全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中转开胸的临床研究

目的:探讨全胸腔镜肺叶切除术中转开胸的原因,以降低中转开胸发生率,准确把握中转开胸的手术指征。方法:2010年9月至2015年11月共完成胸腔镜肺叶切除术1 230例。手术均通过2~3个小切口完成,按照手术常规行解剖性肺叶切除及系统性淋巴清扫术。如镜下操作遇到血管损伤性出血、肺门淋巴结粘连或转移等腔镜下无法处理的情况,及时中转为开胸手术。根据术中是否中转开胸分为胸腔镜组与中转开胸组,对比两组患者的临床资料,分析引起中转开胸的相关原因及采取的相应措施。结果:患者手术顺利,无严重并发症发生及围手术期死亡病例。58例中转开胸,中转率4.7%,其中25例术中出血,23例淋巴结粘连或侵犯。56例开胸后顺利完成了肺叶切除,仅2例施行了全肺切除。两组手术时间、术中出血量、引流管放置时间、术后引流量、住院时间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。肺动脉损伤出血、淋巴结干扰是导致中转开胸最常见的原因。结论:肺动脉损伤、淋巴结干扰是中转开胸的主要原因,应根据术中具体情况及时准确地把握中转开胸的手术指征。     

Evaluation of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy requiring emergency conversion to thoracotomy

Objective: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy has been employed for the treatment of lung cancer. Many investigators have reported that the outcomes of VATS lobectomy for lung cancer are comparable to those of thoracotomy; however, several controversial issues remain. One of the critical concerns is the safety. VATS lobectomy often requires an emergency conversion to thoracotomy, for example, in the event of massive bleeding. In this study, cases in which VATS lobectomy for lung cancer was converted to thoracotomy intra-operatively (converted VATS lobectomy) were identified. The safety of the converted VATS lobectomy was evaluated. Methods: Between 2003 and 2007, VATS lobectomy was converted to thoracotomy in 24 out of 492 cases. Information regarding the patients’ characteristics, reasons for the conversion and perioperative complications as well as the recurrence and survival data were carefully reviewed. The reasons for the conversion were classified into two groups: (1) problems related to the VATS procedure (VATS-related problems) and (2) problems not related to the VATS procedure (non-VATS-related problems). Results: Of the 24 converted cases, 19 (79%) had a history of smoking. Nine patients (38%) had a history of lung disease. Left upper lobectomy was the most frequently associated with conversion (11/24, 46%), followed by right lower lobectomy and right upper lobectomy. The most frequent reasons for the conversion were hilar lymphadenopathy and bleeding (seven patients each), followed by fused fissure. Eight of the conversions were considered to be attributable to VATS-related problems. Perioperative complications were observed in four patients, consisting of prolonged air leak in three patients and transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in one patient. However, there were no life-threatening complications. The median follow-up period was 26 months. Recurrence occurred in two patients: pleural dissemination in one and bone metastasis in the other. Two deaths were observed during the follow-up period: one related to lung cancer and another related to other type of cancer. Conclusions: The safety of the conversion was acceptable. Our findings suggest that VATS lobectomy for lung cancer is feasible from the viewpoint of safety, even after taking into account the potential need for conversion to thoracotomy in some patients.     

Limited axillary thoracotomy vs video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for spontaneous pneumothorax

Background: Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has been reported to have a higher pneumothorax recurrence rate than limited axillary thoracotomy (LAT). We investigated the cause of pneumothorax recurrence after VATS by comparing surgical results for VATS and LAT. Methods: Ninety-five patients with spontaneous pneumothorax underwent resection of pulmonary bullae by VATS (n= 51) or LAT (n= 44). Operating duration, bleeding during surgery, number of resected bullae, duration of postoperative chest tube drainage, postoperative hospital stay, postoperative complication, and pneumothorax recurrence were analyzed to compare VATS and LAT in a retrospective study. Results: The duration of surgery, postoperative chest tube drainage, and postoperative hospital stay was significantly shorter in VATS than in LAT cases (p < 0.0005 and p < 0.005). Bleeding during surgery was significantly less in VATS than in LAT cases (p < 0.005). Numbers of resected bullae were significantly lower in VATS (2.7 ± 2.1) than in LAT cases (3.9 ± 2.7) (p < 0.05). Postoperative pneumothorax recurrence was more frequent in VATS (13.7%) than in LAT cases (6.8%), but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: VATS has many advantages over LAT in treating spontaneous pneumothorax, although the pneumothorax recurrence rate in VATS cases was double that in LAT cases. The lower number of resected bullae in VATS than in LAT cases suggests that overlooking bullae in operation could be responsible for the high recurrence rate in VATS cases. We recommend additional pleurodesis in VATS for spontaneous pneumothorax to prevent postoperative pneumothorax recurrence. Received: 13 August 1997/Accepted: 15 December 1997     

胸腔镜袖式肺叶切除研究进展

20世纪90年代初,电视辅助胸腔镜手术(VATS)开始被用于非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的外科治疗,经过20多年的发展,VATS技术日趋成熟,其在早期肺癌治疗中的安全性和有效性得到公认,并被作为一种标准手术方式写进指南。然而,目前对于复杂VATS,如VATS袖式切除仍存在争议,相关研究和报道还相对较少,且多为个案报道或小样本回顾性研究。该文拟对这一领域的相关研究和技术进展作一综述。     

单孔胸腔镜双袖式肺叶切除术——上海市肺科医院47例回顾

目的回顾性分析上海市肺科医院单孔胸腔镜双袖式肺叶切除病例，总结手术技术要点，探讨手术效果及推广价值。 方法连续纳入2015年6月至2021年1月在上海市肺科医院接受单孔胸腔镜下双袖式肺叶切除手术病例共计47例。术后每6个月对患者进行电话随访。统计分析手术时长、术中出血量、术后第1天引流量、术后住院时间、术后并发症及术后1年和2年的生存率。 结果共纳入男41例，女6例，年龄（60.5±8.0）岁，左肺上叶双袖41例（87.2%），右肺上叶及右肺上中叶双袖各3例（6.4%），主要病理类型为鳞癌30例（63.8%）。TNM分期Ⅰ期9例（19.1%），Ⅱ期17例（36.2%），Ⅲ期21例（44.7%）。手术时间（2.7±0.8） h，术中失血量（168.1±160.0）mL，术后住院时间（5.9±2.9） d，无中转开胸病例。中位随访时间为27个月，术后1年总生存率为87.9%，2年总生存率为68.7%。 结论单孔胸腔镜双袖式肺叶切除可彻底切除肿瘤和最大限度保留肺功能，同时减少手术创伤。该手术是一项技术难度较大的手术，在腔镜技术成熟的中心是安全、可行的。     

肺部疾病中胸腔镜手术的应用研究

目的探讨胸腔镜手术在肺部疾病中的疗效。方法回顾性分析两年来电视胸腔镜手术治疗的15例患者的临床资料,并与同期的25例传统开胸手术作比较。结果经比较,VATS组手术时间、失血量、术后胸腔引流管放置时间和住院时间均明显短于传统开胸手术组,手术效果满意,无并发症发生。结论电视胸腔镜手术具有创伤小、出血少、手术时间短、康复快、风险小、疗效可靠及术后并发症少等优点,是值得临床推广、安全有效的治疗方法。     

腋下小切口与电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的比较

目的比较腋下小切口与电视胸腔镜手术治疗自发性气胸的疗效。方法1999年4月～2004年4月对自发性气胸200例分别采用腋下小切口(腋下小切口组)和电视胸腔镜手术(胸腔镜组)。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后胸管留置时间、术后住院时间及手术费用。结果腋下小切口组与胸腔镜组手术时间分别为(64.0±5.3)min、(61.1±6.0)min,有统计学差异(t=3.322,P=0.001);术中出血量分别为(45.2±5.6)ml、(38.5±6.2)ml,有统计学差异(t=7.381,P=0.000);术后胸管留置时间分别为(2.2±0.8)d、(2.0±0.6)d,有统计学差异(t=7.895,P=0.000);术后住院时间分别为(4.6±0.8)d、(4.1±0.7)d,有统计学差异(t=4.513,P=0.000);手术费用分别为(1520±342)元、(4293±572)元,有统计学差异(t=-36.076,P=0.000)。2组术后胸片复查肺复张良好,无手术并发症。胸腔镜组1例气胸复发,腋下小切口组无复发,2组复发率无统计学差异(χ2=0.000,P=1.000)。结论腋下小切口与电视胸腔镜在治疗自发性气胸时疗效相当。腋下小切口治疗自发性气胸疗效确切,费用较低;电视胸腔镜治疗自发性气胸创伤小。     

58例复杂原发性肺癌的全胸腔镜肺叶切除手术

目的 评价全胸腔镜肺叶切除手术在复杂的原发性肺癌(肿瘤直径≥5 cm、复合肺叶切除、新辅助化疗后及肿瘤侵犯局部胸壁)中的价值和应对处理方法.方法 2006年9月至2011年6月连续开展全胸腔镜肺叶切除手术治疗复杂的原发性肺癌58例,其中男34例,女24例;年龄(59.2±11.4)岁.实体肿瘤最大径(5.50±2.92)cm.具体操作方法与我中心以往报道相同.结果 全组手术顺利,无死亡及严重并发症发生.手术(215.6 ±60.9) min,术后带胸管(8.0±4.7)天,术后住院(11.3±5.9)天;中转开胸14例,中转率24.1％.术中出血(271.0±188.3) ml.术后轻微并发症8例,发生率13.8％.术后病理结果腺癌29例,鳞癌16例,小细胞癌5例,肺泡细胞癌、腺鳞癌、类癌各2例,大细胞、肉瘤样癌各1例.结论 全胸腔镜肺叶切除手术治疗相对复杂的或相对禁忌证的原发性肺癌未延长手术时间,未增加手术出血,未延长术后恢复时间,未增加中转开胸概率.     

完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除术在非小细胞肺癌切除中的优越性

目的探讨完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌切除中的优越性。 方法选取2013年1月—2018年6月在成都市第六人民医院心胸外科诊治的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌患者58例，均采用手术切除治疗。接受常规胸肺叶切除术＋淋巴结清扫术治疗者设为对照组(n＝29)，接受完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除＋淋巴结清扫术治疗者设为研究组(n＝29)，比较两组患者的手术指标、疼痛评分、炎症因子水平。 结果研究组患者的切口长度、手术时间、术后住院时间均短于对照组(t＝54.707，t＝11.934，t＝7.574，均P<0.001)，术中出血量少于对照组(t＝24.746，P<0.001)；研究组患者的镇痛药物使用率低于对照组(6.9% vs 27.6%，χ²＝4.350，P＝0.037)，术后12、24、48 h的疼痛VAS评分也低于对照组(t＝8.134，t＝19.039，t＝20.872；均P<0.001)；研究组术后第1、3、7天的C反应蛋白水平均低于对照组(t＝17.307，t＝19.405，t＝16.112，均P<0.001)。 结论完全胸腔镜单向式肺叶切除联合淋巴结清扫术在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期非小细胞肺癌手术切除治疗中具有"微创"等优越性，可减轻患者术后疼痛感，并降低机体炎症水平，适宜推广。     

Mini-open thoracoscopically assisted thoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for anterior release in thoracic scoliosis and kyphosis: a comparison of operative and radiographic results

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Combining anterior release and interbody fusion with posterior instrumented fusion is an accepted treatment for severe rigid spinal deformity. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and mini-open thoracoscopically assisted thoracotomy (MOTA) are two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracic spine. Both reduce surgical trauma, improve cosmesis and provide effective exposure for release and fusion. Published data and the authors' surgical experience have demonstrated that both techniques are equivalent in degree of release to traditional open thoracotomy, but no comparison between these two minimally invasive alternatives has been published to our knowledge. PURPOSE: This study compared MOTA and VATS under the hypothesis that both result in similar corrections and comparable operative parameters when used in conjunction with posterior instrumented fusion. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective chart review of consecutive case series by two surgeons. PATIENT SAMPLE: Twenty-one (13 female, 8 male) patients underwent MOTA and 24 patients (17 female, 7 male) underwent VATS for anterior release, discectomy and fusion prior to posterior instrumented fusion. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were measured at a minimum of 1-year follow-up and included radiographic Cobb measurements and operative parameters. METHODS: The indications for surgery included rigid and severe scoliosis or thoracic kyphosis. Data collection included preoperative demographics, number of levels released, primary curve correction, operative time and blood loss. Data were normalized per number of levels released anteriorly. Statistical analysis of results was done using a two-sample t test assuming equal variances with two-tail p values less than .05. RESULTS: More anterior levels were operated on average in the VATS group (6.33 vs. 4.38 levels). Curve correction per anterior level released was similar in both groups (8.7 and 8.8 degrees/level for MOTA and VATS, respectively). There was a significant difference in operative time with MOTA averaging 131.7 minutes and VATS averaging 162.8 minutes. However, a comparison of the operative time per anterior level operated, approached statistical significance in favor of VATS (33.0 vs. 28.4 minutes, p=.08). There was no significant difference in estimated blood loss during the anterior portion of the surgeries. There was a trend toward decreased blood loss per operated level favoring VATS (68.4 vs. 38.9 cc, p=.09). CONCLUSIONS: Both approaches resulted in corrections that compare favorably with open thoracotomy. We suggest that a factor in choosing between these two minimally invasive techniques is the number of thoracic levels requiring release. For four levels or less, MOTA provides an excellent alternative to standard thoracotomy. For five or more levels, VATS provides for excellent exposure of additional levels with the advantages of less operative time and blood loss per operated level.     

A method of assessing reasons for conversion during video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy

Conversion rates during video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy are reported, but no previous publications have classified the cause of conversion. The aim of the study was to develop a quality assessment tool [vascular, anatomy, lymph node, technical (VALT) 'Open'] to evaluate reasons and nature of conversion during the development of a video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy program. Between 2006 and 2008, 237 patients with a median age of 65 years underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy primarily for lung. The number of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy cases over open cases has increased over the period. Conversion rate has dropped from 15% (2006) to 11% (2008). A total of 32 cases required conversion. The VALT 'Open' classification for reason to convert and nature of conversion was used. The average length of stay was shorter for non-converted cases. No uncontrolled conversions where the patient was unstable were required, and in the 14 cases converted following some difficulty, such as pulmonary artery injury. A pattern to the learning curve became predictable. The quality assessment tool used (VALT 'Open') will allow cause of conversion and nature of conversion to be tracked and audited during the development of a video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lobectomy program.     

支气管扩张症的开胸和全胸腔镜肺叶切除术比较

目的 比较开胸肺叶切除和全胸腔镜肺叶切除术两种手术方式在治疗支气管扩张症中的应用,探讨全胸腔镜手术在治疗支气管扩张症中的安全性、可行性和有效性.方法 2001年6月至2010年10月完成60例以解剖性肺叶切除术为主要术式的支气管扩张症手术.分为开胸手术组与全胸腔镜(cVATS)手术组.cVATS组不牵开肋骨,以切割缝合器分别处理肺血管和支气管.如遇严重粘连或出血等则中转开胸手术.对两组手术时间、出血量、术后带胸腔引流管时间、并发症以及预后等资料进行统计分析.结果 手术切除右肺上叶5例,右肺中叶3例,右肺下叶6例,左肺上叶3例,左肺下叶26例,左肺下叶+左肺上叶舌段10例,左全肺切除4例,左肺下叶+右肺中叶切除1例,右肺中下叶切除1例和右肺中叶+下叶部分切除1例.开胸手术组25例;cVATS组35例,其中2例(5.7％)中转开胸手术.开胸组手术95～ 420 min,平均(207.6±88.5)min;出血量100 ～ 2500 ml,平均(522.0±644.2)ml;术后带管0～21天,平均(5.4±4.4)天;术后住院4～23天,平均(10.2±4.7)天.cVATS组手术80～ 280 min,平均(168.7±55.9) min;出血量50～1300 ml,平均(210.1±213.1)ml;术后带管2～ 19天,平均(6.3±3.4)天;术后住院4～22天,平均(8.5±3.5)天.cVATS组与开胸组相比手术时间(P=0.041)和出血量(P =0.009)的差异有统计学意义.无围手术期死亡.开胸组发生术后并发症9例(25.7％),cVATS组并发症6例(17.1％),二组差异无统计学意义(P =0.133).开胸组随访18～ 123个月,平均82.2个月.13例术后咳痰或咯血症状完全消失,10例痰量明显减少,但仍间断有咳痰或咯血等症状.2例咯血量或痰量较前无明显变化.cVATS组随访11～53个月,平均29.7个月.22例术后症状完全消失,11例症状好转,2例无明显变化.结论 全胸腔镜肺叶切除术是治疗支气管扩张症的一种安全有效的微创手术方法.     

Single-stage video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery: Right upper lobectomy and left lower lobectomy for synchronous bilateral lung cancers

IntroductionSingle-stage bilateral radical surgery for synchronous bilateral multiple lung cancers (SBMLCs) has strong advantages; however, it is considered highly invasive. We have therefore adopted video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) as a minimally invasive surgical maneuver for bilateral lung resection. Although there have been a few reports concerning bilateral lung resection, the safety and appropriate operative indications remain unclear, especially for bilateral VATS-lobectomy. A case of single-stage bilateral radical lobectomy with a good result is reported.Presentation of caseA 58-year-old man was found to have abnormal opacities in the right upper zone and left lower zone at a health checkup. Double primary bilateral lung cancers was suspected, and surgical resection was considered. Consequently, right upper lobectomy with D2 lymph node dissection and left lower lobectomy with D2 lymph node dissection as radical resection were performed under VATS. The lesions were finally diagnosed to be double primary adenocarcinomas of the right upper lobe (pT1N0M0, stage IA) and left lower lobe (pT1N0M0, stage IA). The patient’s postoperative course was uneventful, and he was discharged on postoperative day 6. The patient is doing well with no evidence of recurrence for 9 years.ConclusionWhile careful consideration of the surgical options is needed, if properly done, bilateral VATS-lobectomy for SBMLC has advantages for selected patients.     

Worse outcomes after conversion of thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer

OBJECTIVESConversion of thoracoscopic lobectomy for lung cancer to thoracotomy can adversely affect short-term outcomes, but the impact on long-term outcomes is unknown. This study aimed to identify the risk factors for conversion and to determine the influence of conversion on the outcomes of lung cancer treatment. Open in a separate windowMETHODSThis retrospective study included 1002 consecutive patients with lung cancer who underwent thoracoscopic lobectomy between 7 June 1999 and 17 July 2018. The groups of patients with and without conversion were compared in terms of possible risk factors and the short- and long-term outcomes. The survival of patients was analysed by the Kaplan–Meier method.RESULTSConversion was done in 105 patients (10.5%). On multivariable logistic regression analysis, the independent risk factors for conversion were pleural adhesions (P < 0.001) and mediastinal lymph node metastases (P < 0.001). Compared with the non-conversion group, the conversion group had longer chest drainage time (4 vs 3 days, P < 0.001) and hospital stay (8 vs 6 days, P < 0.001); more frequent complications (38.1% vs 27.1%, P = 0.018), including red blood cell transfusion (10.5% vs 2%, P < 0.001) and supraventricular arrhythmia (13.3% vs 7.5%, P = 0.037); and lower 5-year survival rate in patients with stage I lung cancer (70% vs 87%, P = 0.014). Conversion did not increase in-hospital mortality.CONCLUSIONSPleural adhesions and lymph node metastases increased the probability of conversion to thoracotomy. Conversion adversely affected the short-term outcomes of thoracoscopic lobectomy. Long-term outcomes of treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer could be worse in patients after conversion, but definitive conclusions cannot be made in this regard because of the absence of control of selection bias.     

全腔镜肺叶切除与开胸肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌的初步体会

【摘要】〓目的〓通过两种术式的比较,评价完全胸腔镜下肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌临床疗效。方法〓回顾分析性分析2012年9月至2013年05月我科行全腔镜下肺叶切除35例术前分期为pT1N0-1M0肺癌患者的资料(VATS组),全组病例均采用全腔镜四孔法完成手术。选取同期行常规开胸手术35例术前分期pT1N0-1M0肺癌患者的临床资料作为对照。比较两组之间手术时间,术中出血量,术后拔管时间,淋巴结清扫数目,术后疼痛,术后并发症发生率,术后住院时间等指标。结果〓无围手术期死亡,VATS组1例患者中转开胸。VATS组患者的术中出血量、引流时间、术后疼痛时间以及住院时间均明显低于常规开胸组患者(P<0.05);VATS组的手术时间、淋巴结清扫数与对照组的差异无统计学意义。结论〓全腔镜肺叶切除治疗早期肺癌安全可行,临床疗效满意。     

电视胸腔镜下治疗肺叶切除术后支气管胸膜瘘

本文报道 2例肺癌患者行肺叶切除分别于术后第 4、7天出现支气管胸膜瘘。再次手术经VATS直接以无损伤编织线缝合封闭瘘口 ,外用医用合成胶或生物蛋白胶。 2例支气管膜瘘均治愈出院。     

电视胸腔镜手术与开胸手术治疗肺癌的创伤程度比较

目的：比较电视胸腔镜手术与开胸手术治疗肺癌的创伤程度。方法将本院2010年2月~2013年6月本院收治的70例肺癌患者分为对照组和观察组,每组各35例,对照组患者给予开胸手术治疗,观察组患者给予电视胸腔镜手术治疗,比较两组患者血清、胸水中IL-6、α1-AT的变化。结果观察组患者术后1、3d时,血清、胸水的IL-6、α1-AT均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论电视胸腔镜手术治疗肺癌校开胸手术对患者的创伤程度小。     

Complete versus assisted thoracoscopic approach: a prospective randomized trial comparing a variety of video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy techniques

Background Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) lobectomy does not represent a unified approach, but rather a spectrum of operative techniques ranging from a complete endoscopic thoracotomy to a minithoracotomy. A prospective randomized trial was conducted to compare the differences in these techniques and their results to determine the best of VATS lobectomy for lung cancer.Methods This study randomized 39 consecutive patients with clinical stage I lung cancer to undergo either a complete (C-VATS, n = 20) or an assisted (A-VATS, n = 19) VATS approach for pulmonary lobectomy.Results The operating time was longer (p = 0.002) and blood loss was less (p = 0.004) with C-VATS than with A-VATS. Although there was no significant difference in analgesic use or duration of thoracic drainage between the groups, a shorter hospitalization was observed after C-VATS. Serum peak levels of postoperative inflammatory markers (white blood cell count, C-reactive protein, creatine phosphokinase) were lower with C-VATS and an earlier return to normalization than with A-VATS.Conclusion Various differences exist among the VATS lobectomy techniques, and complete VATS lobectomy as a purely endoscopic surgery may be technically feasible and a satisfactory alternative to the conventional procedure for stage I lung cancer.