit the growth of the corresponding C. albicans strain in vitro. Further in vitro susceptibility studies revealed significant inhibition by 10 strains of P. aeruginosa of 11 strains of fungi known to infect humans; these were Candida krusei, Candida keyfr, Candida guillermondii, Candida tropicalis, Candida lusitaniae, Candida parapsilosis, Candida pseudotropicalis, Candida albicans, Torulopsis glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus fumigatus.     

Identification and susceptibility of clinically isolated yeast-like fungi

We studied the identification and susceptibility of clinically isolated yeast-like fungi at Showa University Hospital from April 1988 to March 1989. Clinically significant of yeast-like fungi were observed in 7.1% of specimens from outpatients, 13.0% of inpatients. In both outpatients and inpatients, yeast-like fungi were isolated mainly from sputum and urine. But, one third of them were considered as non-pathogenic and not identified. The species of isolates were, Candida albicans 57%, Candida tropicalis 14% and Candida glabrata 8% in both inpatients and outpatients, and these species shared most part. The isolation frequency of Candida parapsilosis was higher in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimen than the others. The susceptibility test by agar dilution method indicated most of the isolates were susceptible to Amphotericin B and Miconazole (MIC less than or equal to 25 micrograms/ml). There was no difference in MIC between predominantly isolated fungi and commonly isolated fungi. Notably, isolates from blood and CSF showed a significant high tolerance against Amphotericin B and Miconazole than from the other specimens. The MICs of Fluconazole were shown to be very high (greater than 100 micrograms/ml) in normal Sabouraud agar, were decreased dose-dependently by human sera in the medium. These findings indicated the component(s) of sera enhanced the anti-fungal activity of Fluconazole.     

Comparison of Candida ID medium with sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar for the isolation of yeasts from clinical haematology surveillance specimens

Candida ID is a new chromogenic medium for the identification of yeasts from clinical specimens. C. albicans produces blue pigmentation, whereas pink pigmentation is produced by C. tropicalis, C lusitaniae, C. guilliermondii and C. kefyr; other Candida species appear white. In this study, 240 clinical samples (throat swabs and stool samples) from haematology patients were inoculated on to Candida ID and Sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar in parallel, yielding a total of 105 yeasts; the media had overall detection rates of 85.7% and 86.7% respectively. The sensitivity of Candida ID for identification of C. albicans by blue pigmentation was 52.9% at 24 h and 94.1% at 48 h. Specificity of the blue pigmentation was 100% at 48 h. Two strains of C. tropicalis were identified, one produced pink pigmentation at 72 h, the other strain did not produce any pigmentation after 5 days. Candida ID was superior in detecting mixtures of yeasts compared with Sabouraud-chloramphenicol agar. Candida ID is a suitable primary isolation medium for yeasts from clinical specimens, providing rapid direct identification of C. albicans and enhanced detection of mixtures.     

Effect of fluconazole on agar invasion by Candida albicans

Subinhibitory concentrations of azoles are known to inhibit hyphal branching of Candida albicans in liquid media. This study showed that subinhibitory concentrations of fluconazole also inhibit agar invasion by C. albicans in YPD solid medium. Agar invasion was markedly inhibited in two C. albicans strains that were resistant to fluconazole. This suggests that the degree to which fluconazole inhibits agar invasion by C. albicans hyphae could serve as a marker of susceptibility to azoles.     

Comparison of three differential media for the presumptive identification of yeasts

This study evaluated three differential media, CHROMagar Candida, BiGGY agar and Albicans ID2 agar, for the presumptive identification of yeast species. In total, 215 yeast isolates were included in the study. The sensitivity and specificity of CHROMagar Candida, BiGGY agar and Albicans ID2 agar for the detection of Candida albicans were 100% and 100%, 91% and 92.7%, and 99.2% and 92.7%, respectively. CHROMagar Candida was a reliable tool for the presumptive identification of C. albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata. Albicans ID2 agar was useful for the detection of C. albicans.     

Evaluation of Etest Method for Determining Posaconazole MICs for 314 Clinical Isolates of Candida Species

The performance of the Etest for posaconazole (SCH 56592) susceptibility testing of 314 isolates of Candida spp. was assessed against the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) microdilution broth method. The NCCLS method employed RPMI 1640 broth medium, and MICs were read after incubation for 48 h at 35 degrees C. MICs were determined by Etest for all 314 isolates with RPMI agar containing 2% glucose (RPG agar) and were read after incubation for 48 h at 35 degrees C. The Candida isolates included C. albicans (n = 174), C. glabrata (n = 57), C. tropicalis (n = 31), C. parapsilosis (n = 39), C. krusei (n = 5), C. guilliermondii (n = 6), and C. lusitaniae (n = 2). The Etest results correlated well with reference MICs. Overall agreement was 95%, and agreements for individual species were as follows: C. krusei, 100%; C. albicans, 98%; C. tropicalis, 97%; C. glabrata, 93%; C. parapsilosis, 85%; C. guilliermondii, 83%; and C. lusitaniae, 50%. The problem of trailing end points was minimized with RPG agar, and good agreement with broth dilution MICs was obtained when discernible growth within an established ellipse was ignored. The Etest method using RPG agar appears to be a useful method for determining posaconazole susceptibilities of Candida species.     

Comparative evaluation of macrodilution and chromogenic agar screening for determining fluconazole susceptibility of Candida albicans.

A simple screening method for fluconazole susceptibility using CHROMagar Candida with fluconazole was compared with the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) macrobroth method. In this agar dilution method, susceptible Candida albicans colonies are smaller on medium with fluconazole than on fluconazole-free medium. Yeasts with decreased susceptibility have normal-sized colonies on medium containing fluconazole. On agar with 16 micrograms of fluconazole per ml, 32 of 34 strains with NCCLS MICs of > or = 16 micrograms/ml were correctly predicted, as were 66 of 68 with MICs of < 16, an agreement of 96%. On agar with 8 micrograms of fluconazole per ml, 38 of 41 isolates with MICs of > or = 8 were correctly predicted, as were 59 of 61 isolates with MICs of < 8, an agreement of 95%. This agar dilution methods appears to highly correlate with NCCLS macrobroth methods for detection of C. albicans and may be an effective screen for fluconazole susceptibility.     

High prevalence of oral colonization by Candida dubliniensis in HIV-positive patients in Argentina.

Candida dubliniensis is a recently described yeast species, closely related to Candida albicans. This work represents the first general survey of the carriage of C. dubliniensis in the oral cavities of HIV-positive patients in Argentina. We studied 133 strains isolated from 162 HIV-positive patients, using the following identification tests: chlamydospore production on corn meal agar with Tween 80; colony color on CHROMagar Candida media; differential growth at 45 degrees C on potato dextrose agar; D-xylose assimilation; chlamydospore formation on sunflower seed agar (SSA); carbohydrate assimilation profiles using the API 20 C Aux commercial kit and PCR using primers that hybridize to the class IV intron of the ACT1 gene. Out of the 133 strains, 21 were identified as C. dubliniensis, representing approximately 13% of the 162 patients in this study. From these data, we conclude that although the PCR assay is the most reliable method, clamydospore formation on SSA is an easier and less expensive test for the screening of C. dubliniensis in the routine laboratory. Our results show that C. dubliniensis has a high prevalence among HIV-positive patients in Argentina.